Past Outlook and Current Taxonomic Scenario of Genus Chrotogonus (Pyrgomorphidae: Orthoptera): A Review

Abstract

Species of genus Chrotogonus are known as surface grasshoppers which are polyphagous pest, multi-verses, terricolous and one of the common grasshopper species found in small grasses, bushes and often in crops (rice, maize, millet and cotton, etc.). Species belonging to genus Chrotogonus cover vast area in various countries of the old world (Africa and Asia) including India and Pakistan. This review provides lacks and benefits of previous research work along with distribution, biodiversity, biology, economic loss and current taxonomic status of genus Chrotogonus.

Full text

*Corresponding Author: Samiullah Soomro, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh,
Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Email: samiqau373@gmail.com, Mobile: +92 331 3873786 249
International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences
ISSN: 2455-9571
Volume 5, Issue 5, pp: 249-254, 2020
http://www.ijzab.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4242946
Review Article
PAST OUTLOOK AND CURRENT TAXONOMIC SCENARIO OF GENUS
CHROTOGONUS (PYRGOMORPHIDAE: ORTHOPTERA): A REVIEW
*Samiullah Soomro, Riffat Sultana, Ahmed Ali Samejo and Mohan Lal
Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
Article History: Received 7th October 2020; Accepted 22nd October 2020; Published 31st October 2020
ABSTRACT
Species of genus Chrotogonus are known as surface grasshoppers which are polyphagous pest, multi-verses, terricolous
and one of the common grasshopper species found in small grasses, bushes and often in crops (rice, maize, millet and
cotton, etc.). Species belonging to genus Chrotogonus cover vast area in various countries of the old world (Africa and
Asia) including India and Pakistan. This review provides lacks and benefits of previous research work along with
distribution, biodiversity, biology, economic loss and current taxonomic status of genus Chrotogonus.
Keywords: Chrotogonus, Taxonomy, Biology, Distribution, Economic Loss, Orthoptera.
INTRODUCTION
Pyrgomorphidae family contains about 500 species and is
the most colorful family of grasshopper families distributed
World-wide. The genus Chrotogonus is from the most
wide-ranged genera of pyrgomorphidae and contains about
19 species World-wide. Most of the species are found in
Africa and Indian subcontinent (Table 1). Several species
of Chrotogonus are known as important pest of agriculture
(Haldhar et al., 2007; Mahmood & Yousuf, 2000). Species
of Chrotogonus are geophilous in nature (Jat, 2008).
Species of genus Chrotogonus are harmful to many crops.
They feed on plants during the germination stage of plants
like wheat and cotton when plant emerges from the seed.
Without knowing their systematic position it is impossible
to solve the economic issues regarding the grasshopper’s
species. It has been reported that Chrotogonus persist in
various habitats including gardens, bare soil, sandy soil,
along with road sides and in many field crops in Africa and
Asia. Wagan and Riffat observed that it has rough body
including many tubercles with granules on surface of body
(Wagan & Riffat, 2013). It has been described that
Chrotogonus trachypterus (Indo Iranian species) basically
has two forms Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus and
Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi which are two
subspecies and persist in the eastern and western sides of
Indus plains, respectively. Further, Keven mentioned that
C. trachypterus robertsi found in Baluchistan and
Afghanistan in their arid zones along with eastern
Palearctic Eremian. He described about C. trachypterus
trachypterus as North Indian sub-species found in low arid
regions hence persist in South of Himalayas from
Baluchistan to India. He recorded its presence more
abundant in oriental region as compare to Palearctic region.
He also compared another species Chrotogonus
homalodemus homalodemus with these two:
C. trachypterus trachypterus and C. trachypterus robertsi
by showing small differentiating character that is slightly
slender and found in sandy regions of Baluchistan
(Mekran) (Kevan, 1954). This attempt of review of various
research papers concerned with genus Chrotogonus
provides lacks and benefits of previous research work along
with distribution, biodiversity, biology, economic loss and
current taxonomic status of genus Chrotogonus.
Geographical look of Chrotogonus
Genus Chrotogonus found in the huge region of the old
world together with Egypt, Africa and Asia including entire
India and Pakistan (Table 1 and Figure 1) (Blackith &

