Robert van den Hoed

Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences/Centre for Applied Research on Education · Faculty of Technology

Deployment and management of environmental infrastructures, such as charging infrastructure for Electric Vehicles (EV), is a challenging task. For policy makers, it is particularly difficult to estimate the capacity of current deployed public charging infrastructure for a given EV user population. While data analysis of charging data has shown adde...

Since the first release of modern electric vehicles, researchers and policy makers have shown interest in the deployment and utilization of charging infrastructure. Despite the sheer volume of literature, limited attention has been paid to the characteristics and variance of charging behavior of EV users. In this research, we answer the question: w...

Flexible charging can be applied to avoid peak loads on the electricity grid by curbing demand of electric vehicle chargers as well as matching charging power with availability of sustainable energy. This paper presents results of a large-scale demonstration project “Flexpower” where time-dependent charging profiles are applied to 432 public chargi...

On the eve of the large-scale introduction of electric vehicles, policy makers have to decide on how to organise a significant growth in charging infrastructure to meet demand. There is uncertainty about which charging deployment tactic to follow. The main issue is how many of charging stations, of which type, should be installed and where. Early r...

This paper explores current and potential future use of fast charging stations for electric passenger vehicles. The aim of the paper is to analyse current charging patterns at fast charging stations and the role of fast charging among different charging options. These patterns are explored along the lines of the technical capabilities of the vehicl...

This report, led by Northumbria University and POLIS, provides a final analysis by project partners regarding policy recommendations and a roadmap based on the culmination of experiences, learnings and additional research within the Interreg NSR SEEV4-City project. This report is dedicated to policies relating to the integration of transport, urban...

The understanding of charging behavior has been recognized as a crucial element in optimizing roll out of charging infrastructure. While current literature provides charging choices and categorizations of charging behavior, these seem oversimplified and limitedly based on charging data. In this research we provide a typology of charging behavior an...

With the growing uptake of Electric Vehicles (EVs) worldwide the demand for charging infrastructure has increased as well. In a number of frontrunner countries mature public charging infrastructure have been developed over the last years. Research has revealed issues of limited effective use of Charging Points (CP) in terms of connection duration a...

Charging station infrastructure is designed to meet the demand of electric vehicle (EV) drivers. Prediction of the necessary supply of charging stations is often a data driven process in which charging patterns from current EV drivers are used as an exemplar. These patterns are than extrapolated to estimate future demand. This is a stationary appro...

The Netherlands is considered one of the frontrunners in the field of electric mobility, both in number of plug-in electric vehicles sold as in the number of publicly available charging stations. This chapter analyses the policy measures that led to the growth in the number of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. It also provides room for a critique o...

A smart charging profile was implemented on 39 public charging stations in Amsterdam on which the current level available for electric vehicle (EV) charging was limited during peak hours on the electricity grid (07:00–08:30 and 17:00–20:00) and was increased during the rest of the day. The impact of this profile was measured on three indicators: av...

Electrification of mobility exceeds personal transport to increasingly focus on particular segments such as city logistics and taxis. These commercial mobility segments have different motives to purchase a full electric vehicle and require a particular approach to incentivize and facilitate the transition towards electric mobility. A case where a m...

There is a major role for electric mobility in the Dutch Climate Agreement presented in June 2019. Almost 12 percent of CO2 emissions are produced by road transport, and 30 to 35 percent of the CO2 emissions in road transport are related to city logistics. The Dutch Climate Agreement states that road transport must reduce CO2 emissions in city logi...

Early in 2012, our research team visited the policy-makers responsible for stimulating electric mobility in the city of Amsterdam. At the time, Amsterdam had recently installed several hundred public chargers, Car2Go was piloting with a small sharing program of electric smarts, and only a handful of (plugin) EVs were available on the market. Rather...

Fast charging is seen as a means to facilitate long-distance driving for electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, roll-out planning generally takes a corridor approach. However, with higher penetration of electric vehicles in urban areas, cities contemplate whether inner-city fast chargers can be an alternative for the growing amount of slow public ch...

The Netherlands is a frontrunner in the field of public charging infrastructure, having one of the highest number of public charging stations per electric vehicle (EV) in the world. During the early years of adoption (2012–2015), a large percentage of the EV fleet were plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) due to the subsidy scheme at that time. W...

