Ronny Martien

Universitas Gadjah Mada | UGM · Faculty of Pharmacy

ABSTRAK Sistem penghantaran obat menggunakan gel mulai banyak berkembang salah satunya in situ gel. Bentuk sediaan ini menarik untuk dikembangkan karena hanya melibatkan transisi bentuk (sol-gel) sederhana tanpa adanya reaksi kimia. In situ gel termosensitif merupakan jenis sediaan in situ gel yang berbentuk larutan pada suhu ruang namun berubah me...

Background Keloid is a skin disorder that results from excessive fibrous tissue growth in the area of the initial trauma. Treating keloids can be challenging since the success of various treatments varies from one study to another. Triamcinolone acetonide injection, a standard treatment, can cause undesirable side effects. Meanwhile, the effectiven...

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. or Java Turmeric with the local name of Temulawak is one of herbal medicines used in Indonesia. This plant is believed to prevent some degenerative diseases due to its active compounds, especially curcumin (CUR) contained in Java Turmeric. Therefore, analysis of active components including CUR is very urgent. This study h...

Pregnancy gingivitis is an inflammation of the gingiva caused by dental plaque and exacerbated by hormonal changes. Gingival inflammation is often induced in laboratory animal models, such as SpragueDawley rats used for experimental models. This investigation was to establish inducing gingival inflammation in pregnant rats. The purpose of this stud...

Oral delivery of protein drugs is challenging due to the instability of the compound and structural barrier exists in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Nanoparticle technology is known as a promising drug delivery strategy to ensure drug bioavailability. This study aims to formulate an oral delivery system of a potential anticancer agent named Ribos...

The last ten years have seen the discovery of free radicals and their damaging impacts. Increasing exogenous antioxidant intake could reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress. Several plants have been shown to have antioxidant activity, and one such plant is BasellaI. It is high in phytochemicals which can act as antioxidants, and its consumpti...

Objective: The aim of this research is the Optimization, formulation, and evaluation of biosynthesis nanogold gels by using experimental design. Investigations were provided to optimize the biosynthesis of nanogold gels on a compound of two gelling agents and develop the biosynthesis of nanogold gels. Methods: The optimization of the formula of gel...

Many women pay attention to skin aging. Signs of aging such as lines, wrinkles, dry skin, hyperpigmentation, and loss of elasticity affect skin appearance and self-confidence. Age, lifestyle, and particularly UV irradiation stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS induces the breakdown of collagen through matrix metalloproteinases (M...

Baldness or Alopecia is a disease that occurs as a result of excessive and sustainable hair loss. The use of natural ingredients for the treatment of baldness has lower side effects than synthetic drugs. This article provides information about natural ingredients that can be used for the treatment of Alepocia. This article is a review article and w...

White pepper (Piper nigrum L) is a native plant of Indonesia that has been used for generations as a spice and traditional medicine. White pepper contains the main alkaloid compound, namely piperine which has antioxidant activity as shown in the previous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential antioxidant activity of isola...

Kerontokan rambut dapat menjadi permasalahan serius ketika dalam jumlah yang abnormal dan terjadi secara terus-menerus hingga berujung kebotakan. Kosmesetika penumbuh rambut berbahan dasar herbal dapat menjadi pilihan terapi yang tepat sebab terkait dengan keamanan penggunaan jangka panjang maupun efektivitasnya. Berbagai bentuk sediaan kosmesetika...

Piperine, a crystalline alkaloid compound isolated from Piper nigrum, piper longum, and other types of piper, has had many fabulous pharmacological advantages for preventing and treating some specific diseases, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimetastatic, antithyroid, immunomodulatory, antitumor, rheumatoid arthritis, ost...

This study aimed to optimize the diclofenac sodium (DS)-loaded nanoemulsion (DSNE)s components, to characterize the optimum formula of DSNEs, including determining its skin penetration ability. DSNEs were optimized by the aqueous titration method to decide the optimum ratio of each component. The yielded diagram of pseudo-ternary phase was used on...

This study aimed to investigate the formulation and characterization of Lovastatin in an L-SNEDDS. The selected is composed of L-SNEDDS based on a solubility study of lovastatin in many oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed based on lovastatin solubility to determine lower limit and high limit of oil, surfac...

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is claimed to be an ingredient added to food and beverage products such as cheese and milk. However, due to its unstable nature, it causes vitamin D3 to be degraded in the product. Niosomes are a vesicle drug delivery system formed by nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that can protect bo...

