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Patil et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
528
A REVIEW ON THE ETHNOBOTANY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CAESALPINIA DECAPETALA
(ROTH) ALSTON
Sachin Patil1* and Sagar Deshmukh2
1*Department of Botany, Anandibai Raorane Arts, Commerce and Science College,
Vaibhavwadi – 416810, Affiliated to University of Mumbai, MH, India.
2Department of Botany, The New College, Kolhapur-416012, Affiliated to Shivaji
University, Kolhapur, MH, India.
ABSTRACT
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston is an understudied plant with
significant ethnobotanical promise. The species is grown as a hedge
plant, because of its attractive yellow-coloured inflorescences. Now
days the plant has been naturalised around the globe, where it is now
considered a noxious weed in certain areas. In order to search the
scientific literature, we used databases such as PubMed, Research gate,
Scopus and Science. It has been discovered through various studies
that the plant contains numerous biologically active chemical
compounds with cassane diterpenoids, which exhibits anti-microbial,
anti-fertility, anti-diabetic, anti-viral activities as well as having potent
cytotoxic and hepatoprotective properties. The high antioxidant
capacity of the plant material may make it a possible food preservative
and packaging material in the future, and the high fibre quality should
make it a suitable raw material for the paper manufacturing industry. As a result, the species
has enormous potential in the future for pharmacological and industrial uses and there is need
of doing adequate research on the biological activity of numerous chemical substances.
KEYWORDS: Biological activities, Caesalpinia decapetala, Ethnobotany, Phytochemical
compounds, Reviews.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
SJIF Impact Factor 8.084
Volume 12, Issue 9, 528-560. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
*Corresponding Author
Sachin Patil
Department of Botany,
Anandibai Raorane Arts,
Commerce and Science
College, Vaibhavwadi –
416810, Affiliated to
University of Mumbai, MH,
India.
Article Received on
26 March 2023,
Revised on 15 April 2023,
Accepted on 05 May 2023
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20239-28126
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INTRODUCTION
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston is a showy yellow flowered, an adaptable, vigorous,
scrambling shrub or thorny climber (cabi.org). It is traditionally used for variety of
therapeutic purposes.[1,2] It is commonly known as "Roth" and founds throughout tropical
regions of the world. C. decapetala (Roth) Alston widely occurs in the Indian subcontinent
and is very common in sub-Himalayan tracts in the wild and is also cultivated as a hedge in
gardens because of its beautiful, long, blazing, yellow colored inflorescence.[3,4] In South
Africa, C. decapetala (Roth) Alston has now been categorized as a noxious weed.[5] In
Vietnamese traditional medicine, it is used as an immunomodulator and as an anti-
inflammatory.[6] Herbal medicine is made up of all parts of the plant, including the root, bark,
leaves, flowers and seeds. It has been utilised in traditional oriental medicine since ancient
times.[7,8] The major chemical constituents found in plants are terpenoids and flavonoids,
many of which has antitumor activity, plant has plenty of tannins.[6] Cassane diterpenoids,
astragalin, lupeol, spathulenol, resveratrol, quercetin, sitosterol and stigmasterol compounds
were isolated by chemical characterization.[7-9] C. decapetala (Roth) Alston extract has
analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-fertility properties. As a result, the plant may be
used both as an aesthetic and a pharmaceutical.[8,10,11]
General botanical information of the plant
Morphology
A plant is scandent, small tree or scrambling shrub. The leaves are bipinnately compound
with caducous stipule. Rachis is long with 8 -10 pairs of pinnae. The inflorescence is supra-
axillary to terminal. Flowers are bright yellow colored frequently with red veins. Calyx is
fulvous hairy, 10 ribbed with 5 golden hairy sepals. Petals are 5, obovate or sub-orbicular.
Androecium possess 10 free stamens. The filaments are 1.5 cm long, flattened, and densely
woolly at the bottom with versatile anthers. Pods are flat, oblong to falcate-oblong, smooth,
brown, slightly pubescent, sharply hooked, dehiscent. Each pod contains 4-8 dull black,
elliptical seeds.[12]
Geographical distribution
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston referred as thorny climber shrub which was considered
as pantropical genus, but now widely naturalized and cultivated in gardens as a hedge
throughout the world. It's a hermaphrodite species that's pollinated by insects and flourishes
in light, well-drained soil.[13] It’s native to tropical Asia, India and China and now distributed
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in Bhutan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand,
and Vietnam.[11] It is perennial and found in tropical and subtropical lowland rainforests and
mountain slopes. The plant prefer the habitats that are open and bushy with hedges and river
banks.[12] The plant is widely spread throughout warmer areas of India.[14] C. decapetala
(Roth) Alston is a tropical Asian species that was introduced in India and has now become
naturalised.[15]
Taxonomic status
Caesalpinia decapetala syn: Biancaea decapetala (Roth) O. Deg. accepted by Govaerts, R.
in 1999 in their World Checklist of Seed Plants.[16] Alston in 1931 create a new combination
that is Caesalpinia. decapetala (Roth) Alston based on Reichardia decapetala Roth. Roth in
1821 when Reichardia decapetala was described, he was also doubtful due to the that he
wrote, "Richardia ? decapetala in his protologue.[17]" Steenis (1996) in the Flora of
Malesiana treated Caesalpinia decapetala is a distinct species and, given the type
information, Heyne s.n. (K iso), India and C. sepiaria are synonyms under it.[18] C. sepiaria
Roxb. (1814), which was a nomen nudum because it was not a validly published name
till 1814, and Wallich (1828) also used the same epithet (C. sepiaria Wall.).[19]
Synonyms
Biancaea sepiaria (Roxb.) Tod., Biancaea decapetala (Roth) O. Deg., Caesalpinia sepiaria
Roxb., Reichardia decapetala Roth., Mezoneuron benguetense (Elmer) Elmer. Some
common vernacular names are listed in Table 1.
Table 1- Synonyms in vernacular languages[5, 12, 14, 20]
Language
Synonyms
English
Mysore thorn, Mauritius thorn, cat’s claw
Bangla
Kander, Relan
Chinese
Yun shi, Ma tou, Yan wang ci,
French
liane sappan, sappan, Bois sappan
Hawaiian
Popoki, puakelekino
Oromo
Yeferenj kitikita, Gom riya
Japanese
Jaketsu-ibara
Nepali
Lata, Arile kanda, Arille, Ulte kanda, Karanga, Lata kanda
Malagasy
Roinombilahy, Roimainty, Tsiafakomby
Isizulu
Mauritiusdoring, Kaffer-wag-n-bietjie, Kraaldoring, Lunakha
Pashto
Jara
Marathi
Chiller, Chillhari, Chillati
Hindi
Ralan, Alia, Arlu, Kingan
Gujrati
Kirmich chilar
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Urdu
Kander Relan
Sanskrit
Kantaki karanja
Kannada
Gajalige, Hotasige, Hunnula, Kurudu, Gejjuga, Kurutugajjika
Malayalam
Inna
Telugu
Gaddakorinda
Tamil
Puli-tatukki
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Ethnobotanical Uses
Ethnobotany refers to a completely organic and traditional relationship between people and
the plant. C. decapetala (Roth) Alston naturalised over a large area and subsequently
cultivated in gardens it is popular herbal plant that is known all over the world. Almost all
plant parts are used medicinally, especially in Chinese medicine. Jaundice, diarrhoea,
bronchitis and roots in malarial fever are effectively used. Some ethnobotanical uses are
listed below in Table 2.
