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Harnessing 5G Networks for Health Care:
Challenges and Potential Applications
S M Abu Adnan Abir∗, Mohammed Abuibaid∗, Jun Steed Huang∗and Yang Hong†
∗Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
†SONOBO Health Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
∗{smabuadnanabir@cmail., mohammedaa.abuibaid@, jun.huang@}carleton.ca, †yang.hong@sonobohealth.com
Abstract—The fifth generation (5G) network has revolutionized
the healthcare field, offering high-speed data transfer, low
latency, and improved network coverage. This has opened new
opportunities to help healthcare providers break through barriers
for better care delivery. The paradigm shift towards a distributed
patient-centric approach in health care has driven the need
for the utilization of 4G and other advanced technologies for
smart healthcare. However, the limitations of fourth-generation
healthcare systems require machine-to-machine (M2M) or
device-to-device (D2D) communication, which can be addressed
by 5G network infrastructure with its ultra-low latency,
high availability, reliability, and security features. This paper
provides an overview of the role of smart healthcare in
transforming the healthcare industry through the integration of
advanced technologies such as electronic health records (EHRs),
telemedicine, internet of things (IoT), wearable devices, artificial
intelligence (AI), blockchain, and 3D printing. It also discusses the
key features of 5G networks, including high-speed data transfer,
low latency, increased bandwidth, improved network coverage,
network slicing, and improved security. Additionally, this paper
proposes a 5G-enabled emergency vehicle communication system
as a potential application of 5G technology in health care.
Index Terms—5G network, Healthcare, Emergency Vehicle
Communication System
I. INT ROD UC TI ON
With the fifth generation (5G) network has brought
significant advancements in the healthcare field,
revolutionizing the way health care is provided to patients.
It offers high-speed data transfer, low latency, and improved
network coverage, which have opened new avenues for
healthcare providers to outstanding care and patient
outcomes. The conventional healthcare system requires
more human intervention with healthcare devices, equipment,
and patient monitoring. However, the healthcare industry
is undergoing a rapid transformation from a traditional
hospital and specialist-focused approach to a distributed
patient-centric approach, fueled by the advancements in
several technologies [1]. Among different technologies,
communication have enabled the delivery of individualized
and distant healthcare services. Presently, health care
extensively utilizes the existing 4G technology and other
advanced technologies for smart healthcare and are constantly
progressing to facilitate the requirements of future intelligent
healthcare applications [2]. With the exploding growth
of smart healthcare industry, it is becoming increasingly
important to establish Massive-Machine Type Communication
to accommodate the connectivity requirements of numerous
sensor-based devices and machines within hospitals.
Additionally, the demand for 5G or fifth-generation mobile
communication will be driven by use cases such as remote
surgeries and Tactile Internet, as it serves as a fundamental
network infrastructure.
The deployment of AI, intelligent devices, and high-speed
data networks is revolutionizing the healthcare industry.
Technological advancements and improvements in people’s
lifestyles are leading to better health outcomes. AI-powered
devices, such as smart wearables with efficient sensors, can
monitor, collect and diagnose diseases based on analyzing
the sensory data. Robotic nurses can monitor patients and
record their health data remotely. However, IoT devices
with AI capabilities alone cannot address the limitations of
fourth-generation healthcare systems. Health Care 4.0 faces
challenges such as seamless data transmission, traffic-free
channels, cost-effective solutions, and machine-to-machine
communication. The emerging healthcare use cases, such
as remote surgeries and Tactile Internet, requires M2M or
D2D communication. the 5G communication infrastructure is
necessary to support these requirements, providing ultra-low
latency, high availability, reliability, and security [3].
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section
II discusses the present works on 5G networks for Smart
Healthcare. Section III explores the smart healthcare landscape
and discusses the role of EHRs, telemedicine, IoT, wearable
devices, AI, blockchain, and 3D printing in transforming
healthcare services. Section IV focuses on the key features
of 5G networks, including high-speed data transfer, low
latency, increased bandwidth, improved network coverage,
network slicing, and improved security. Section V describes
the challenges of 5G technology in health care. Section VI
proposes a 5G-enabled emergency vehicle communication
system as a potential application of 5G technology in health
care. Finally, the conclusion section summarizes the key
contributions of the paper, discusses the impact of 5G
technology in health care, and recommends future research
directions.
II. PR ES EN T WOR KS O N 5G NET WORKS FOR SMART
HEA LTHC AR E
5G technology provides opportunities to transform the
healthcare sector in many ways. The benefit of medical
2023 International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking (SmartNets) | 979-8-3503-0252-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SmartNets58706.2023.10215757
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wearables, remote sensors and clinical devices for patients and
healthcare systems has received much attention in recent years.