The peaks in electricity demand for charging electric vehicles (EVs) correspond with the peaks of household electricity demand. As the number of EVs will increase, the demand for electricity at these peak moments will increase even further. Research on public charging infrastructure, shows that the charging time of EV's (the time EV's are connected...

Executive Summary Over the last years a large growth in Electric Vehicles (EV) and charging infrastructure (CI) development has been observed. Particularly in metropolitan areas this growth has led to a system in which multitudes of interactions between EV users take place. While many researchers have focused on EV user charging behavior and deploy...

The transition towards electric mobility is expected to take off the coming years, as more EV car models access the market and charging infrastructure is being expanded. The expansion of charging infrastructure will have to accelerate to keep pace with the fast-growing need for charging. The coming years will be marked by uncertainty regarding tech...

Executive Summary Currently EVs constitute only 1% of all vehicles on the road. We are at the eve of the large scale introduction of EVs. Large scale introduction requires a significant growth in charging infrastructure. In an urban context, in which many rely on on-street charging facilities, policy makers deal with a large number of concerns. Pol...

The SEEV4-City project, funded by the EU Interreg NSR Programme, aims to demonstrate electric mobility solutions, integrate renewable energy and encourage uptake in cities. Six Operational Pilots in four countries implement different levels of Smart Charging and V2X technology. The variation and complexity of the different OPs provide a number of v...

With a growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road and charging infrastructure investments lagging, occupation of installed charging stations is growing and available charging points for EV drivers are becoming scarce. Installing more charging infrastructure is problematic from both a public (tax payers money, parking availability) and pr...

The Netherlands is a frontrunner in the field of public charging infrastructure, having a high number of public charging stations per electric vehicle (EV) in the world. During the early years of adoption (2012-2015) a large percentage of the EV fleet were Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)due to the subsidy scheme at that time. With an increas...

Over recent years, numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) have shown a strong growth and sales are projected to continue to grow. For facilitating charging possibilities for EVs typically two rollout strategies have been applied; demand-driven and strategic rollout. This study focuses on determining the differences in performance metrics of the two rol...

Fast charging is usually seen as a means to facilitate long distance driving for electric vehicles and roll-out therefore often happens with corridors in mind. Due to limited charging speeds, EV drivers usually tend to charge at home or work when the car is parked for a longer period to avoid unnecessarily time loss. However with increasing chargin...

This study is the first to systematically and quantitatively explore the factors that determine the length of charging sessions at public charging stations for electric vehicles in urban areas, with particular emphasis placed on the combined parking- and charging-related determinants of connection times. We use a unique and large data set – contain...

Developers of charging infrastructure, be it public or private parties, are highly dependent on accurate utilization data in order to make informed decisions where and when to expand charging points. The Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, in close cooperation with the municipalities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, and the Metrop...

Policy makers are looking for effective ways to promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Among the options is the roll-out and management of charging infrastructure to meet the EV drivers' refuelling needs. However, policies in this area do not only have a long-term effect on the adoption of EVs among prospective owners, they also have shor...

The mass adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) might raise pressure on the power system, especially during peak hours. Therefore, there is a need for delayed charging. However, to optimize the charging system, the progression of charging from an empty battery to a full battery of the EVs, based on real-world data, needs to be analyzed. Currently, man...

This paper analyses the effect of two new developments: electrification and 'free floating' car sharing and their impact on public space. Contrary to station based shared cars, free floating cars do not have dedicated parking or charging stations. They therefore park at public parking spots and utilize public charging stations. A proper network of...

The mass adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) might raise pressure on the power system, especially during peak hours. Therefore, there is a need for delayed charging. However, to optimize the charging system, the progression of charging from an empty battery to a full battery of the EVs, based on real-world data, needs to be analyzed. Currently, man...

With the rise of the number of electric vehicles, the installment of public charging infrastructure is becoming more prominent. In urban areas in which EV users rely on on-street parking facilities, the demand for public charging stations is high. Cities take on the role of implementing public charging infrastructure and are looking for efficient r...

Since 2012 the dutch metropolitan area (the metropole region of amsterdam, the city of amsterdam, rotterdam, the hague, utrecht ) cooperate in finding the best way to stimulate electric mobility through the implementation of a public charging infrastructure. with more than 5600 charge points and 1.6 million charge sessions in the last two years thi...

The Netherlands are one of the frontrunners in stimulating electric mobility in Europe when it comes to the charging infrastructure density and electric vehicle adoption. Municipalities play an instrumental role in the rollout of public charging infrastructure while they have little insight in the relevant key performance indicators of the charging...