Table 2 - Ethnobotanical uses of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston.
Sr.
No.
Plant part
used
Application/ uses
Places/Tribes/
Community/ Country
References
I
Whole Plant
A bath containing a C. decapetala
decoction is effective for treating jaundice
NR
[21,22]
II
Root
Treat Nauralgia
Kagoshima, Japan
[23,24]
As an antimalarial agent, it is used to cure
bronchitis, prevent colds.
China
[11]
Crushed the seed as used a twice a day
oral doses for purgative
Darmai vally and
Shahgram valley, Swat
District, Pakistan
[25,26]
Inner root bark used for diarrhoea
Parinche valley, Pune,
Maharashtra
[27]
Relieve fever
Kweichow province
[28]
To cure dysmenorrhoea, the roots are
cooked and the liquid consumed.
Lwamondo area,
Limpopo province, South
Africa
[29]
Root juice or decoction used to cure
sprain, and muscular swelling
Ayurveda and Siddha
[30,31,32]
Traditionally used to cure as a bronchitis
treatment, cold prevention, and malaria
treatment.
Guizhou
Province, China
[11]
Boil for ten minutes, then take one tin cup
of 300 ml of the extract orally three times
a day for a week for sexually transmitted
infections.
Blouberg, South Africa
[33]
For the treatment of Gonorrhoea
Blouberg municipality,
Capricorn District,
[33]
III
Bark
Poisonous to fish and being used as a fish
West Nepal
[14,34,35]
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poison
Decoction is abortifacient
Ayurveda and Siddha
[30,31,32]
Tannins isolation
Maharashtra and South
India
[36]
IV
Leaves
Burns, biliousness, and stomach ailments
are treated with the leaves.
NR
[10,21,22]
Sore in the mouth
Ayurveda and Siddha
[31]
Antibacterial activity
NR
[37]
V
Flowers
Infusion in brochities, asthma and malerial
fever
Ayurveda and Siddha
[31,32]
VI
Seeds
Women manufacture and wear necklaces
out of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth.)
Alston seeds to avoid false perception.
Ethiopia
[13, 38]
Anti-diarrheal and febrifuge for malarial
fever
Oriental Medicine, China
[39,40]
One tablespoon of the powdered seeds is
taken orally two to three times per week
after being dissolved in 200 to 250 mL of
water or a cup of tea. The powdered seeds
are preserved in airtight jars. (should be
manually pounded rather than
mechanically)
Parinche valley, Pune,
Maharashtra
[41]
Paste is used to eliminate freckles from
the face as a cosmetic. Used to treat a
variety of skin ailments, including scabies
and eczema.
Abbotabad
[42]
VII
Leaves and
Root
Purgative and emmenagogue properties
----
[10,21,22,31,43]
They are used in traditional medicine to
treat bronchitis, diarrhoea, diabetes,
malaria, paediatric infantile malnutrition,
as well as to ward off cold symptoms.
China
[44]
VIII
Seeds and
Root
Insecticidal, veterinary medicine
Ayurveda and Siddha
[31]
IX
Root, Stem,
Fruits
The seeds are extremely toxic, and the
root is used to treat colds and rheumatic
pain.
Miao people of Jijiezi,
Yunnan, China
[45,31]
X
Plant part
not
mentioned
Laxative, tonic, carminative and
antipyretic
----
[10,46,21,22]
Anti-diabetic
----
[47]
Lotion is applied for treating headache
with ecthyma
Chinese medicine
[48]
Used in eye drop treating trachoma caused
by Chlamydia trachomatis
Chinese medicine
A paste for the treatment of venomous
snake bites
Chinese medicine
Utilised for treating scaled and burn
Chinese medicine
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s)
are treated using extract.
----
Used to treat closed bone fractures with
----
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blood stasis.
Treatment of rabies
----
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Chemical compounds
Ogawa et al., separated chemical compounds from roots of Caesalpinia decapetala var.
japonica using dried plant material in methanolic extract and isolated cassane diterpenoid
caesaljapin and two tritrepenoids as lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol, betulinic acid with five phenolics as
sappanchalcone, 3-deoxysappanchalcone, catechin, methyl gallate, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-
3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone.[24] Van et al., isolated cassane diterpenoid caesaldecan, 4,5,
epoxy- 8(14) – caryophyllene, spathulenol, lupeol, squalene, trans-reveratol, quercetin,
astragalin, stigmasterol etc. from leaves of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston and drawn their
structures using combination of 2D NMR techniques, namely, 1H–1H COSY, HMQC,
HMBC, and ROESY.[6] Zhang isolated chemical compounds from the stem of C. decapetala
(Roth) Alston in an ethanolic extract, and chemicals were discovered like 6’-hydroxy-3,4-
(1’’-hydroxy-epoxy- propane)-2’, 3’-(1’’ β-hydroxy-2’’’-carbonyl-cyclobutane)-1, 1’-
diphenyl, octacosyl 3, 5-dihydroxycinnamate, 2’, 4, 4’-trihydroxychalocone, bonducellin,7,
3’, 5’-trihydroxyflavanone, daucosterin, β –sitosterol.[49] Powar et al., optimised the
conditions for isolation of gallic acid as the best Gallic acid extraction requirements were
found to be extraction at 65-70º C for 48 hours and 70:30 ethanol: water composition. The
greatest yield of gallic acid achieved at this optimal extraction is 17.85%.[10] Miyazawa et al.,
in 2012, Used flowering twigs, gas chromatography olfactory (GC-O) and aroma extract
dilution analysis (AEDA) to identify, define and examine the unique odour. Aroma chemicals
that have been isolated α-pinene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-
β-ocimene, linalool, nonanal, α-terpineol, geraniol, β-caryophyllene, α-humelene, (E)-
nerolidol.[50]
Wei et al., isolated the fourteen compounds from roots of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston the
compounds are like andrographolide, quercetin, β- sitosterol, bergenin, rutin, emodin, botulin,