With the low latency of 5G, virtual and augmented reality
applications can be used to simulate surgical procedures,
train healthcare professionals, and provide immersive patient
education experiences. With the high bandwidth of 5G,
medical images such as X-rays and CT/MRI scans can be
transmitted quickly and in high resolution, allowing for faster
and more accurate diagnosis and treatment. However, the
challenge lies in managing the increasing amounts of medical
data and processing them efficiently. Using 5G’s capabilities,
network slicing is proposed as a solution to the diverse
constraints of heterogeneous medical data requirements. 5G
network slicing can build an efficient network with high
capacity to manage the healthcare data in isolated slices,
generate a holistic view of patients, and increase awareness
of patients’ health [4].
In [5], researchers proposed a remote patient monitoring
(RPM) system based on 5G networks, designed to provide a
varied set of medical services – this open and multi-platform
system is based on European standards, allowing for
continuous monitoring of patients and the detection of new
pathologies and therapeutic approaches. The system leverages
the massive amount of data produced by end-users from
multiple sources to efficiently measure essential vital and
contextual parameters of a patient by using low-capacity
sensors and devices. The emergence of big data wireless
technologies such as 5G, edge computing, IoT devices, and
data analytics has enabled connected healthcare services, but
emotional care for vulnerable groups is often overlooked.
To address this, a new emotion-aware connected healthcare
system is proposed in [6]. The system uses an emotion
detection module to process speech and image signals captured
by IoT devices in a smart home setting. Classification scores
from the signals are fused to make decisions about the patient’s
emotional state, and caregivers can be alerted if the emotion
is detected as pain.
Self-driving smart cars rely on 5G wireless communication
to operate safely, reliably and efficiently, which will motivate
the wide deployment of 5G in smart environments in the near
future. In [7], the authors proposed a healthcare monitoring
system for passengers inside self-driving smart cars that
are equipped with small 5G-enabled devices and various
sensor devices, including blood pressure, pulse rate, body
temperature, air flow, humidity, and force sensors, along with
image, speech, and video capturing devices. The signals and
data collected from these devices are processed to identify any
medical emergencies and take immediate action.
In [8], the authors investigated the security risks associated
with unsecured healthcare data transmission and proposed
a cryptographic end-to-end security solution. This solution
initiates cryptographic security at IoT sensor devices and
routes it through Software-Defined Networking (SDN) routers,
providing secured communication from an IoT device to a
doctor’s office. In [9], the authors proposed a groundbreaking
diabetes management solution called the 5G-Smart Diabetes
system. This system leverages cutting-edge technologies
such as machine learning, big data, social networking,
and most importantly, wearable 2.0 technology to provide
comprehensive sensing and analysis for patients with diabetes.
In [10], the researchers proposed a system called BDAEH
(big data application in emotion-aware health care) that
focuses on both logic reasoning and emotion computing
– the system incorporates SDN and 5G technologies to
enhance resource utilization and network performance. It
includes healthcare data collection, transmission, storage,
analysis, and human-machine interaction. In emergency
situations, 5G can establish faster communication and
coordination between emergency responders, while reducing
response times and improving patient outcomes. In [11],
a comprehensive framework for a 5G-enabled connected
ambulance is presented, which places a strong emphasis
on two-way data communication, including the transmission
of audio-visual multimedia flow between ambulances and
hospitals.
III. SMA RT HEALTHCARE
Smart healthcare refers to the integration of advanced
technologies and digital innovations into the healthcare
industry to improve patient care, optimize operational
efficiency, and reduce costs. It encompasses a variety of
technologies such as electronic health records, telemedicine,
mobile health applications, and wearable devices. To offer
personalized care to patients, smart healthcare harnesses the
power of data analytics, machine learning, and artificial
intelligence. This assists healthcare providers in gathering
and analyzing large amounts of patient data in real-time,
enabling them to make informed decisions, improve treatment
plans, and identify potential health risks. Smart healthcare
applications include remote patient monitoring, telemedicine
consultations, predictive analytics for disease management,
virtual reality simulations for medical training, etc. By
enhancing the health outcomes and the overall healthcare
experience of a patient, the overarching goal of smart
healthcare is to create a positive impact on healthcare systems.
The concept of Smart Healthcare involves the centralized
management and control of various aspects of hospital
operations through a single platform which can be accessed
remotely. This includes medical service from patient
appointments to surgical procedures and pathology tests.