Controlling the premature release of hydrophobic drugs like quercetin over physiological conditions remains a challenge motivating the development of smart and responsive drug carriers in recent years. This present work reported a surface modification of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) by a functional compound having both amines (as a positiv...

Background: In the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in customers' interest in skin care, including anti-aging. One of the skin care substances, vitamin D3, has a positive impact on the skin, such as the keratinocyte differentiation effect to maintain the skin barrier and the hydration effect to keep the skin moist. Vitamin D3...

Curcuma xanthorrhiza is one of the most commonly used herbals found in Indonesian Traditional Medicine. This herb has been known as antioxidant. The phenolics and flavonoids are believed to be responsible for these activities. The objective of this study was to develop FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra in conjunction with chemometrics of mu...

Patin fish oil (PFO) contains a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acid that has beneficial effects on the human body, such as preventing various cardiovascular diseases, maintaining body fat composition, and aiding in human brain development. PFO can be developed as patin fish oil emulsion (PFOE) and used as a dietary supplement. Given its benefi...

Piperine is the primary alkaloid compound of white pepper, which has many therapeutic benefits. However, piperine has limitations, including low bioavailability, being photosensitive, and being unstable in liquid preparations. This study aims to increase the dissolution rate and stability of isolated piperine in solid preparations using the solid-s...

Buccal mucosae are considered as a site for vaccine delivery since they are relatively abundant with antigen-presenting dendritic cells, mainly Langerhans cells. In this study, we formulated carbonated hydroxy apatite (CHA) with ovalbumin (OVA) (denoted as CHA-OVA), incorporated it into bilayer buccal membrane to form hydrogel films containing CHA-...

Controlling the premature release of hydrophobic drugs like quercetin over physiological conditions remains a challenge that motivates the development of smart and responsive drug carriers in recent years. This present work designed and engineered the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) by a functional compound having both amines (as...

Abstrak: Sistem nanopartikel eritropoietin terbentuk dari adanya interaksi muatan positif kitosan dan negatif pektin pada kondisi asam, sehingga stabilitas sistem nanopartikel pada asam klorida dan fosfat buffer adalah parameter penting dalam pilihan medium uji permeasi . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan stabilitas sistem nanop...

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-Epo) is a glycoprotein hormone has not been per-oral due to low bioavailability. Double emulsion formula is a widely applied drug delivery system to improve the permeability of hydrophilic drugs. Nevertheless, thermodynamics and enzymatic stability are still being discussed. This review article aims to see how m...

The bibliometric data were extracted from the Scopus database to investigate the conceptual framework of ocular nanoemulsion and/or in-situ gel drug delivery system using “ocular” AND “nanoemulsion” OR “in-situ gel” keywords. The data were evaluated with RStudio and VOSviewer program. The results reveal that the publication trends tend to increase...

This study aimed to determine the solubility of lovastatin (LV) in different oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. LV was solubility studies in different vehicle. The different vehicle used almond oil, sunflower oil, oleic acid, olive oil, soybean oil, and corn oil, isoprophyl myristate, myoglyo...

This study aimed to determine the solubility of lovastatin (LV) in different oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. LV was solubility studies in different vehicle. The different vehicle used almond oil, sunflower oil, oleic acid, olive oil, soybean oil, and corn oil, isoprophyl myristate, myoglyo...

The specific and accurate reversed-phase HPLC-UV method has been validated to determine levofloxacin hemihydrate (LEVH) level. The separation was conducted at C 18 analytical column by administering mobile phase acetonitrile, methanol, and phosphate buffer (pH 3) with the ratio of 17:3:80. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL/min with a UV de...

Simple, easy, and economical UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed using simulated tear fluid (STF) solvent to determine levofloxacin hemihydrate (LEVH) levels in ocular nanoparticles, as indicated by the % entrapment efficiency. A maximum wavelength of levofloxacin at 288nm, with a 4.0-12.0µg/mL concentration, shows linear results with...

Selection of super-saturable self-nano emulsion (S-SNE) component and further development to obtain the design space which met the requirements is very challenging. The purpose of this study was to develop pitavastatin S-SNE formulation through prior screening and selection followed by a simultaneous determination of the design space using an exper...

Patin fish (Pangasius micronemus), Gabus fish (Channa striata) and Bandeng fish (Chanos chanos) are the freshwater fish that are widely cultivated in Indonesia, fish oils extracted are believed has antioxidant activity. The goals of this study was (1) determining antioxidant activities using radical scavenging activity (RSA) 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylh...

Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in the pharmaceutical world are obtained from natural ingredients, one of which is white pepper. White pepper seeds (Piper nigrum L.) contain the main alkaloid compound piperine, which has a broad spectrum pharmacological effect. This research aimed to isolate the piperine compound from white pepper see...