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250
McE, 1967). Species of Chrotogonus were commonly
noticed in Africa and Orient regions while, Chrotogonus
trachypterus and Chrotogonus oxypterus were common in
the North and Southern regions of India, respectively (Jat,
2007). Chrotogonus species from Azad Jammu Kashmir,
Pakistan reported with taxonomic keys for genera along
with additional characteristics, morphometry and habitats
were also highlighted (Mahmood & Yousuf, 2000). In
Orissa, serious cause of damage to many crops like
sorghum, maize, ground-nut, tobacco and cotton has been
recorded by C. trachypterus as minor pest (Haldhar et al.,
2007).
Figure 1. Global Geoposition of genus Chrotogonus.
Table 1. World-wide distribution of Chrotogonus species (Khan et al., 2018 and Orthoptera Species File).
Species
Country
Chrotogonus homalodemus homalodemus
UAE, Oman, Eremian zone, NE-Africa, Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia,
Chad, Arabian Peninsula, Yemen, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Pakistan
Chrotogonus homalodemus
Egypt, Iran, West Pakistan, Sudan, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia,
Yemen and Pakistan
Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus
Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, Iran, Nepal and Pakistan
Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi
West Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan, Indian Subcontinent, Pakistan
Chrotogonus trachypterus
Iran, India, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Pakistan
Chrotogonus turanicus
Kazakhstan, Hungary, India and in Pakistan
Chrotogonus armatus
China, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan
Chrotogonus oxypterus
Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka
Chrotogonus brachypterus
India
Chrotogonus hemipterus
Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana,
Namibia and Angola
Chrotogonus homalodemus somalicus
Somalia, Kenya
Chrotogonus senegalensis
Sudan, Niger, Senegal, Chad and Cameroon
Chrotogonus senegalensis abyssinicus
Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of the Congo
Chrotogonus senegalensis brevipennis
Sudan, Niger, Senegal, Chad and Cameroon
Chrotogonus senegalensis gabonicus
Angola
Chrotogonus senegalensis senegalensis
Senegal, Ghana, Congo, Zaire, Ivory Coast
Chrotogonus senegalensis sudanicus
Niger
Chrotogonus arenicola
Somalia
Chrotogonus tuberculatus
Kenya and Ethiopia
Note: Distribution of these species has been reviewed from Orthoptera species file (Online website) and from Khan et al.,
2018 (paper).

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251
According to (Misari & Raheja, 1976) Chrotogonus
senegalensis found in maximum number in paddy crops as
compared to other crops. Further, Latif & Haq (1951)
reported that surface grasshopper C. trachypterus which is
terricolous and multivorous in nature was observed as one
of the most commonly found species in Sindh, Pakistan,
Whereas (Kevan, 1959) reported the presence of C.
trachypterus in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Iran, Pakistan
and Afghanistan.
Taxonomical status of Chrotogonus
Taxonomic work regarding morphological keys on genus
Chrotogonus done by many Taxonomists (Haldhar et al.,
2007; Khan et al., 2018; Khare & Srivastava, 1975; Krauss,
1877; Mahmood & Yousuf, 2000; Poonia & Sunita, 2008;
Rahman, 2001; Ritchie & Mark, 1982; Sahebzadeh et al.,
2017; Sonkamble; Srivastava, 1954; Verma & Kanwar,
1998). Because of wide, short, depressed body form and
small head, this genus is fairly different. Kevan (Kevan,
1954) described the wide-ranging modification of this
genus in 1954. Further, it was also noticed that parts of
genitalia were different morphometrically on species level
viz. triangular shape was found in supra anal plate of male,
tubular morphometry was noticed in the cerci and whereas
sub-genital plate was absolutely conical shaped but these
structures become change their shape and size in according
to species of Chrotogonus. Genus Chrotogonus divided
into three polytypic and seven monotypic species hence
contains 10 species and 9 infraspecies (Orthoptera Species
File, 2020) (Table 2).
Table 2. List of species/infraspecies found World-wide.
S.No.
Species/Infraspecies
Status
Source
1.
Chrotogonus armatus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
2.
Chrotogonus brachypterus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
3.
Chrotogonus hemipterus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
4.
Chrotogonus homalodemus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
5.
Chrotogonus homalodemus homalodemus
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
6.
Chrotogonus homalodemus somalicus
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
7.
Chrotogonus oxypterus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
8.
Chrotogonus senegalensis
Species
Orthoptera Species File
9.
Chrotogonus senegalensis abyssinicus
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
10.
Chrotogonus senegalensis brevipennis
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
11.
Chrotogonus senegalensis gabonicus
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
12.
Chrotogonus senegalensis senegalensis
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
13.
Chrotogonus senegalensis sudanicus
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
14.
Chrotogonus trachypterus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
15.
Chrotogonus trachypterus robertsi
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
16.
Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus
Infraspecies
Orthoptera Species File
17.
Chrotogonus turanicus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
18.
Chrotogonus arenicola
Species
Orthoptera Species File
19.
Chrotogonus tuberculatus
Species
Orthoptera Species File
Note: This list of species has been finalized from Orthoptera species file (Online website).
Chrotogonus is exceptionally variable even among
Pyrgomorphidae and is typical than other members of this
family in its broad and depressed body form and short
head. Chrotogonus shows morphological plasticity, even
within individual species so it is mystifying. The total range
in variation in one species may apparently overlap most, or
the whole, of the range in one or more other species: this is
particularly true of wing development, but also of many
other characters that make specific determination from
individual specimens often extremely difficult without
adequate geographical data ( Kevan, 1959). It is mystifying
that even different species of genus Chrotogonus showing
the morphological flexibility (Blackith & McE, 1967).
Furthermore, (Kumar et al., 2014) reported in his work the
taxonomic Importance of genitalia parts viz: supra anal
plate of male, sub-genital plate which is the external body
part of the male genitalia and the cerci in the male during
the classification of Indian pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera:
Pyrgomorphoidea). Besides this, it was noticed that size
and shape of supra anal plate of male, sub-genital plate
which is the external body part of the male genitalia and the
cerci in the male are useful in distinguishing variation
between different Chrotogonus species.
Morphological description of Chrotogonus
Generally size of body is smaller to medium and filiform
antennae with 13 to 18 antennal segments. Eyes are paired
and compound eyes with interocular space. Anterior margin
of pronotum is more arisen as compare to posterior