The system is designed to interconnect different modules
such as Accountant, Administrator, Blood Bank, Clinical
staff, Consultant, Nurse, Pathologist and Patient. The entire
system is governed by a main controller, with all medical
data being stored on a cloud platform for efficient handling
and storage. The collected data is transmitted through the
cloud to the relevant departments for further analysis and
decision-making. To capture and transmit data, sensors and
actuators are installed in each department. Pathologists and
doctors then analyze and diagnose abnormalities from patient
tissue samples, which can take the form of images such as scan
reports, X-ray photography, and marks, with the assistance of
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Artificial Intelligent models. This significantly speeds up the
treatment process, as AI models can analyze vast amounts of
data within a short period of time. Once patients are registered,
they can access their pathological reports, submit payments,
and consult with physicians distantly through mobile devices.
The total Smart Management System is managed by the
administrator modules through an online mobile portal [3].
Some components of smart healthcare are:
A. Electronic health records (EHRs)
Electronic health records (EHRs) are digital medical
records that provide a comprehensive view of a patient’s
medical history and clinical information, improving patient
care and coordination between healthcare providers. EHRs
enable real-time access to patient data, supporting clinical
decision-making and better patient outcomes. However, EHR
implementation and adoption can be challenging, and concerns
around data security, privacy, and interoperability still need to
be addressed [12] [13] [14].
B. Telemedicine
Telemedicine uses telecommunication technologies to
provide healthcare services remotely, improving access to the
care needed by patients who encounter geographic, economic,
or social barriers. It includes virtual consultations, remote
monitoring, and remote diagnostics, which can improve patient
outcomes and reduce hospital readmissions. Telemedicine
allows healthcare providers to diagnose and treat patients
remotely, which is especially helpful for those living in
remote areas or with mobility issues. Its use has been further
highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic [15] [16].
C. Integration of Internet of Things
The IoT enables the integration of sensors and other
connected devices to collect data from patients and
medical equipment, improving the accuracy and efficiency of
healthcare delivery. For example, IoT devices can be used to
monitor medication adherence, track the location of medical
equipment, and monitor patient vital signs in real-time. The
utilization of IoT and smart IoT devices has revolutionized
healthcare by enabling remote monitoring services. This has
transformed the traditional healthcare model into a smart
healthcare system. Embedded body sensors efficiently collect
data from interactive devices and transmit it to the cloud
and central controller. The massive volume of data is then
subjected to thorough monitoring processes [17].
D. Wearable devices
Wearable devices like fitness trackers and medical
monitoring devices can track vital signs and health data
in real-time, providing valuable information for healthcare
professionals. This data can be effortlessly captured and sent to
a cloud-based data center for remote analysis and prediction of
health conditions. Patients can receive personalized attention
through various wireless connected devices, and physicians
can monitor their health status efficiently, even from a distance.
Alert notifications can also be set to remind patients of
important health measures [18] [19].
E. Application of Artificial Intelligence
AI can analyze large healthcare datasets, predict disease
outbreaks, and customize medical treatment based on patient
data. It can help healthcare providers identify patients at high
risk of developing certain health conditions. AI algorithms
process vast datasets from smart IoT devices faster and
with higher accuracy than humans, generating electronic
health reports that are sent for further investigation and
recommendations. AI can assist patients in identifying future
disease risks and provide suggestions on care, treatment, and
medications [20] [21].
F. Utilization of Blockchain
Blockchain can securely store and share patient data,
reducing the risk of breaches and ensuring privacy. It can also
enable decentralized healthcare systems, improving security,
privacy, and interoperability of health data. Blockchain can
facilitate efficient sharing of information and empower patients
to take control of their health data. In addition to securing
medical data, blockchain reduces documentation errors and
miscommunication between healthcare professionals and
patients [22] [23] [24].
G. 3D printing
3D printing creates customized medical devices, prosthetics,
and implants tailored to individual patients, improving
outcomes and efficiency. This technology allows for
patient-specific implants, physical models of anatomical
structures for surgical planning, and custom prosthetics that
are more comfortable and functional than traditional options.
3D printing 3D printing makes the extremely costly medical
procedures more accessible to patients in need by enabling
patient-specific solutions [25] [26] [27].
