Ruben Gonzalez Crespo

Universidad Internacional de La Rioja | UNIR · UNIR Research

The current era witnesses the notable transition of society from an information-centric to a human-centric one aiming at striking a balance between economic advancements and upholding the societal and fundamental needs of humanity. It is undeniable that the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) are the key players in realizing a...

Industry 4.0 is a new industrial stage based on the revolution brought about by the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) in conventional manufacturing systems, leading to the implementation of cyber-physical systems. With Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems, the number of sensors and thus the data from the monitoring...

Big data is a combination of large structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data collected from various sources that must be processed before using them in many analytical applications. Anomalies or inconsistencies in big data refers to the occurrences of some data that are in some way unusual and do not fit the general patterns. It is conside...

The expected fifth industrial revolution or Industry 5.0 (I-5.0) is human-centered and concerns societal values, and sustainability. I-5.0 focuses on human and machine coworking by augmenting human-collaborative intelligent robots. The current developments in information communications and the increasing market need for high agility and innovative...

This research aims to enhance the development of observation skills as a basic process of formative research, due to the problems that undergraduate students have at the time of wanting to carry out essential observation processes in writing. of research articles or degree works. With them, the research is focused on the skills of identifying chara...

Technologies allow the application of knowledge in order to generate solutions to improve the quality of life of human beings. Every day these technologies advance faster, they do not stop, allowing technological innovations to be generated, such as the advances made in artificial intelligence and its applications in different technological tools....

Knowledge graphs enable semantic search in a variety of information systems. Some collaborative and public ones have existed for more than a decade. That is the case of Wikidata, one of the most popular knowledge bases today. It contains a graph of entities that has been growing since 2012 to host more than 94 million items. Currently, the explorat...

Short-term Load Forecasting (STLF) plays a crucial role in balancing the supply and demand of load dispatching operations and ensures stability for the power system. With the advancement of real-time smart sensors in power systems, it is of great significance to develop techniques to handle data streams on-the-fly to improve operational efficiency....

Many Internet of Things (IoT) systems are based on the intercommunication among different devices and centralized systems. Nowadays, there are several commercial and research platforms available to simplify the creation of such IoT systems. However, developing these systems can often be a tedious task. To address this challenge, a proposed solution...

In automated control systems that desire a controlled outcome, an optimal controller design is essential. This study proposes a PID controller design for a benchmark Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) system with an optimal control setting. In the proposed work, the Moth-Flame-Optimization (MFO) algorithm is used to identify the controller parameter...

In hospitals, the increased frequency of disease occurrence has resulted in an increased diagnostic burden; therefore, several semi/fully automatic disease detection systems have been developed in order to decrease this burden. Through Serially Fused Dual-Deep-Features (SFDDF), we propose a framework for classifying chest X-rays into healthy or TB...

With the recent advancement of the cloud, edge, and fog computing methodology data processing and buffering become more crucial tasks. This is even more critical for real-time applications like the Internet of Drone Things. The traditional edge-fog-cloud methodology highly relays on strong Internet connectivity. In case of a mission-critical situat...

In recent years, the prevalence of Age-Related Illnesses (ARL) has been increasing among older individuals, and early recognition and treatment will result in better living conditions. It is well known that Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is among the ARD, and severe cases may result in dementia as well. It is the purpose of this study to propose a techni...

In the healthcare network, the Internet of Things (IoT) devices are connected to the network for enabling remote monitoring of patients’ health. IoT device security, however, is a serious concern because typical security measures might not be appropriate for IoT devices, making them naturally vulnerable to physical and copying attacks. Therefore, d...

This work proposes a strategy management technique based on hybrid peer to peer communication system. The main techniques used in the P2PC are: (i) Multi-objective optimization, (ii) Game theory technique, (iii) Non-linear geometric programming, and (iv) Intuitionistic fuzzy logic. Multi-objective optimization is used to design multiple non-linear...

Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown its effectiveness in helping clinical users meet evolving challenges. Recently, ChatGPT, a newly launched AI chatbot with exceptional text comprehension capabilities, has triggered a global wave of AI popularization and application in seeking answers through human-machine dialogues. Gastric cancer, as a global...

The aim of this research study is the analysis of the cybersecurity management in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs or MIPYMES) in Colombia. To reach this objective, the quantitative approach methodology was used, with a descriptive exploratory scope, in coherence with the research approach. To collect the information, a questionnaire was...