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(Haldhar et al., 2007; Poonia & Sunita, 2008; Rahman,
2001; Ritchie & Mark, 1982; Verma & Kanwar, 1998).
Tegmina are slightly larger than wings usually and looking
sharp yellow in color including small veins on inner
surface. Wings hyaline including veins on inner surface but
yellow from the base and small than tegmina. Femur Large
in size with robust/swollen muscles at base and becomes
gradually narrower towards apex along with dark shade.
Tibia slender but Small than femur, bears acute sharp
spines in two rows and looks whitish yellow in color
(Haldhar et al., 2007; Mahmood & Yousuf, 2000). Cerci
small in size, triangular shaped below the supra anal plate
with dark shade in the midpoint. Ovipositor valves large,
robust and smooth upper surface with small groove at the
center. Looking brownish dark at the both ends slightly
dark yellow at the center. Posterior part of the ovipositor
valve is highly broad in width than segments (Haldhar et
al., 2007; Khan et al., 2018). Supera anal plate small in size
and greenish yellow in color present above the cerci to
cover it entirely. Sub genital plate larger than supera anal
plate with triangular shape looks like whitish yellow in
color. Spines small spines are present on the tibias that are
very acute and sharp but often these are black tipped (Khan
et al., 2018; Rahman, 2001; Verma & Kanwar, 1998).
Biology of Chrotogonus
Detailed study on biology of surface grasshopper, C.
trachypterus (Blanchard) has been carried out for two
successive Rabi seasons from Udaipur (Haldhar et al.,
2007; Jat, 2007). Surface grasshoppers are polyphagous in
nature, considered as the pests of pastures throughout year
while minor pest of agricultural crops. Furthermore,
samples of surface grasshoppers which were collected from
wheat and barley fields reared under laboratory conditions
at the temperature: 28 ± 2ºC which is room temperature
along with the humidity: 60 ± 5 percent which is relative
humidity under laboratory conditions. In addition to this, it
was noted that moist soil is the most preferable for female
to lay eggs and she lays eggs in the soil depth of 2-4
centimetre. Morphologically egg-pods look elongated and
cylindrical with slight bend in the centre (Jat, 2007).
Various host plants attacked by Chrotogonus
Species of Chrotogonus like C. trachypterus occur as
serious pest on the many crops (Table 3) e.g. Millet, Pearl,
Cluster bean and Cowpea (Gupta, 1972) whereas C.
hemipterus was found as pest before flowering stage on
sunflower (Khaemba, 1979). Most of the species of
Orthoptera are pest of paddy seedlings mostly in nurseries
with abundant species Oxya fuscovittata, Attractomorpha
crenula and H. banian and whereas C. trachypterus and
Acrida exalta found moderately in number along with less
abundant species Teleogryllus occipitalis, Gryllotalpa and
Catantops pinguis innotabilis, (Thakre, 2020).
C. trachypterus also recorded as pest of Cowpea, (Yadav &
Yadav, 1983).
Table 3. Host plants attacked by genus Chrotogonus.
Host plant species
Source
Scientific name
Common name
Amaranthus viridis
green amaranth
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Arachis hypogea
Groundnut
(Chandra and Mithal, 1983)
Avena sativa
Oat
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Brassica campestris
mustard
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Cauliflower
(Chandra and Mithal, 1983)
Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Cabbage
(Meena and Singh, 2016)
Cicer arietinum
Gram
(Thippaiah and Kumar, 1999)
Citrullus colocynthis
bitter apple
(Chandra and Mithal, 1984)
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
guar
(Gupta, 1972)
Cynodon dactylon
Grass
(Meena and Singh, 2016)
Cyperus rotundus
Nut grass
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Gossypium hirsutum
Cotton
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Helianthus
Sunflowers
(Khaemba, 1979)
Hordeum vulgare
Barley
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Lycopersicon esculentum
Tomato
(Meena and Singh, 2016)
Medicago sativa
Lucerne
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Pennisetum typhoideum
Bajara
(Gupta, 1972)
Ricinus communis
castor bean
(Chandra and Mithal, 1984)
Solanum melongena
Brinjal
(Chandra and Mithal, 1983)
Spinacea oleracea
Spinach
(Chandra and Mithal, 1983)
Trifolium alexandrianum
Egyptian clover
(Haldhar et al., 2012)
Triticum aestivum
Wheat
(Meena and Singh, 2016)
Vigna unguiculata
Black-eyed pea
(Gupta, 1972)