stigmasterol, baicalein, polydatin, salicin, apigenin, epicatechin, cinnamic acid etc. and
studied their anticancer activity against human gastric carcinoma cell.[7] Wei et al., isolated
one new cassane diterpenoid from seeds of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston. They used air dried
powder in ethanolic extracts to isolate phanginin Q a new unusual O bridge between C-19
and C-20, as well as three new cassane diterpenoids as caesaljapin, caesaldekarin A, and
caesaldekarin B.[51] In 2015 Kamikawa, identified and elicited the structures of chemical
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substances. They extracted furanano diterpenoids like caesaljaponins A and B from seed
using a methanolic extract.[40] Hua et al., yielded five cassane type diterpenoids specifically
caesaldecapes C, caesaldecapes D, caesalmin C, caesalmin E, and bounducellpin A from the
seeds of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston.[52] Qiao et al., (2016), isolated diterpenoid compounds
from the root of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston. The compounds, namely 3β-hydroxyphanginin
H, 7β-acetoxyphanginin H, 3β-acetoxyphanginin H, 7β-hydroxyphanginin H, 4-epi-3β-
acetoxycaesalpinilinn, 4-epi-3β-hydroxycaesalpinilinn, tomocin E, 20-acetoxytaepeenin D,
caesaljapin C, caesalacetal, caesalpinista B, henrilabdane C, 11E-labdadien-19-oic acid,
trans-communic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamaladehyde, ozoroalide and intricatinol, 4-
hydroxy-3-methoxypropiophenone. They looked at their anticancer properties as well.[44] Xu
et al., (2016), characterized diterpenoid compounds from seeds of C. decapetala (Roth)
Alston the isolated compounds are decapetpene A, decapetpene B, decapetpene C,
caesalpinin ML, neocaesalpin S, neocaesalpin AB, 14(17)-dehydrocaesalpin F, caesalpinin
MJ, caesalmin C, caesalmin D, caesalmin F, caesalpinin E, and caesalpinin U and They study
their anti-TMV activity.[53] Chemical analysis of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston was carried out
by Qiao et al., This study resulted in the isolation and identification of a 1:1 combination of
two C-20 epimeric cassane type furanoditerpenoids, as caesaldecins A and B, as well as a
novel labdane-type diterpenoid known as 8(17),11(Z),13(E)- trien-15,19-dioic acid. By
comparing their estimated and experimental ECD’s and considering their biosynthesis
pathways with analogous diterpenoids, the stereochemistry of compounds was explained and
their in-vitro cytotoxic and antibacterial properties were disclosed in this paper.[54] Akihara et
al., isolated compounds and investigated their HPLC profiles and spectroscopic analyses.
caesaljapanin A, caesaljaponin B, caesalacetal, caesaljapin, caesalsauteolide, 2- hydrooxy
caesaljapin, 2,7-dihydroxycaesaljapin, 2-hydroxycaesalacetal, caesalsauterol, 6-
acetylcaesalsauterol, norcaesalsauterol compounds isolated and analyzed.[55] Isolated fifty
nine compounds form bark and leaves of the plant in methanolic and infusion. The names and
structures of the isolated compounds are listed in the following table. The bioactivity of C.
decapetala (Roth) Alston leaves and bark extract was assessed using a variety of traditional
in-vitro bioassays.[56] In addition to the chemicals reported in Table 3 and their chemical
structures are redrawn in Table 4. Some additional compounds viz. Caesalpinin Q,
Neocaesalpin N, Caesalpinol, 4'-methoxy-4,6-dihydroxyisoquirtigenin, 1-deacteoxy-1-
oxocaesalmin C, Neocaaesaloin N, 3,4,3,5'-tetrahydroxydistyrene, Protohematoxylin B, 3-
deoxy-hematoxylin chalcone, Protosappanoside A, Isoprotosappanoside A, Protosappanoside
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B, Isoprotosappanoside B, Protosappanoside C, Isoprotosappanoside C, Quinoyl-glucogallic
acid are also reported in C. decapetala (Roth) Alston.
Table 3: Chemical compounds found in Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston.
Sr. No.
Part of Plant
Name of the compound
Molecular
Formula
References
1.
Root
Var. japonica
Caesaljapin
C21H28O5
[24]
2.
Lup-20(29)-en-3ß-ol
C30H50O
3.
Betulinic acid
C30H48O3
4.
3-deoxysappanchalcone
C16H14O4
5.
Sappanchalcone
C16H14O5
6.
Catechin
C15H14O6
7.
Methyl gallate
C8H8O5
8.
3-hydroxy-l-(4-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-l-propanone
C10H12O4
9.
Entire plant
Lupeol acetate
C32H52O2
[9]
10.
Lupeol
C30H50O
11.
Oleanoic acid
C30H48O3
12.
Pentacosanoic acid 2,3 –
dihydroxypropyl ester
C27H52O4
13.
1- (26-hydroxyhexacosanoyl)- glycerol
C29H58O5
14.
Stigmasterol
C29H48O
15.
- Sitosterol
C29H50O
16.
Leaves
Caesaldecan
C25H38O5Na
[6]
17.
Spathulenol
C15H24O
18.
4,5, epoxy-8(14)-caryophyllene
C15H24O2
19.
Squalene
C30H50
20.
Lupeol
C30H50O
21.
Trans-resveratrol
C14H12O3
22.
Quercetin
C15H10O7
23.
Astragalin
C21H20O11
24.
Stigmasterol
C29H48O
25.
Stem
6’-hydroxy-3,4-(1’’-hydroxy-epoxy-
propane)-2’, 3’-(1’’ β-hydroxy-2’’’-
carbonyl-cyclobutane)-1, 1’-diphenyl
C15H10O5
[49]
26.
Octacosyl 3, 5-dihydroxycinnamate
C37H64O4
27.
2’, 4, 4’-trihydroxychalocone
C25H12O4
28.
Bonducellin
C17H14O4
29.
7, 3’, 5’-trihydroxyflavanone
C15H12O5
30.
Daucosterin
C35H60O6
31.
β -sitosterol
C29H50O
32.
Leaves
α-Phellandrene
C10H16
[57]
33.
Caryphyllene
C15H24
34.
α-pinene
C10H16
35.
β-pinene
C10H16
36.
β-ocimene
C10H16
37.
Geraniol
C10H18O
38.
Flowering
α-pinene
C10H16
[50]
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39.
twig
β--myrcene
C10H16
40.
α -phellandrene
C10H16
41.
Limonene
C10H16
42.
(Z)-β-ocimene
C10H16
43.
(E)-β-ocimene
C10H16
44.
Linalol
C10H18O
45.
Nonanal
C9H18O
46.
α -terpineol
C10H18O
47.
Geraniol
C10H18O
48.
β-caryophyllene
C15H24
49.
α -humelene
C15H24
50.