Anomalous behavior identification is the process of detecting behavior that differs from its normal. These incidents will vary from violence to war, road crashes to kidnapping, and so on in a surveillance model. Video anomaly detection from video surveillance is a difficult research activity due to the frequency of anomalous cases. Since certain de...

The invention relates to a blockchain-based system for issuing and validating certificates, comprising: a public-permissioned blockchain network; a certifying institution network, wherein the certifying institution network further comprises a public permission blockchain node (6) managed by a certifying institution, distributed peer-to-peer storage...

Liver cancer is the primary reason of death around the globe. Manually detecting the infected tissues is a challenging and time-consuming task. The computerized methods help make accurate decisions and therapy processes. The segmentation accuracy might be increased to reduce the loss rate. Semantic segmentation performs a vital role in infected liv...

From a public health perspective, tobacco use is addictive by nature and triggers several cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, reproductive disorders, and many other adverse health effects leading to many deaths. In this context, the need to eradicate tobacco-related health problems and the increasingly complex environments of tobacco...

Internet of Things application in disaster responses and management is a predominant research domain. The introduction of the consumer drones, flying ad-hoc networks, low latency 5G, and beyond 5G produce significant acceleration of this research. The work proposed the implementation of the Consumer Internet of Drone Things (CIoDT) framework for em...

Nowadays, blockchain technology is one of the advanced technologies to ensure the security of users’ sensitive or confidential data. Blockchain technology plays a vital role in various applications like artificial intelligence, supply chain, cloud computing, the healthcare sector, and many more. It helps the healthcare domain to get benefitted from...

A hybrid BAT with Grasshopper (GH) algorithm and BAT-MMVO(Modified Multiverse Optimization) are exhibited for harvesting maximum power from Photovoltaic (PV) using the Xilinx System Generator (XSG) implanted controller. Using a hybrid BAT-GH and BAT-MMVO algorithm, the proposed implanted controller finds the best switching pulse for the boost conve...

The development of a computational tool to diagnose kidney disorders in their early stages is necessary due to the rise in chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) and the global shortage of nephrologists. The three common renal disorders covered in this study are kidney stones, cysts, and tumors. Early diagnosis of these diseases from the computed tomograph...

Blockchain technology provides a secure and reliable platform for managing data in various application areas, such as supply chain management, multimedia, financial sector, food sector, Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, and many more. The recent emergence of blockchain with IoT provides significant growth in the healthcare industry to improve s...

Model inversion attack (MIA) is a cyber threat with an increasing alert even for deep-learning-based recognition systems (DLRSs). By targeting a DLRS under a scenario of attacker access to the model structure and parameters, MIA generates a data clone for a certain targeted class label. To avoid the possible threats of such MIA-generated data clone...

Multimedia Communications of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) uses WLAN, NFC and Fifth Generation networks. At the same time, in multimedia communications in healthcare, IoV's essential task is optimizing the quality of experience (QoE) via regulating wireless links between cars. In addition, the artificial intelligence (AI) method has revolutionized IoV...

In the competitive web browser market, identifying potential churners is critical to decreasing the loss of existing customers. Churn prediction based on customer behaviors plays a vital role in customer retention strategies. However, traditional churn prediction algorithms such as Tree-based models cannot exploit the temporal characteristics of br...

Unmanned aerial vehicle based precision agriculture is a predominant research area. The modern flying ad‐hoc network leverages the advanced low latency vehicular communication and intelligent computing paradigms that help the ecosystem to grow up to the next level. In this work, we propose an ecosystem for precision agriculture that leverages the u...

In interpersonal relationships, the recognition of human emotion plays an important role. Speech, hand and gestures of the body and facial expressions reflect emotions. Therefore, the interaction between human and machine communication plays a high role in extracting and understanding emotion. The challenging characteristic in e-learning includes l...

This research work is the continuation of previous, in which a set of usability guidelines where proposed. These guidelines were obtained from various authors and recommendations. The common part of those guides was that all of them were useful to reduce the noise and focus the attention of users in web interfaces. Some of these recommendations wer...

In the current era, the incidence rate of the cancer is gradually rising due to various causes and early screening and treatment is necessary to reduce the mortality rates. Skin Cancer (SC) is one of the cancers and listed under top 5 groups in 2020 report of World Health Organisation (WHO). The proposed research aims to propose a CNN framework to...

There are several techniques to support simulation of time series behavior. In this chapter, the approach will be based on the Composite Monte Carlo (CMC) simulation method. This method is able to model future outcomes of time series under analysis from the available data. The establishment of multiple correlations and causality between the data al...