This study examined zeta potential of some encapsulation products of β-carotene in the starch-chitosan/TPP matrices. the effects of weight ratio of starch to chitosan, β-carotene loading, and tripolyphosphate (TPP) addition level on zeta potential of the microparticle products were determined. The native and hydrolyzed starches as well as low molec...

One of the potential candidates as a drug delivery agent that has been widely developed is mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN), which has several unique features. The high surface area and pore volume, tunable size particle, biocompatibility, and non-toxic are great features promising drug delivery carriers. The optimum condition to load the drug...

Insulin is a macromolecular polypeptide hormone with low drug stability and permeability along the digestive tract. The nanoparticle delivery system has been proven to be able to increase the bioavailability of per-oral insulin. However, the formulation of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and pectin polymers has not been widely studied. The pur...

Objective: Corn cob is a part of plant Zea mays that have a phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This research aims to evaluate total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibiton of corn cob (Zea mays) extract. Methods: Corn cob were determined in Poltekkes Kemenkes Surakarta. Meanwhile, corn cob were extra...

Chitosan is odorless white powder derived from the partial deacetylation of chitin which is a polysaccharide consisting of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Chitosan is commercially available in several types and has molecular weights that vary between 10,000 and 1,000,000. Chitosan has positively charged basic chain that can easily form nano co...

Objective: The development of nanomedicine, such as miRNA transfection to cancer cells,has widely gained interest in the past decade. Unfortunately, miRNA tends to decay easily by the cellular enzymatic process and requires a carrier. As a cationic biopolymer, chitosan is widely known as a non-viral vector. However, research about chitosan as a miR...

The efficacy of the drug encapsulated in the polymeric matrix is closely related to the kinetics of drug release from the matrix, therefore the study about the kinetic release of a drug from a certain matrix is essential to be carried out. This study aims to evaluate the release of β-carotene from the starch-chitosan crosslinked by tripolyphospha...

Milk compound chocolate and white compound chocolate are confectionery products derived from cocoa that are popular worldwide, while the Asian pigeonwings flower is an herbal plant with the potential to be added to chocolate to increase the functional value of chocolate product. In this study, Asian pigeonwings flower powder was added to milk compo...

Purpose: Insulin resistance is a characteristic of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with obesity and caused by the failure of pancreatic beta cells to secrete sufficient amount of insulin. Andrographolide (AND) improves beta-cell reconstruction and inhibits fat-cell formation. This research aimed to improve the delivery of water-i...

Introduction: Andrographolide is a compound that shows various pharmacological activities, which can be applied topically or orally. Nanoemulsion can improve drug solubility and stability, but has limitations for topical application. Incorporation of nanoemulsion into hydrogel can increase the viscosity of the system which can prolong the drug res...

Essential oil of Curcuma mangga Val. has been reported to have cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines. But this oil is unstable in dispensing so that a self nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of the oil was conducted to solve the problem and improve its potency. In the study, optimization, verification, characterization, and stabili...

Dipping is one of the main process for the stage of milking process and it serves to prevent the the bacteria infected the udder on post-milking process. Mastitis can occur because of this stage not being carried out. The program partner is in the Turgo village, Turi, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This partner has obstacles in the magement of Ettawa crossbre...

Muntingia calabura is broadly cultivated and has become a common roadside tree in Indonesia that is known as "Kersen," or cherry. The current study aimed to determine the activities of the phytochemical constituent (i.e., phenolic and flavonoid total contents) with various concentrations of ethanolic extract of M. calabura leaves (EEMC) to determin...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to overcome the undesired systemic absorption of skin topical administration of timolol maleate (TM) by developing the TM nanoparticle gel. Methods: TM-loaded nanoparticle (TMNP) was prepared by ionic pre-gelation of pectin (PCN) and calcium ions (CI) followed with polyelectrolyte complex using chitosan (...

Objective: Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor that attacks reproductive organs of women. MicroRNA is known to have an involvement in the prognosis of ovarian cancer. One of them is miR-155-5p which is down regulated and miR-324-5p which is up regulated. Chitosan is used as microRNA delivery system. The aims of this study is to find out the effect...

Purpose: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of gynecological malignancies. Recently, the development of microRNA (miRNA) -based therapeutics that could impact broad cellular programs, leading to inhibition of cancer cell viability, is gaining attention in the therapeutic landscape. The therapy is based on the presence of aberrant expressions of miRN...