(E)-nerolidol
C15H26O
51.
Roots
Andrographolide
C20H30O5
[7]
52.
Quercetin
C15H10O7
53.
β-sitosterol
C29H50O
54.
Bergenin
C14H16O9
55.
Rutin
C27H30O16
56.
Emodin
C15H10O5
57.
Betulin
C30H50O2
58.
Stigmasterol
C29H48O
59.
Baicalein
C15H10O5
60.
Polydatin
C20H22O8
61.
Salicin
C13H18O7
62.
Apigenin
C15H10O5
63.
Epicatechin
C15H14O6
64.
Cinnamic acid
C9H8O2
65.
Seeds
Phanginin Q
C21H26O6Na
[51]
66.
Caesaljapin
C21H28O5
67.
Caesaldekarin A
C22H32O4
68.
Caesaldekarin B
C20H30O3
69.
Seed var.
japonica
Caesaljaponin A
C25H34O8
[40]
70.
Caesaljaponin B
C25H34O8
71.
Roots
var. japonica
Caesalacetal
C21H28O5
[40]
72.
Caesalpinetate
C23H32O5
73.
Caesalpinone
C19H26O2
74.
Caesaljapin
C21H28O5
75.
(E)-15-oxolabda-8(17),13-diene-19-oic
acid
C20H30O3
76.
(Z)-15-oxolabda- 8(17),13-diene-19-
oic acid
C20H30O3
77.
Mimosol c
C20H34O2
78.
Isocupressic acid
C20H32O3
79.
Isopimaradien 3b-18-diol
C20H32O
80.
Agathic acid
C20H30O4
81.
Roots
3β-hydroxyphanginin H
C21H28O5
[44]
82.
3β-acetoxyphanginin H
C23H30O6
83.
7β-acetoxyphanginin H
C23H30O6
84.
7β-hydroxyphanginin H
C21H28O5
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85.
4-epi-3β-hydroxycaesalpinilinn
C21H26O6
86.
4-epi-3β-acetoxycaesalpinilinn
C23H28O7
87.
20-acetoxytaepeenin D
C25H30O7
88.
Tomocin E
C24H34O8
89.
Caesaljapin C
C23H30O7
90.
Caesalacetal
C21H28O5
91.
Caesalpinista B
C23H32O6
92.
11E-labdadien-19-oic acid
C17H21O3
93.
Henrilabdane C
C20H30O4
94.
Trans-communic acid
C20H30O2
95.
Ozoroalide
C17H24O4
96.
3-hydroxy-4-
methoxycinnamaladehyde
C10H10O3
97.
4-hydroxy-3-methoxypropiophenone
C10H12O3
98.
Intricatinol
C17H14O5
99.
Seed
Caesaldecapes A
C19H26O5
[45]
100.
Caesaldecapes B
C27H38O11
101.
Seeds
Caesaldecapes C
C25H34O10
[52]
102.
Caesaldecapes D
C27H36O11
103.
Caesalmin C
C26H34O8
104.
Caesalmin E
C26H36O9
105.
Bounduceellpin A
C25H34O9
106.
cotyledon
Caesalpinista B
C23H32O6
[58]
107.
Deoxycaesaljaponin A
C25H34O7
108.
Seeds
Decapetpene A
C25H34O8
[53]
109.
Decapetpene B
C24H36O5
110.
Decapetpene C
C24H38O8
111.
Caesalpinin ML
C20H30O2
112.
Neocaesalpin S
C22H32O6
113.
Neocaesalpin AB
C22H32O7
114.
14(17)-dehydrocaesalpin f
C26H34O8
115.
Caesalpinin MJ
C24H31O6
116.
Caesalmin C
C26H34O8
117.
Caesalmin D
C26H36O9
118.
Caesalmin F
C27H37O9
119.
Caesalpinin E
C25H34O8
120.
Caesalpinin U
C27H42O12
121.
Caesalmin F
C27H38O9
122.
α- caesalpin
C24H32O8
123.
Leaves
Catechin
C15H14O6
[8]
124.
Quercetin
C15H10O7
125.
Gallic acid
C7H6O5
126.
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O3
127.
p- coumaric
C9H8O3
128.
Leaves
Apigenin-7-rhamnoside
C21H20O9
[59]
129.
4-O-Methyl episappanol
C17H18O6
130.
Daucosterol
C35H60O6
131.
Astragalin
C21H20O11
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132.
6-hydroxy kaempferol
C15H10O7
133.
Quercetin
C15H10O7
134.
Narengin
C27H32O14
135.
Flower
Bufadienolides
C24H34O2
[60]
136.
Furanolactone
C21H26O8
137.
Enone
C4H6O
138.
Androsterone
C19H30O2
139.
Leaves
Caesaldecins A
C21H26O6
[54]
140.
Caesaldecins B
C21H26O6
141.
8(17),11(Z),13(E)-trien-15,18-dioic
acid
C20H28O4
142.
Infected Seed
Caesaljaponin A
C24H34O8
[55]
143.
Caesaljaponin B
C25H34O8
144.
Caesalacetal
C21H28O5
145.
Caesaljapin
C21H28O5
146.
Caesalsauteolide
C21H26O7
147.
2-hydroxycaesaljapin
C21H28O6
148.
2,7-dihydroxycaesaljapin
C21H28O7
149.
2-hydroxycaesalacetal
C21H28O6
150.
Caesalsauterol
C21H28O6
151.
6-acetylcaesalsauterol
C23H30O7
152.
Norcaesalsauterol
C20H26O7
153.
Caesalpinista A
C21H30O5
154.
Leaves,
Flower Bark
Lupeol
C30H50O
[61]
155.
Betulinic acid
C30H48O3
156.
Stigmasterol
C29H48O
157.
Stigmasterol-3-O- β -D-
glucopyranoside
C21H28O5
158.
Caesaljapin
C21H28O5
159.
Caesaldecan
C25H38O5Na
160.
Methoxy inocitol
C7H16O6
161.
Quercetin
C15H10O7
162.
Seed
1 α,6 α,7ß-triacetoxy-14 α -methoxy-
Vouacapen-5 α -ol
C25H38O9
[62]
163.
Caesalmin F
C27H38O9
164.
Neocaaesalpin MP
C27H38O10
165.
Neocaesaloin AA
C25H36O9
166.
Bonducellpin C
C23H32O7
167.
Bonducellpin E
C23H30O8
168.
Entire Plant
Methyl 2,3,5-trihydroxybenzoate
C8H8O5
[63]
169.
Protocatechuic acid methyl ester
C8H8O4
170.
N-trans-feruloyl tyramine
C18H19NO4
171.
Trichostachine
C16H17NO3
172.
Cinnamylpiperidine
C14H19N
173.
Gallic acid
C7H6O5
174.
Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
C8H8O5
175.
Ethyl 3,4,5 Trihydroxybenzoate
C21H16O6
176.
Resveratrol
C14H12O3
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177.
Protosappanin A
C15H12O5
178.
NR
Catechin
C15H14O6
[64]
179.
Epicatechin
C15H14O6
180.
Ethyl gallate
C9H10O5
181.
Quercetin
C15H10O7
182.
Luteolin
C15H10O6
183.
Isoliquiritigenin
C15H12O4
184.
Linoleic acid
C18H32O2
185.
Brevifolin carboxylic acid
C13H8O8
186.
Epicatechin gallate
C22H18O10
187.
Resveratrol
C14H12O3
188.
Hematoxylin
C16H14O6
189.
Leaves and
Bark
var.japonca
Quinic acid
C7H12O6
[56]
190.
Isocitric acid
C6H8O7
191.
Galloyl glucose
C13H16O10
192.
Shikimic acid
C7H10O5
193.
Gallic acid
C7H6O5
194.
5-O-Galloylquinic acid
C14H16O10
195.
5-O-Galloylquinic acid derivative
C16H18O10
196.
Galloylsucrose
C19H26O15
197.
Galloylshikimic acid isomer 1
C14H14O9
198.
Naringenin derivative
C17H24O13
199.
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O4
200.
Gallic acid derivative
C15H20O11
201.
4-Glucogallic acid
C13H16O10
202.
2-Isopropylmalic acid
C7H12O5
203.
Galloylshikimic acid isomer 2
C14H14O9
204.
Caffeoylglucose
C15H18O9
205.
Dihydroxybenzoic acid pentoside
C12H14O8
206.
Gallic acid acetylrhamnoside
C15H18O10
207.
Di-O-galloyl kinic acid
C21H20O14
208.
Methyl gallate
C8H8O5
209.
Galloyl pentose
C12H14O9
210.
Coumaroylquinic acid
C16H18O8
211.
Dihydrobenzoic acid hexoside
derivative
C13H18O8
212.
5-O-(digalloyl)quinic acid
C21H20O14
213.
3,5-di-O-galloylquinic acid
C21H20O14
214.
4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid
C16H18O9
215.
Digallic acid
C14H10O9
216.
Digalloylshikimic acid isomer 1
C21H18O13
217.
Ethyl gallate
C9H10O5
218.
Quinic acid rhamnoside
C13H22O10
219.
Digalloylshikimic acid isomer 2
C21H18O13
220.
3,4,5-Tri-O-galloylquinic acid
C28H24O18
221.
Myricetin-O-(O-galloyl)- hexoside
C28H24O17
222.
Digallic acid methyl ester isomer 1
C15H12O9
223.
Galloyl-4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid
C23H22O13
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224.
Quercetin-O-(O-galloyl)- hexoside
C28H24O16
225.
Digallic acid methyl ester isomer 2
C15H12O9
226.
Digallic acid methyl ester isomer 3
C15H12O9
227.
Galloyl-astragalin
C28H24O15
228.
Di-galloyl-rhamnosyl-kinic acid
C27H30O18
229.
Galloyl-caffeoyl-
hydroxytetramethoxyflavone
C35H28O14
230.
Quercetin dihexoside
C30H26O15
231.
Galloyl-ethylgallate
C16H13O9
232.
Di-galloyl-methylgallate
C22H16O13
233.
Caffeoyl-astragalin
C30H26O14
234.
Tetrahydroxyflavone 3’-O-
rhamnoglucoside
C27H30O15
235.
Quercetin
C15H10O7
Table 4: Chemical structure of above mentioned compounds according to the serial number.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
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31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
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81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
a
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
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126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
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171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
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216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
Figure.1: Detailed structure of chemical compounds found in C. decapetala (Roth)
Alston (Chemical structure redrawn from: Chemdraw and pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Anagenic activity
Anagenic activity from the leaves of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston studied by Parveen et al.,
For the experiment, the authors utilized leaves that were air dried in the shade at room
temperature for 15 to 20 days. The leaf powder was extracted using n-hexane and 70%
aqueous methanolic solvents. They employed twenty swiss albino mice (20 to 30 gm) for the
experiment and separated them into four separate sections like control, aqueous methanolic,
n-hexane and standard. Acetic acid writhing mice obtained with an aqueous methanolic
extract of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston (18.4 ± 0.53) showed little action when compared to
control mice (22.6 ± 0.51). The licking of paw mice was induced by formalin. C. decapetala
(Roth) Alston aqueous methanolic extract (275 ± 4.18) demonstrated more pronounced action
than n-hexane extract (293.8 ± 1.20). Carrageenan-induced paw edema was investigated for
action against inflammation at a dosage of 100 mg/kg of extract, and the aqueous methanolic
extract of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston was found to have little difference (0.66 ± 0.06) up to
two hours, which was nearly equal to standard drugs and n-hexane extracts. In the mice that
were examined, there was no acute toxicity. As a conclusion C. decapetala (Roth) Alston
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aqueous methanolic extract has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic action without
toxicity.[3]
Antioxidant activity
Powar et al., investigated the antioxidant activities from wood and pericarp of C. decapetala
(Roth) Alston. They examined the ability of DPPH scavenging, superoxide radicles, and
nitric oxide radicles to reduce lipid peroxidation. The total polyphenol content of wood and
pericarp is 13.28 ± 0.0057 and 12.68 ± 0.005 respectively as mg gallic acid/g. Total
flavonoids in wood and pericarp are 3.93 ± 0.005 and 5.26 ± 0.005 respectively as mg
quercetin/g, and the wood and pericarp have an action similar to that of a nitric oxide
scavenger like 60.67% and 69.65 % and the DPPH radicle scavenging activity is 51.65% and
56.59 %, respectively as compared with 1500 µg/ml of ascorbic acid as standard.[4] Extracted
gallic acid from the wood of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston, and an extract was prepared in
ethanol: water (65: 35) isolated gallic acid has free radicle scavenging action at concentration
20 µg/ml, with suppression of free radicals of 61.45 ± 0.44% and 52.94 ± 0.67% for the
ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. Using a concentration of 50 µg/ml, the ABTS and
DPPH assays showed 95.22 ± 0.71% and 91.99 ± 0.59% suppression of free radicals,
respectively.[21] Gallego et al., stated C. decapetala (Roth) Alston extract might be capable as
a source of natural antioxidants for meat produces. Including this herb extract as an
component in burger patties might be an effective way to boost nutritional value and safety.