The application of different tools for predicting COVID19 cases spreading has been widely considered during the pandemic. Comparing different approaches is essential to analyze performance and the practical support they can provide for the current pandemic management. This work proposes using the susceptible-exposed-asymptomatic but infectious-symp...

A significant number of people infected by COVID19 do not get sick immediately but become carriers of the disease. These patients might have a certain incubation period. However, the classical compartmental model, SEIR, was not originally designed for COVID19. We used the simple, commonly used SEIR model to retrospectively analyse the initial pande...

The COVID-19 pandemic spread generated an urgent need for computational systems to model its behavior and support governments and healthcare teams to make proper decisions. There are not many cases of global pandemics in history, and the most recent one has unique characteristics, which are tightly connected to the current society’s lifestyle and b...

La Universidad del siglo XXI debe dar respuesta a los retos surgidos tras la irrupción de la pandemia provocada por la COVID-19, y debe afrontarlos como una posibilidad para adaptarse, adoptar e integrar en su realidad, las posibilidades que la tecnología pone a su disposición. Para ello, es necesario que las Instituciones de Educación Superior dis...

The papers in this special section focus on social computing and the social Internet of Things (SIoT). SIoT is a new and latest paradigm that extends Internet of Things. This provides an ideal platform for interconnected devices and objects to effectively interact across social platforms for the betterment of the community on a whole. Any Social In...

In clinical examinations, diagnosis, treatment, and decision-making, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used. Intelligently processing large-scale medical image data poses a major scientific challenge; segmenting fMRI images is one way to reduce computational complexity. The majority of deep learning (DL)-based segmentatio...

Telecommunications systems with Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) structure using Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) has a great potential of efficient application to a network of Internet of Things (IoT) of a high data rate. When the IoT network is amongst the underwater sensory devices known as the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT),...

An eye disease affects the entire sensory operation, and an unrecognized and untreated eye disease may lead to loss of vision. The proposed work aims to develop an automated Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) detection system using a Deep-Learning (DL) scheme with serially concatenated deep and handcrafted features. The research includes the fo...

In recent years, Internet of Things (IoT) systems have changed the way we live, work and do businesses in many areas, even those that until recently seemed unlikely. Some areas that can benefit from their application are, among others, healthcare, smart cities, industrial automation, smart agriculture, intelligent transportation systems, smart logi...

The academic spaces united with marketing are developed in research processes, centers of creation and innovation by the student body of the University of Cundinamarca, generating strategic learning projects, building forms of access to knowledge, practice, the implementation of better changing environments, the integration of different disciplines...

Lowering pollution levels is one of the main principles of Sustainable Development goals dictated by the United Nations. Consequently, developments on noise monitoring contribute in great manner to this purpose, since they give the opportunity to governments and institutions to maintain track on the matter. While developing a software product for t...

Currently, predicting patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is a challenging task. Meanwhile, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data analysis may be able to predict individual patient responses, which may lead to more personalized treatment decisions and better treatment outcomes. This study used a transfer learning (TL) method developed by...

This paper focuses on developing a computationally economic lightweight artificial intelligence (AI) technology for smartphones. Until date, no commercial system is available on this technology. Thus the developed breakthrough technology can enhance the capability of users on the field for monitoring the agricultural vehicles (AgV)s health by analy...

Since ancient times, there has been a need to protect information considered confidential or secret, with the aim of keeping it out of the reach of a possible enemy or adversary. This has been done in various ways: by preventing physical access to it, by disguising its nature, or by using cryptographic procedures to transform it to prevent access t...

In human-computer interaction and virtual truth, hand pose estimation is essential. Public dataset experimental analysis Different biometric shows that a particular system creates low manual estimation errors and has a more significant opportunity for new hand pose estimation activity. Due to the fluctuations, self-occlusion, and specific modulatio...

Sustainable energy management is an inexpensive approach for improved energy use. However, the research used does not focus on cutting-edge technology possibilities in an Internet of things (IoT). This paper includes the needs for today's distributed generation, households, and industries in proposing smart resource management deep learning model....

Nowadays, medical certificates are very important for many users as they want to avail health benefits like tax purposes, insurance claims, legal procedures, and many more. Generating, issuing, and maintaining medical certificates remain a significant problem before the invention of the computer, they were available as hard copies. The digitization...

Knowledge creation and sharing is the most valuable asset needed for the development of an organisation, at times the acquired knowledge by the employees might become critical information or an important skill in case of an employee leaving the organisation. Since information and knowledge is the most valuable asset of any existing business, the re...

Artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, Human Augmentation, virtual reality, or mixed reality have been rapidly implemented in Industry 4.0, as they improve the productivity of workers. This productivity improvement can come largely from modernizing tools, improving training, and implementing safer working methods. Human Augmentation is helpin...

The academic spaces united with marketing are developed in research processes, centers of creation and innovation by the student body of the University of Cundinamarca, generating strategic learning projects, building forms of access to knowledge, practice, the implementation of better changing environments, the integration of different disciplines...

This study proposes an alternate data extraction method that combines three well-known feature selection methods for handling large and problematic datasets: the correlation-based feature selection (CFS), best first search (BFS), and dominance-based rough set approach (DRSA) methods. This study aims to enhance the classifier’s performance in decisi...

In the literature, a considerable number of image processing and evaluation procedures are proposed and implemented in various domains due to their practical importance. Thresholding is one of the pre-processing techniques, widely implemented to enhance the information in a class of gray/RGB class pictures. The thresholding helps to enhance the ima...

Multimodal teaching activity faces significant problems in Visual Question Answering (VQA), which involves simultaneous comprehension with reduced performance fidelity. However, Conventional methods are employed for portrayal and queries in a defined manner, which fails to accomplish the required performance accuracy rate. For elucidating the excel...

Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been widely used in clinical medicine, rehabilitation medicine, and intelligent robots. While the high rate of emotion recognition is still the key issue for the emotion applications. Employing sEMG to study emotion classification can improve the recognition rate and eliminate subjective interference. In this res...

Nowadays, economic growth is influenced by many domestic and foreign global issues, concerning the decrease of industrial output for the rise in economic inequality and the weakening of the overall condition in the countries. The role of economic growth is based on human capital and investment. Therefore, in this paper, the human capital and econom...

A new trend of schooling is characterized by long-term learning and driven by technological, social and cultural developments. This trend means that physical education and sports science must be strengthened. Although physical education and sports are practical activities, specialists can make use of modern teaching technologies. Basketball is inte...

In a context of digitalization and technological evolution in all aspects of our lives, the electricity sector could not be left behind. This opens up a new range of possibilities until now unthinkable, which will facilitate the progress and services that we will be able to enjoy thanks to the development of the smart grid. But it also poses new ch...

Smart cities are a safe and productive regional service that provides their residents with a good standard of living by optimizing resource development. Considering the nature of the energy resources available, energy consumption is one of the most demanding issues within these smart cities. Compared to energy-efficient design and the implementatio...

Presently, the continuous monitoring of complex activities is valuable for understanding human health behavior and providing activity-aware services. At the same time, recognizing these health activities requires both movement and location information that can quickly drain batteries on wearable devices. The energizing factor in the wearable Intern...

Sepsis is a common and deadly condition that must be treated eloquently within 19 hours. Numerous deep learning techniques, including RNNs, CNNs, Long Short-Term Memory, and Gated Recurrent Units, have been suggested for diagnosing long-term sepsis. Regardless, a sizable portion of them are computationally risky and have precision problems. The pri...

Background. The advent of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has been associated with a significant decline in COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. However, little is known about the benefits experienced by different population groups and/or using distinct vaccines. Methods. We analyzed the Spanish public registry for associations between calendar vaccination s...

Almost all of the Automatic Accident Detection (AAD) system suffers from the tradeoff between computational overhead and detection accuracy. Recent advances in detection and classification methodologies have shown phenomenal improvements in accuracy but these systems require a huge number of computational resources making them unviable for deployme...

Increase in population density in large cities has increased the environmental noise present in these environments, causing negative effects on human health. There are different sources of environmental noise; however, noise from road traffic is the most prevalent in cities. Therefore, it is necessary to have tools that allow noise characterization...

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-05852-9

Este artículo analiza la seguridad con la que los estudiantes del último año de instituto se plantean su futuro académico, y si éste está orientado a la informática. Mediante encuestas se pretende obtener una muestra representativa de los criterios de elección de especialidad presentes en un conjunto de 168 alumnos. El análisis de los datos obtenid...

En las últimas décadas, los proyectos han tenido un desarrollo exponencial pasando a verdaderos retos de la Ingeniería, como puede ser el canal de Panamá o la planta solar más grande del mundo (BEN BAN Solar) de 1.8GW en el desierto de Aswan (Egipto). La adopción de determinadas metodologías de gestión de proyectos (p. Ej., PMI (PMI,2017), IPMA y P...