In this study we developed models in order to predict the need for public charging points. These models give municipalities an insight into various environmental and consumer related factors that determine the need for public charging points for electric vehicles in the neighbourhood. These factors include, amongst others, the average gross monthly...

Since 2012 the Dutch metropolitan area (The Metropole Region of Amsterdam, the city of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague and Utrecht) cooperate in finding the best way to stimulate electric mobility through the implementation of a public charging infrastructure. With more than 5600 charging points and 1.9 million charging sessions in the last two yea...

Worldwide electric mobility is growing and large investments in the development of charging infrastructure can be observed. Municipalities play an instrumental role in the rollout of public charging infrastructure. Nevertheless they have little insight in the relevant key performance indicators of the charging infrastructure as a means to support e...

Many cities in Europe have ambitious goals when it comes to making their public transport buses emission free. This article outlines the reasoning behind the choices made in the city of Amsterdam with regards to charging infrastructure for electric buses. Emphasising the importance of operational demands, and taking into consideration relevant cont...

The Netherlands are one of the frontrunners in stimulating electric mobility in Europe when it comes to the charging infrastructure density and electric vehicle adoption. Municipalities play an instrumental role in the rollout of public charging infrastructure while they have little insight in the relevant key performance indicators of the charging...

Many European cities with air quality concerns struggle how to further roll out charging infrastructure in the coming years in a cost effective manner. Typical concerns include charging point under-capacity (scarcity of charging points due to high demand) as well as over-capacity (placement of charging points in less prevalent locations). Being abl...

Many European cities with air quality concerns struggle how to further roll out charging infrastructure in the coming years in a cost effective manner. Typical concerns include charging point under-capacity (scarcity of charging points due to high demand) as well as overcapacity (placement of charging points in less prevalent locations). Being able...

Combining electric cars with utility services seems to be a natural fit and holds the promise to tackle various mobility as well as electricity challenges at the same time. So far no viable business model for vehicle-to-grid technology has emerged, raising the question which characteristics a vehicle-to-grid business model should have. Drawing on a...

Combining electric cars with utility services seems to be a natural fit and holds the promise to tackle various mobility as well as electricity challenges at the same time. So far no viable business model for vehicle-to-grid technology has emerged, raising the question which characteristics a vehicle-to-grid business model should have. Drawing on a...

In recent years electric mobility has gained a great deal of attention, leading to electric vehicles on the market and development of necessary charging infrastructure. Charging infrastructure is mostly enabled through subsidies by local or national governments to overcome the chicken and egg problem, while the business case for charge stations in...

In recent years electric mobility has gained a great deal of attention, leading to electric vehicles on the market and development of necessary charging infrastructure. Charging infrastructure is mostly enabled through subsidies by local or national governments to overcome the chicken and egg problem, while the business case for charge stations in...

In recent years electric mobility has gained a great deal of attention, leading to electric vehicles on the market and development of necessary charging infrastructure. Charging infrastructure is mostly enabled through subsidies by local or national governments to overcome the chicken and egg problem, while the business case for charge stations in...

This paper explores the way in which radical innovations that offer qualitatively better performance in terms of sustainability may or may not come to pass within a large, established industry that is not usually associated with such dramatic changes. In particular, it explores the case of the development of fuel cell technology as a replacement fo...

The commercialisation of a new technology is a challenging and uncertain process. Likewise, the emerging fuel cell (FC) industry experiences numerous technical and market uncertainties to shift from primarily Research and Development activities to activities in production, marketing and sales. This paper aims to gain a better understanding of the m...

Since the early 1990s, fuel cell (FC) technology has received a great deal of attention from the automotive industry. Its high efficiency and low emissions have made the technology become one of the dominant technological opportunities to achieve more sustainable mobility. Under pressure of ever-increasing regulatory standards, the automotive indus...

In the automotive industry the fuel-cell vehicle (FCV) is increasingly seen as the sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles. The growing popularity of FC technology in the automotive industry provides an interesting case. Where one would expect the mature automotive industry to dismiss FC technology in order not to...

The internal combustion engine is one of the most persistent established technologies in today's world. However, its dominance may be eroding due to stringent air pollution standards set since the early 1990s, particularly in California. Several technologies have been proposed to replace the conventional engine, most notably the fuel-cell vehicle (...