The addition of this extract at 0.5% was the most effective antioxidant. This concentration
constrained formation of TBARS plus volatile compounds more efficiently than the synthetic
antioxidant BHT Throughout a period of 11 days.[11] Gallego et al., (2016,a), estimated a total
phenolic content of 63.8 ± 2.1mg GAE/g dry plant in a 50 % ethanolic extract, and remarked
that the plant possesses a rich source of phenolic compounds with significant radicle
scavenging action hence the stability and increase of specific polyphenolic chemicals, these
extracts were reported to protect against lipid oxidation of O/W emulsions.[65] Evaluated
antioxidant activity on ground beef patties coated with gelatin-based packaging, particularly
those made with 1% C. decapetala (Roth) Alston ethanolic leaf extract. Studied various
properties like water-vapor permeability, light permeability and color properties. The
antioxidant activity as phenol content was found to be ranging from 61 toward 191 mg
GAE/g film, ORAC plus TEAC assay was 0.32 mol TE/g for the concentration of 1 % and
0.02 ± 0.001 mol TE/g film Throughout the course of of 12 days, biodegradable gelatin films
incorporating C. decapetala (Roth) Alston offer high potential for use in food packaging.[66]
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Sharma et al., reported the leaf extracts contained alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids,
anthraquinone, anthocyanin, tannins, and steroids, according to the findings. The composition
of these compounds changes depending on the proportion. The DPPH radical scavenging
action in methanolic extract of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston leaves is dose-dependent. The
ability of methanol extract to remove free radicals from leaf was found to be 82.63 % at a
level of concentration 100 µg/ml. Despite the fact that the extracts DPPH radical scavenging
powers were much lower than the level of ascorbic acid 91.62 % at 100 g µg/ml, the
investigation revealed that the extracts had proton donating skills and might operate as free
radical inhibitors or as scavengers, perhaps serving as major antioxidants. During the
fourteen day observation period, oral a single course of administration of 2000 mg/kg dosage
of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston methanol leaf extract to five mice produced no evidence of
toxicity or death in the treated animals.[67] Eight compounds isolated using open column
chromatography. These compounds are five rare flavonoids like apigenin-7-rhamnoside, 4-O-
methyl episappanol, caesalpinol, daucosterol, astragalin, one benzoxecin as kaempferol, one
phytosterol as quercitrin and one sappanol as naringin. the author evaluated the antioxidant
potential and α - glucosidase inhibition activity. All partitions had considerable DPPH
activity, according to the findings. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol demonstrated the highest
inhibition percentages at 100 µg, 78.56 % and 88.50 %, respectively. comparatively TLC
analysis revealed that n-butanol contained more compounds, it was chosen for further
separation. Among the isolated compounds, C. decapetala (Roth) Alston quercetin has a
substantial radical scavenging activity of 93.39 ± 1.18 µM, which is lower than that of
standard allopurinol 92.54 ± 0.69 µM. They also tested α - glucosidase capacity, finding that
apigenin-7-rhamnoside 213 ± 1.0 ±. µM, astragalin 311.8 ± 0.00 µm, kaempferol 231.6 ± 8.7
µM, and quercitrin 233.0 ± 032 µM in comparison to the positive control acarbose IC50 127.9
± 2.0 µM. The PTP1B inhibitory action of 4-O-methyl episappanol was shown with an IC50
of 43.4 ± 1.7 µM when compared to the positive control ursolic acid, which had an IC50 of
0.8 ± 1.4 µM. All extracted compounds from C. decapetala (Roth) Alston were evaluated
against α -glucosidase inhibition in our quest for a possible glucosidase inhibitor, and
flavonoids derivatives performed well. At a dosage of 250 µM, the flavonoid compounds
isolated from C. decapetala (Roth) Alston exhibited action as an order apignin-7-rhmanoside
> quercitrin > 6-hydroxy-kaempferol > astragalin > naringin.[59] Gallego et al.,investigated
the oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions using a fifty percent ethanolic extract and
noticed total polyphenols 31.58 mg gallic acid/g dehydrated plant, flavonoids 1.96 mg
catechin/g dry plant, TEAC 360, ORAC 700, FRAP 200, DPPH 300 µmol Trodox/g dry
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plant. They also looked at the chemicals in C. decapetala (Roth) Alston extract and
discovered quercetin, catechin, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid in
the sample. Ethanolic C. decapetala (Roth) Alston extracts were more efficient than Trolox
in improving the stability of oil-in-water emulsions, particularly at the 0.2 % concentration.
The extract was high in polyphenols and showed high antioxidant activity. The finding might
lead to their usage in the food sector as an substitute to synthetic preservatives, particularly as
an antioxidant for fat preservation.[8]
Antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial activity of both essential oils and crude extracts of petroleum ether, dimethyl
ether, ethanol and methanol were studied. Isolated essential oils as caryphyllene (7.5%),
geraniol (5.9%), α and β-pinene (25.5 and 8.4%), β-ocymene (31.6%) and α-phellandrene
(4.5%). The antibacterial activity of several organic crude extracts against the growth of
Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, Salmonella typhimurium,, and Staphylococcus aureus
revealed that only methanol crude extract is effective against Salmonella typhimurium and
Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial action of this active extract was shown to be due to
tannins. Mahizi noted that the essential oil isolated from C. decapetala (Roth) Alston leaves
were hazardous to every microorganisms tested in this investigation.[57] Kalsi et al., used a
schematic extraction procedure from dried leaf powder to test the antibacterial capabilities of
C. decapetala (Roth) Alston. They utilized fungus such as Aspergillus fumigatus and
Candida albicans, as well as gram positive and gram negative bacteria such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa respectively. They found that the methanolic extract had dose-dependent
antibacterial activity in vitro, and that it was especially effective against Staphylococcus
aureus (Gram + ve bacterium) and Staphylococcus aeruginosa (Gram -ve bacteria).[68]
Isolated compounds and evaluated against four bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli,
Psedomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus
subsp. aureus with penicillin G and ceftazidime serving as positive controls at 50 µg/g ml-1,
compound 8(17),11(Z),13(E)- trien-15,19-dioic acid inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus
aureus subsp. aureus with an inhibition ratio of 77.745 ± 1.704, and the MIC50 value was
determined to be 5.99µg/ml-1.[54] The biological activities of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston
against pathogenic bacteria like Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes,
Staphylococcus albus Fungi like Aspergillus niger, Peniicillium chrysogenum. An
antibacterial and antifungal compound derived from C. decapetala (Roth) Alston leaves
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extract may provide protection against a variety of ailments, according to this investigation
traditional medicine relies heavily on the usage of leaves because of the unique biological
properties they possess an alternative to commercially accessible synthetic antibiotic.[48]
Antifertility activity
Aerial parts of plant harvested during blossoming, dried them and extracted dried flowering
twig with 90% ethanol at room temperature. From these extracts, ethanolic extract given at a
dosage 500 mg/kg one to eight days, after coitum 70% of hamsters pregnancy was
avoided.[69]
Antidiabetic Activity
Antidiabetic activity studied in diabetic induced rabbits, the lipid profile, renal and hepatic
functions improved as a result of treatment compared to glibenclamide's 183.8 mg/dL, oral
extracts at 300 and 500 mg/kg reduced average levels of blood glucose from 250.6 to 204.2
and 188.2 mg/dL, respectively, over a 14-day period. Polyphenols and flavonoids, which
possess the ability to fight free radicals and in particular efficient in reducing oxidative
damage and preserving beta cells of the pancreas, may be responsible for the anti-diabetic
actions of the aqueous methanolic extract of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston. The extract
dramatically reduced increased blood urea with serum creatinine levels, indicating that it may
serve as a critical trigger for the kidneys to return to normal metabolic homeostasis. With
regards to blood sugar and cholesterol reduction, as well as liver and kidney protection, C.