IV. KEY FE ATURES OF 5G NET WO RK
A revolutionary performance improvement for cellular
network is 5G. Higher data rates, more connections per
square inch, and a wider variety of applications are all
features of 5G. The International Telecommunications
Union Radiocommunications Sector (ITU-R) recommends
three usage scenarios: enhanced mobile broadband, massive
machine type communications, and ultra-reliable and
low-latency communications in their documentation. As a
5G feature, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) offers
high-speed and high-quality multimedia services (such
as virtual reality, augmented reality, and 4K video) with
low latency and good connection density. This feature
supports entertainment and business applications, including
cloud access for commuters and remote workers. The
Ericsson Mobility Report estimates that there will be
3.5 billion 5G subscriptions for eMBB in 2026. Massive
Machine Type Communications (mMTC) is characterized
by a large number of connected devices transmitting
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low-volume non-delay-sensitive data, and Ericsson predicts
6 billion cellular IoT connections by 2026. Ultra-Reliable
and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) supports
mission-critical services with very low end-to-end delay, such
as remote control of medical or industrial robots, driverless
cars, and real-time traffic control [28]. Some key features of
5G networks are:
•High-speed data transfer with maximum data rate of 10
Gbps per user/device and user experience data rate of
100 Mbps in urban/suburban areas and 1Gbps for indoor
users.
•Low latency with the ability to offer latency as low as 1
millisecond (ms) enabling the network to support services
with very low-latency requirements [29].
•Increased bandwidth with peak data transfer rates of up
to 20 Gbps for download and 10 Gbps for upload and
the ability to support up to 1 million connected devices
per square kilometer.
•The increased bandwidth through the use of higher
frequency radio waves, such as millimeter waves
(mmWave), which enables more data to be transmitted
over the airwaves.
•Advanced technologies such as massive MIMO and beam
forming to increase the efficiency of data transfer and
reduce interference.
•Network slicing, which allows the creation of virtual
networks tailored to specific use cases or industries,
enabling the customization of network resources to meet
specific requirements of applications and devices.
•Improved security through advanced encryption and
authentication mechanisms, implementation of network
slicing, and utilization of AI and ML capabilities [30],
[31].
•Emergency service 5G E911, which enables 5G mobile
devices to send location information to emergency
responders during an emergency, provides more accurate
and timely emergency services, utilizing GPS, Wi-Fi, and
other technologies for an improved location estimate. The
deployment of 5G E911 improves emergency response
times, but service availability is dependent on 5G network
coverage [32].
V. C HALLENGES OF 5G N ET WO RK I N HEA LTH CARE
The 5G technology has the potential to revolutionize the
healthcare industry by enabling faster and more efficient
communication, real-time data analysis, and remote access to
medical services. However, there are significant challenges that
must be addressed before 5G can be fully deployed in health
care. These challenges include the high cost of communication
service for telesurgery, lack of interoperability between various
devices, low power consumption and cost of IoT devices,
cybersecurity risks, and big data analysis. In this context, it
is important to understand these challenges and work towards
developing solutions that ensure the safe and effective use of
5G technology in health care. The challenges of 5G networks
are:
•High cost of communication service for telesurgery due
to security and privacy concerns, which may impact
operation performance and patient safety [33].
•Lack of interoperability across various devices in smart
healthcare, especially in remote surgery and health
monitoring, due to the lack of global standards [17].
•Power consumption and cost of IoT devices pose a serious
problem in terms of battery life and cost, requiring low
power consumption and low-cost characteristics, as well
as intelligent algorithms to optimize energy usage [1].
•Cybersecurity risks are increasing with new types of
cyberattacks that may compromise patient data and
endanger patients in medical device applications such as
telesurgery in 5G networks [34].
•Big data analysis, which is crucial in smart healthcare,
requires efficient algorithms and techniques to protect
user data, ensure confidentiality, define a well-defined
architecture for data processing, and provide computing
power for information extraction [6], [35].
Fig. 1. Challenges and potential solutions; the concept is adopted from [1],
[8] [17], [33], [34]
VI. CA SE ST UDY: 5G -E NABLED EMERGENCY VEHICLE
COMMUNICATION SY ST EM
We propose a 5G-enabled emergency vehicle
communication system that allows emergency vehicles
to communicate with other vehicles, traffic management
systems, roadside units (RSUs), and emergency services
using 5G technology to provide emergency services faster
and more efficiently. The system uses a high-speed and low
latency 5G network to establish real-time communication
for transferring data between emergency vehicles and other
stakeholders. The system includes various components
such as 5G-enabled radios, sensors, cameras, and GPS
systems installed in roadside units and emergency vehicles.