Smart Cities are transforming the vision of city dynamics from the local level. Therefore, comprehensive planning is required, considering the actors, resources and components necessary for their implementation, through public policies that express the approaches defined by governments. Hence, the importance of analyzing and evaluating from a theor...

There are more than 10 million new cases of Alzheimer's patients worldwide each year, which means there is a new case every 3.2 seconds. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and various machine learning and image processing methods have been used to detect it. In this study, we used machine learning methods to classify Alz...

The number of layers of deep learning (DL) increases, and following the performance of computing nodes improvement, the output accuracy of deep neural networks (DNN) faces a bottleneck problem. The resident network (RN) based DNN model was applied to address these issues recently. This paper improved the RN and developed a rectified linear unit (Re...

This book provides readers with a comprehensive and recent exposition in deep learning and its multidisciplinary applications, with a concentration on advances of deep learning architectures. The book discusses various artificial intelligence (AI) techniques based on deep learning architecture with applications in natural language processing, seman...

The Internet of Things paradigm is a paramount research domain for smart cities, smart villages, society, and industry 4.0. The introduction of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), ultra-low latency network infrastructure with fog, dew, and edge enabled processing ecosystem gives the researcher ample scope to establish a decentralized architecture for...

Emotion produces complex neural processes and physiological changes under appropriate event stimulation. Physiological signals have the advantage of better reflecting a person’s actual emotional state than facial expressions or voice signals. An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a signal obtained by collecting, amplifying, and recording the human brain...

The reviews of customers in E-Commerce Systems are typically considered key resources, are reflecting the experiences, sentiments, and readiness of the customer to buy products. All such data may include perspectives of customers on matters of interest, feelings, and opinions. Various studies have demonstrated that individuals with comparable attit...

Los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible de las Naciones Unidas priorizados hasta 2030 representan para los líderes de las naciones un desafío, que implica entregar a los menos afortunados un mejor acceso al agua, al saneamiento y a la higiene, mayor igualdad, mejor nutrición y mejores medios de subsistencia entre otras áreas de desarrollo (Voth Gaed...

Sports has scored significant attention among the public in this multifaceted world. Diverse training strategies are followed by many athletics and even flexible to adapt comfortable and optimal techniques. This fact has led physicians and educators to encourage remote health surveillance as one of the core strategies in athletic training. The need...

Smart Cities are transforming the vision of city dynamics from the local level. Therefore, comprehensive planning is required, taking into account the actors, resources and components necessary for their implementation, through the development of public policies that account for the approaches defined by governments in order to improve the quality...

Measuring the spread of disease during a pandemic is critically important for accurately and promptly applying various lockdown strategies, so to prevent the collapse of the medical system. The latest pandemic of COVID-19 that hits the world death tolls and economy loss very hard, is more complex and contagious than its precedent diseases. The comp...

Compressive sensing has the ability of reconstruction of signal/image from the compressive measurements which are sensed with a much lower number of samples than a minimum requirement by Nyquist sampling theorem. The random acquisition is widely suggested and used for compressive sensing. In the random ac...

The transactional websites and services on the cloud, have actually become the most used browsers, thanks to their portability and ease of use, with a significant increase in the development of cloud solutions, implementing digital contexts under the 4.0 web, which generated an increase of possibilities for transactions of different types. However,...

This research work conducted a meticulous analysis about the Knowledge Management (KM) in the context of projects in Colombia, with the aim of determinate the way organizations carryout related activities and practices about the matter of study. 3 distinctive KM clusters were identified by conducting an extensive fieldwork and deploying a meticulou...

The trend of digitalization uses modern relationship models across global supply chain management. The main objective of this paper is to identify supply chain current problems with the help of the knowledge sharing aspect using blockchain technology. This paper addresses selected problems for managing modern supply chains with a view to shared kno...

The field of artificial intelligence is currently experiencing relentless growth, with innumerable models emerging in the research and development phases across various fields, including science, finance, and engineering. In this work, the authors review a large number of learning techniques aimed at project management. The analysis is largely focu...

This research aims to design and prototype a tool to perform intelligence on open sources (OSINT), specifically on official medical bulletins for the detection of false news. MedOSINT is a modular tool that can be adapted to process information from different medical official bulletins. From the processed information, intelligence is generated for...

Background: Health monitoring is important for early disease diagnosis and will reduce the discomfort and treatment expenses, which is very relevant in terms of prevention. The early diagnosis and treatment of multiple conditions will improve solutions to the patient's healthcare radically. A concept model for the real-time patient tracking system...