decapetala (Roth) Alston has shown remarkable potential, indicating the safety connected
with the use of raw medication.[70]
Anaphylactic activity
Ogawa, reported caesaljapin, inhibited anaphylactic contraction in Guinea pig taenia coli
sensitized by anti-egg albumin rabbit IgG by Schultz- Dale method at 50 µM, 26 %.[24]
Anti-cancer Activity
All extracted compounds is tested for anticancer activity by using MTT assay against MGC-
803 cell lines. Mitochondrial Succinate Dehydrogenase (MSD) is the enzyme responsible for
the reduction of yellow 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyletrazolium bromide (MTT).
DMSO was utilized as a negative control, whereas ADM was employed as a positive control
in the experiment. Cells were treated for 72 hours with 20 µmol/L of each chemical to
determine their inhibitory percentage. The greatest anticancer action was found in baicalein
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when the concentration was 20 µmol/L, the inhibition rate was 75.7%, and in apigenin at a
concentration of 5 µmol/L, with an inhibition rate of 34.1% but andrographolide, bergenin,
salicin, and epicatechin had no effect on the proliferation of a cell line of human gastric
cancer MGC-803. Emodin, baicalein, and apigenin were found to have significant antitumor
capacities against MGC-803 cell lines, IC50 values is 15.6, 16.3, and 13.2 µmol/L,
respectively. The phytotoxicity of all the identified compounds was investigated using five
cancer cell lines SW1990, HepG2, A2780, PancO2, and B16. Gemcitabine and cisplatin were
employed as standard controls in the MTT technique. They tested standard and isolated
chemicals at concentrations of 1, 2.5, 10, 25, and 50 µm. 3β-Hydroxyphanginin H, 7β-
Hydroxyphanginin H, 4-epi-3β-Hydroxycaesalpinilinn, 20-acetoxytaepeenin D, caesalpinista
B, inhibited the SW1990 human pancreatic cell line with an IC50 value ranging from 2.9 to
8.9 µm.[7] Hua et al., isolate compounds like caesaldecapes C, caesaldecapes D, caesalmin C,
caesalmin E, and bounducellpin A from the seeds of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston. The MTT
method was used to evaluate all of these chemicals against three human cancer cell lines
Hela, HT-29, and KB, with doxorubicin acting as a positive control. All chemicals
demonstrated a mild or no inhibitory impact against human cancer cell lines in the IC50 range
of 31.4 to 81.9 µm.[52] The four cancer cell line like liver (HepG2), breast (MCF 7), prostrate
(PC-3) and leukaemia (HL60) tested by using a sulphorhodamine B assay. The HL 60 cancer
cell was inhibited 50 % by hydro alcoholic extraction flower at very less dosage up to 10
µg/ml, The cytotoxicity declined with increased concentration. The extraction of C.
decapetala (Roth) Alston flower was profiled through gas mass spectroscopy it contains
bufadienolides, diterpenoid furanolactone, polycyclic enone and androsterone.[60] The
compounds like Caesaldecins A and B, as well as 8(17),11(Z),13(E)- trien-15,19-dioic acid,
were only tested for their in-vitro inhibitory activities a comparison with five different human
cancer cell lines HL-60, A-549, SMMC-7721, MCF-7 and SW-480 using the MTS method,
cis-platinum was used as a positive control in this study, all tested compounds were inactive
in cytotoxic activity.[54] The chemicals were extracted from the seed of C. decapetala (Roth)
Alston tested using Hela, HT-29, and MCF-7 cell lines. Caesaldecapes A and B were
extracted and their cytotoxicity activity was evaluated using the MTT technique. With an
IC50 value of 9.6 µm, caesaldecapes A exhibited specific cytotoxic action against KB cancer
cell lines.[45] Zengin et al., reported superior bioactivity in terms of antioxidant properties. Its
chemical composition was determined by the presence of phenolic acid, flavonoids, their
esters and glycosides. The biological potential of galloylation of phenolics has been shown.
It's also worth mentioning that butyrylcholinesterase, an enzyme that's gaining favour in the
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treatment of Alzheimer's disease, is inhibited by dichloromethane extract from C. decapetala
(Roth) Alston leaves. The C. decapetala (Roth) Alston bark methanol extract had the highest
cytotoxicity (CC50 46.08 µg/ml) and selectivity sensitivity index (SI 3.33) towards Hela cells
of all the extracts tested, indicating the possibility of more research into the isolates of
compounds that cause this activity and to figure out the molecular mechanism behind it.[56]
Antiviral activity
Anti-TMV activity tested for isolated compounds from C. decapetala (Roth) Alston by using
ribavirin as positive control at concentration of 500 µg/ml. Compound decapetpene B,
14(17)-dehydrocaesalpin F, caesalmin C were more active the value is 35.7%, 30.2% and
31.9 % respectively, which were comparable to positive control ribavirin 39.4%. For
protection effect at a concentration of 500 µg/ml compound 14(17)-dehydrocaesalpin F,
caesalmin C was more active at 37.6% and 34.0% respectively while positive control
ribavirin was at 38.17 %.[53] Zhang et al., prepared an ethanolic extract of dried leaves and
twigs of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston for their experiment. The nasal cavities of anaesthetized
mice were then inoculated with influenza virus. They reported that ethanol extract of C.
decapetala (Roth) Alston (EEC) suppresses influenza virus multiplication in A549 cells after
screening these plant extracts. EEC suppressed infection of A549 cells by the H1N1
influenza virus PR8 strain, with CC50 and EC50 of 326.4 µg/mL and 9.8 µg/mL, respectively.