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide, produced by deacetylation of chitin (such as shrimps and crabs), and is biodegradable. As the most abundant, naturally occurring amino-polysaccharide, chitosan is promising as an antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast (Kong et al. 2010). Chitosan’s inhibition was obser...

The application of palm stearin (PS) and palm olein (PO) on micronutrient delivery as a food functionality‐based nanostructured lipids carrier (NLC) is still limited. For further investigation, this study was proposed to characterize the binary mixture of PS and PO, fractions from crude palm oil (CPO), as a novel system of NLC for β‐carotene delive...

Source Article: https://theconversation.com/indonesia-should-explore-whether-tuberculosis-vaccine-bcg-can-protect-against-covid-19-140471 Researchers are investigating whether the anti-turberculosis vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which appears to protect recipients from other respiratory infections, could protect against COVID-19. Recent...

This study aims to investigate the synthesis and characterization of β-carotene encapsulated in the blending matrices of starch (native and hydrolyzed starch)-chitosan/TPP (tripolyphosphate) by examining the effects of starch-to-chitosan weight ratio, β-carotene addition level, and TPP addition level on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading...

In this study, the combined factors of acid hydrolyzed starch-to-chitosan weight ratio (weight ratio SC), β-carotene addition level, and tripolyphosphate ion (TPP) addition level were investigated to produce minimum particles size of β-carotene microencapsulated in acid hydrolyzed starch-chitosan/TPP matrices using a precipitation method. For this...

The present study aimed to evaluate the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of cinnamon bark essential oil on growth and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens. One hundred sixty broiler chickens were divided into four treatment groups. Each group comprised of five replicated pens and each replication contained eight broiler chickens. The...

Antibiotics are commonly used due to their antimicrobial activity and widely used for promoting growth, preventing diseases or therapy in poultry. The misuse of antibiotics in livestock production induces resistant bacteria into the environment. Therefore, the need to develop alternatives to antibiotics become increasingly important, that protect a...

In the current report, hollow mesoporous silica (HMS) nanoparticles were successfully prepared by means of a hard-templating method and further modified with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) via radical polymerization. Structural analysis, surface spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric characterization confirmed a successful surface modification of HMS n...

Nano-chitosan is considered as a prospective replacement for synthetic bactericides. In this study, the antibacterial activity of nano-chitosan and synthetic bactericides was compared in four chili pepper cultivars (Bianca, Lado, Kiyo, and Tanamo) infected by Xanthomonas campestris. To assess the effect of nano-chitosan and synthetic bactericide on...

dengan penulis (sraharjo@ugm.ac.id) Artikel ini dikirim pada tanggal 11 November 2018 dan dinyatakan diterima tanggal 25 Februari 2019. Artikel ini juga dipublikasi secara online melalui https://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jatp. Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang. Dilarang diperbanyak untuk tujuan komersial. Diproduksi oleh Indonesian Food Tech...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characterization and inhibitory effects of Annona muricata Linn leaf extract loaded by chitosan nanoparticles on the growth of Escherichia coli FNCC-0091 and Salmonella typhimurium FNCC-0050. The chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate-nano particles (CS-TPP-NPs) were prepared by ionic cross-linking of CS-TP...

Purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nanoencapsulation technology in protecting the bioactive components of mindi ( Melia azedarach Linn.) leaf extract. The first step was formulation of the ratio of mindi leaf extract:chitosan:sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) for nanoencapsulation by ionic cross-linking. The results showed that the opt...

Microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tracts of broiler chicken can be modulated by herbal additives that contained phytochemical substances. Essential oils (EOs) have potential phytochemical compounds but are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Therefore, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) might be one of the formu...

Objective: The objectives of this study were to formulate and characterize nanoparticles gel of timolol maleate (TM) by ionic gelation method using chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA). Methods: Optimization was carried out by factorial design using Design Expert ® 10.0.1 software to obtain the concentration of CS, SA, and calcium chloride (CaCl2...

The main purpose of this study was to optimize a β‐carotene‐loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (βC‐NLC) using the lipid matrix of palm stearin and palm olein and Tween 80 as a surfactant. The NLC was prepared by using the high shear homogenization method. Box–Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the proce...

Objective: The design like bio-nano particles are beneficial over chemical and physical composition due to the eco-friendly and lower-cost synthesis of nanoparticles. The current study was purposed for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and their antioxidant evaluation. Methods: Aqua extract of Muntingia calabura, Linn was applied for th...

Objective: This study aims to optimize the timolol maleate (TM) nanoparticle prepared by ionic gelation method using the factors of pectin (PC), calcium chloride (CC), and chitosan (CS) concentrations with the responses of entrapment efficiency, particle size, and polydispersity index using 2 3 factorial design. Methods: TM nanoparticle suspensions...