These components collect real-time data on road and traffic
conditions, weather, and potential hazards and transmit it to
a centralized control center using the 5G network, which
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then analyzes and distributes it to emergency vehicles, traffic
management systems, and first responders. One of the key
features of 5G technology is its ability to provide prioritized
and dedicated network access for emergency services. By
utilizing this feature, emergency vehicles can communicate
without interruption or delay, even in high-traffic situations
or areas with poor network coverage. During an emergency
situation, such as an accident in a highly crowded area, the
proposed communication system provides assistance for an
emergency vehicle in the following steps:
A. Identifying the fastest path to reach the incident area
Presently, we can calculate the shortest path towards a
destination using Google Traffic. Google Traffic is a feature of
Google Maps – Google Maps mobile app provides real-time
updates for roads and highways traffic. The proposed system
uses a combination of data sources, including historical
traffic patterns, real-time traffic information shared by mobile
devices, and other sources such as accident reports and road
closures. Google Maps provides an option for emergency
vehicles to use its service to navigate more efficiently,
however, this feature is not designed to replace emergency
services’ standard operating procedures. One limitation of
Google Maps is that it does not account for road width and
the amount of space occupied by vehicles. This can pose
significant challenges in traffic conditions where narrow roads
are congested with vehicles and emergency vehicles struggle
to navigate through. To address this issue, the proposed
emergency vehicle communication system takes into account
road occupancy status when calculating the fastest route to the
destination – cameras installed in nearby RSUs periodically
capture images of real-time road condition and then send
the occupancy status updates to a centralized control center,
which then calculates the optimal route for emergency vehicles
accordingly. The proposed system can also utilize the network
slicing and dedicated traffic channel feature of 5G technology
to get available resources for the communication.
B. Communicating information on the victim’s condition
Real-time communication of a victim’s condition using
a 5G network in an emergency vehicle greatly enhances
the efficiency and quality of emergency medical services.
The high-speed connectivity and low latency, seamless
communication and real-time data transfer of 5G network
can support a range of applications and devices, including
medical equipment and sensors, video streaming, and voice
communication.
C. Determining the destination with available resources
In order to efficiently manage emergency medical services,
a centralized database needs to be created for every hospital,
which includes the current available resources and status
regarding the number of patients being served at that moment.
The database is updated in real-time to report accurate
and up-to-date information. In order to identify the closest
hospital with the required resources based on the victim’s
condition, the emergency vehicle communicates with the
centralized database. By doing so, the vehicle is able to
quickly and accurately determine which hospital can provide
the necessary treatment to the victim, ensuring that precious
time is not wasted in transit to a hospital that may not have the
appropriate resources available. Overall, the proposed system
boosts the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency medical
services by providing emergency responders with the most
accurate and up-to-date information possible, enabling them
to make informed decisions and provide life-saving treatment
as quickly as possible.
VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WOR KS
The integration of 5G technology in health care
presents immense opportunities for healthcare providers to
offer improved patient care through the use of remote
patient monitoring, telemedicine, virtual and augmented
reality, wearable devices, medical imaging, and emergency
response. The high-speed data transfer, low latency, increased
bandwidth, improved network coverage, network slicing, and
improved security features of 5G networks provide vast
opportunities to improve patient care and outcomes. Further
advancements in the field of smart healthcare can be expected
as emerging technologies continue to evolve. However, it
is essential to conduct proper research and planning to
ensure the development of reliable end-to-end systems,
adequate security measures, and privacy and cybersecurity
laws to safeguard patient information. Removing such barriers
will lead to a revolutionary shift in the healthcare sector,
benefiting both patients and healthcare providers through
substantial advances in medical treatment. Future work
in the area of healthcare technology should focus on
the development and implementation of 6G technology.
6G networks are expected to provide even faster data
transfer rates, lower latency, and higher reliability than 5G
networks, which will further enhance the potential of smart
healthcare. Some potential applications of 6G technology
in health care include remote robotic surgery, real-time
patient monitoring during surgery, and AI-powered diagnosis
and treatment, for example, SONOBO Health is developing
and deploying a cloud-native, digital health platform to
securely connect patients with their healthcare professionals
through personalized, always-available AI-powered digital
health services. Additionally, the integration of 6G networks
could lead to the development of new medical devices and
sensors with higher accuracy, increased battery life, and
improved connectivity. It is crucial to promote research
and development activities to help healthcare professionals
take full advantage of the benefits of 6G technology while
addressing issues related to data security, privacy, and
interoperability. By doing so, we can continue to revolutionize
the healthcare industry and empower patients with better
access to healthcare services.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to thank Ikshit Jadav for making
suggestions on enriching the content of the paper.
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