The suppression of virion production was also investigated, and the findings revealed that
EEC suppressed infectious virions generation potently and concentration-dependently. The
production of infective influenza virions was under the detection limit as (10 TCID50/mL) at
concentrations more than 43 µg/mL. EEC has an EC50 of 14 µg/mL. To rule out the
possibility of EEC having a deleterious impact on viral replication, they employed the
indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) approach to assess cell viability using DAPI
staining and validate the inhibitory effect by looking for M2 protein expression. EEC at 43.2
µg/mL and 14.4 µg/mL totally suppressed viral replication and around 50% inhibited virus
replication, respectively, which corresponds to viral generation. Importantly, DAPI staining
revealed that EEC is not cytotoxic to A549 cells at these doses, so EEC prevents influenza
virus multiplication in A549 cells.[71]
Anthelmintic property
The anthelmintic activity of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston leaves and seed extract studied by
using different concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extract of the leaves at of 10mg/ml,
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20mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 50mg/ml, and 100mg/ml, they exhibited both paralysis and mortality
time in 108, 63, 32, 15, 5& 138, 83, 48, 21, 11 mins, correspondingly, then the seed extract at
the similar concentrations indicated both paralysis and mortality time in 63, 48, 25, 21, 4 and
87, 62, 32, 26, 9. By, increasing concentration, the impact became stronger. At all dosage, the
extract caused paralysis followed by worm death.[72]
Antifeedant Activity
Negi et al., performed phytochemical analysis of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston. They isolated
oils by hydro distillation from leaves, flowers, and bark by Clevenger. They obtained a yield
of leaves 0.27 ml (0.24 %), flower 0.4 ml (0.11 %) and bark 0.01 ml (0.01 %) they obtained
lupeol, botulinic acid, stigmasterol, stigmasterol-3-Ob-D-glucopyranoside, caesaldecan,
methoxy inositol, 4’methoxy-4,6-dihydro liquiritigenin, quercetin. They used the dual choice
leaf disc approach to investigate antifeedant activity against Spodoptera litura and found that
hexane extract had a lesser feeding index of 62.24 ± 3.12, followed by inositol 53.01 ± 5.18
and ethanol extract 51.01 ± 4.28 % Feeding index (PFI at 2.5 μg/cm2) with essential oils
extracted from bark having the highest antifeedant potential of 41.49 ± 2.71. %.[61]
Antimalarial activity
Chu-wei-chang (1945), reported Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb. as an effective antimalarial
medication in dosages ranging from 15 to 200 grams of root powder, with no severe side
effects.[28]
Hepatoprotective activity
The hepatoprotective efficacy of an ethanolic extract of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston on the
liver of rabbit was investigated. They took thirty rabbits and divided them into six equal
groups. The first to sixth groups were given distilled water, 2000 mg/kg paracetamol,
silymarin 100 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg paracetamol, ethanolic extract of C. decapetala (Roth)
Alston 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg all with 2000 mg/kg paracetamol They
investigated biopsy of the liver, and looked at liver enzyme markers, like AST, ALT, and
ALK. The levels of liver marker enzymes were shown to be higher in hepatotoxic animals,
but they were significantly lower in rabbits given an ethanolic extract of C. decapetala (Roth)
Alston compared to toxicant rabbits. The extract dosage of 500mg/kg had a stronger
hepatoprotective effect. The liver sections of paracetamol-treated rabbits exhibited necrosis
and vacuolization whereas the liver sections of silymarin and C. decapetala (Roth) Alston
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extracts rabbits revealed protective action against paracetamol toxicant and lack of
necrosis.[73]
Neuraminidase activity
Kamikawa et al., identified two cassane-type furanoditerpenoids and one diterpenoid from
roots of Caesalpinia decapetala var. japonica also seven additional diterpenoids.
Caesalacetal, caesalpinetate, caesalpinone, caesaljapin, (E)-15-oxolabda- 8(17),13-diene-19-
oic acid, (Z)-15-oxolabda- 8(17),13-diene-19-oic acid, mimosol C, isocupressic acid,
isopimaradien 3B-18-diol, agathic acid. The in-vitro neuraminidase inhibitory assessment of
the compounds caesalacetal, caesalpinetate, caesalpinone and caesaljapin is evaluated. The
IC50 values of 93 µM and 24 µM the compounds caesalacetal and caesalpinetate showed
modest neuraminidase inhibitory action respectively. At concentrations up to 100 µM,
compounds like caesalpinone and caesaljapin were inactive.[40]
CONCLUSION
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston is an understudied plant with significant
ethnobotanical promise. The species is grown as a hedge plant, because of its attractive
yellow-coloured inflorescences. Now days the plant has been naturalised around the globe,
where it is now considered a noxious weed in certain areas. It has been discovered through
various studies that the plant contains numerous biologically active chemical compounds
with cassane diterpenoids, which exhibits anti-microbial, anti-fertility, anti-diabetic, anti-viral
activities as well as having potent cytotoxic and hepatoprotective properties. The high
antioxidant capacity of the plant material may make it a possible food preservative and
packaging material in the future, and the high fibre quality should make it a suitable raw
material for the paper manufacturing industry. Veer et al., reported that the hydro-alcoholic
plant extracts have wormicidal action, implying that they are beneficial against parasitic
infections in humans. In the future, it will be important to discover and isolate the active
phytoconstituents responsible for anthelmintic activity, as well as research their
pharmacological effects.[72]
The antifeedant potential of plant essential oils was substantial.[61] A novel raw material for
the pulp and paper industry, C. decapetala (Roth) Alston excellent Kraft pulp output,
reasonable strength, and short fiber length all point to its potential as a promising pulp and
paper resource.[13] The presence of carbonyl groups, which are essential for the production of
antioxidants, may be the reason why isolated Gallic Acid displayed significant ABTS and
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DPPH scavenging activity. C. decapetala (Roth) Alston shows antioxidant that may help
fight illnesses including neurological disorders, inflammation, viral infections and stomach
ulcers.[21] Phytochemical screening reveals terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, resins,
alkaloids, proteins, sterols, lipids, oils, phenols, tannins, glycosides and diterpenoids in
various parts of C. decapetala (Roth) Alston and it has a broad range of biochemical,
pharmacological, and industrial applications. As a result, the species has enormous potential
in the future for pharmacological and industrial uses and there is need of doing adequate
research on the biological activity of numerous chemical substances.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are very much thankful to Dr. P. D. Chavan, Dr. A. S. Nigvekar, Dr. B. B.
Nalawade, Dr. D. K. Gaikwad, Dr. C. S. Kakade (Principal, Anandibai Raorane Arts,
Commerce and Science College, Vaibhavwadi), Dr. V. M. Patil (Principal, The New College,
Kolhapur) and Dr. R. V. Gurav (Head, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur)
and authors also extended their gratitude towards Dr. M. B. Waghmare (Head, Department of
Botany, The New College, Kolhapur) and Mr. R. P. Kashetti (Head, Department of Botany,
Anandibai Raorane Arts, Commerce and Science College, Vaibhavwadi).
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