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The study has been done from Karachi Sindh Pakistan
on eighty species of grasshoppers with forty seven genera
regarding their seasonal incidence and abundance. C.
trachypterus found on grasses, vegetables and maize
(Perwin et al., 1983) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan as
pest of sunflower, (Sattar et al., 1984) and whereas species
of Chrotogonus are also major pests of Chilli (Capsicum
annum) (Reddy, 1984). From the attack of C. trachypterus
few Indian varieties of cowpea were highly tolerant viz: IL
138, IL 118 and IL 148), (Ram et al., 1984). It has been
also reported that C. trachypterus creepers in the habitat of
desert linked with tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) in Bikaner
and Rajasthan (Chandra & Mital, 1983) whereas it is also
reported that C. trachypterusis pest of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) some times. Further (Thippaiah & Kumar, 1999)
studied detail survey of grasshopper’s fauna on field crops
like soybean during the seasons of Kharif and summer and
after that study, they reported Chrotogonus species as
abundant in both seasons. In Jhansi eight species of
grasshoppers: H. nigrorepletus, Thisoicetrus pulcher,
A.exaltata, A. crenulata, Oedaleus abruptus, Cyrtacantha
cristartarica, Catantops pinguis, A. tumulus and C.
t. trachypterus were injurious to grasses but specimen’s of
C. trachypterus were found most abundant whereas first to
appear in May was C. trachypterus (Saxena et al., 2002).
Ghani Lanjar et al. (2002) monitored the abundance and
occurrence of surface grasshopper’s C. trachypterus on
paddy and reported species of grasshoppers infested paddy:
H. banian, C. trachypterus trachypterus, Oxyanitidula and
A. tumulus from which C. trachypterus trachypterus was
abundant in number along with nymphs and
adults/observation during July-October with 37.97ºC
temperature which is the mean temperature. Chrotogonus
species: C. trachypterus and C. oxypterus found in
abundant in cotton crops as compared to other species of
grasshoppers (Elango et al., 2019).
Negative photo tactic nature and feeding behaviors of
Chrotogonus
Many germinating crops: wheat, cotton, kharif fodders,
sugarcane and barley were consumed probably in whole
Punjab but specifically in those districts where ratio of
rainfall was less. Both nymphs and adults of Chrotogonus
species damaged germinating plants and leaves of plants
(Jat, 2007). Grasshoppers may not prefer to be mobile at
night because of their negative phototactic nature hence
feeding activity was not observed at night time but during
day time Chrotogonus accepts various plants as food due to
their polyphagous feeding behavior. To observe the feeding
behavior the feeding activity of C. trachypterus was
initiated during morning when temperature was low and
preference able (Haldhar et al., 2007). The peak feeding
activity of C. trachypterus was recorded during morning
time whereas 50% of insects remained busy in feeding with
temperature 30ºC at 11.00 am reported by Asad
et al. (2001).
CONCLUSION
Previous surveys from Africa are evident that Africa is the
main spot of the diversity of Chrotogonus but
unfortunately, no recent survey study has been done from
African countries (Angolo, Senegal, Gabon, Somalia and
Nigeria) which indicate that there is immense need of
survey in order to invent more new species of genus
Chrotogonus. Genus Chrotogonus has very complex
identification on the basis of morphological characteristics
and illustration of various body parts because of phenotypic
plasticity and cryptic species so morphological
identification tools often become unable to differentiate
Chrotogonus species. Unfortunately, molecular systematic
work on the genus Chrotogonus is not available so that’s
why this study suggests strongly studying their systematic
position in order to describe its appropriate phylogenetic
status on the basis of their DNA sequence.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are highly grateful to Higher Education Commission,
Islamabad, Pakistan to provide us financial support through
Project No. 6737 SINDH/ NRPU/ R&D/ HEC/ 2015.
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