Purpose: Recently, a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) has shown great improvement in the enhancement of drug bioavailability. The selection of appropriate compositions in the SNEDDS formulation is the fundamental step towards developing a successful formulation. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of fractional factori...

In order to enhance essential oil's stability and water insolubility, Massoia aromatica oil nanoemulsion was formulated and tested on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans; macrophage phagocytosis and on Vero cells viability. Oil in water nanoemulsion formula was optimized...

Solidification of a preconcentrate lipid formulation namely self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is required to achieve feasibility, flexibility, and a new concept of “dry nano-emulsion”. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of SNEDDS loading and ethanol as a diluent on the solidification of pitavastatin super-saturable...

Brown marine algae are the prominent source of marine natural products having bioactive metabolites. Sargassum turbinarioides (ST) and Sargassum ilicifolium (SI) were dominated in Indonesia as brown marine algae that well known as a source of fucoidan. In this study, we investigated and identified the yield of aqueous crude and purified extracts us...

Introduction The development of Jembrana disease vaccine is an important effort to prevent losses in the Bali cattle industry in Indonesia. This study aims to prepare a Jembrana DNA vaccine encoding the transmembrane portion of the envelope protein in pEGFP-C1 and test the success of its delivery in culture cells using a chitosan-DNA complex. Mate...

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) adalah sistem pembawa berbasis lipida yang menggunakan kombinasi matriks berupa lipid padat dan cair yang distabilkan dengan penambahan surfaktan. NLC ini dikembangkan untuk memfasilitasi dispersi senyawa bioaktif hidrofobik dalam sistem hidrofilik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi yang tepat...

Objective: This study aims to formulate meniran extract into polymeric nanoparticles. Better stability of active substances in formulas compared to unformulated extracts is expected to increase immunomodulatory activity. Methods: Nanoparticles were formulated using ionic gelation method with chitosan and tripolyphosphate polymers. Optimize the mixt...

Objective: Focus of this study was to optimize and to characterize the self-Nano emulsifying drug delivery system using lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil. Methods: The optimum formulas were analyzed using a D-Optimal mixture experimental design and performed using a Design Expert® Ver. 7.1.5. Formulation variables which include in the...

Preliminary study on microprecipitation of β-carotene in starch/chitosan/TPP matrices has been done to study the effects of the weight ratio starch/chitosan on characteristics of microprecipitation products. For this purpose, mL FU RSU H FL SL W DW L RQ RI ȕ-carotene in the combination matrices of starch/chitosan/TPP were performed by dropwise DGGL...

Objective: This research aimed to find modeling and optimization of a novel kinetic-assisted infundation for rich-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and polyphenols extraction from white tea leaf (Camellia sinensis L.).Methods: The optimal conditions for the best extraction of kinetic-assisted infundation were determined using central composite design...

Objective: The purpose of this present study was to describe the employment of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method in determining the identity and purity of bulk material containing andrographolide.Methods: Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FT...

Pentagamavunon-0 (disingkat PGV-0), suatu senyawa turunan kurkumin dengan rumus molekul 2,5-bis(4’-hidroksi-3’-metoksibenzilidin) siklopentanon, telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas anti inflamasi tanpa menimbulkan efek ulcerogenik. Namun, pada penggunaan oral, bioavailabilitas PGV-0 rendah karena kelarutannya yang rendah. Salah satu strategi untuk me...

Appropriate biomaterial and controlled size particle are the important component to achieve effective delivery system. Reducing size of the particle is recommended because it can overcome the barriers during cellular uptake. Biomimetic carbonate apatite (CHA) is now considered as candidate for protein delivery because it has high affinity to protei...

Particulate delivery system can be used for improving the efficacy of protein and peptide drug. In addition to a polymer-based particulate delivery system, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), a lipid-based delivery system, is currently developed for either less water-soluble or soluble drugs. This study aims to design SNEDDS for ora...

The present research was aimed to characterize the formula of self-nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for lemongrass essential oil. The observation variables included: particle size, zeta potential, and morphology. Meanwhile, the materials consisted of the mixtures of oils (lemongrass essential oil and carrier oil), surfactants, and co...

The mangosteen peels (Garcinia mangostana L.) has high free radical scavengers activity. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical conditions that are formulated in SNEDDS and nanoemulsion preparations. SNEDDS was made with various concentrations of Tween 80, PEG 400, and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with a ratio of 4,98:1,02:1. Nanoemulsi...