Richard D Cannon

University of Otago · Sir John Walsh Research Institute

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most common malignant tumor of women and is accompanied by an alteration of systemic metabolism. A liquid biopsy that captures and detects tumor-related biomarkers in body fluids has great potential for OC diagnosis. Exosomes, nanosized extracellular vesicles found in the blood, have been proposed as promising bioma...

Background Dental graduates need to demonstrate clinical competency. This mixed‐methods study explored the perceptions of clinicians who employ or work with new graduates from the University of Otago, New Zealand, and identified themes reflecting graduates’ preparedness for independent practice. Methods An online survey using a semantic differenti...

Objectives: The objective of this scoping review was to map evidence of electrolysed oxidising water (EOW) as a biocide for dental applications of relevance to older people and identify research gaps. Background: EOW is an emerging, "green," and cost-effective biocide. There are no reviews on the landscape of EOW research as either an antiseptic...

Introduction Obesity and diabetes are common chronic metabolic disorders which can cause an imbalance of the intestinal flora and gut-liver metabolism. Several studies have shown that probiotics, including Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), promote microbial balance and metabolic health. However, there are no studies on how EcN outer membrane vesi...

Objectives: Denture stomatitis is prevalent in older people and poses serious health risks. Ready-to-use (RTU) neutral-pH Electrolysed Oxidizing Water (EOW) is an effective environmental disinfectant used in residential care settings and geriatric wards. However, the influence of storage on stability and effectiveness for denture disinfection has...

The healing of infected bone defects (IBD) is a complex physiological process involving a series of spatially and temporally overlapping events, including pathogen clearance, immunological modulation, vascularization, and osteogenesis. Based on the theory that bone healing is regulated by both biochemical and biophysical signals, in this study, a c...

Objectives: Biofilm formation around orthodontic appliances causes gingivitis, enamel decalcification and caries. Bacteria adhere less readily to superhydrophobic surfaces. The aim of this study was to determine whether a superhydrophobic surface could be generated on orthodontic elastomers by surface modification in order to reduce bacterial adhe...

In the last decade, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the standard of treatment for solid tumors. Despite success in several immunogenic tumor types evidenced by improved survival, ICB remains largely unresponsive, especially in “cold tumors” with poor lymphocyte infiltration. In addition, side effects such as immune-related adver...

Macrophages' activation plays a central role during the development and progression of inflammation, while the regulation of metabolic reprogramming of macrophages has been recently identified as a novel strategy for anti-inflammatory therapies. Our previous studies have found that tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) plays a mild anti-inflamm...

Currently used wound dressings are ineffective. Hence, there is a need to develop introduce a high‐performance medicament with multiple functions including rapid hemostasis and excellent antibacterial activity to meet the growing worldwide demand for wound healing products. Here, inspired by the strong adhesion of mussels and the enzyme‐mimicking a...

The healing of infected bone defects (IBD) is a complex physiological process involving a series of spatially and temporally overlapping events, including pathogen clearance, immunological modulation, vascularization and osteogenesis. Based on the theory that bone healing is regulated by both biochemical and biophysical signals, in this study, we d...

Existing bone tissue engineering strategies aim to achieve minimize surgical trauma, stabilize the injured area, and establish a dynamic osteogenic microenvironment. The cutting‐edge bone glue developed in this study satisfies these criteria. Inspired by the excellent adhesive properties of mussels, herein, a super osteogenic glue (L‐DPZ) that inte...

The mechanical properties of cells are important in tissue homeostasis and enable cell growth, division, migration and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mechanical properties are determined to a large extent by the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic network composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubule...

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic condition defined as glucose intolerance with first presentation during pregnancy. Many studies suggest that environmental exposures, including air pollution, contribute to the pathogenesis of GDM. Although hair metabolite profiles have been shown to reflect pollution exposure, few studi...

Introduction Oral health is a fundamental component of well-being, and is closely associated with overall health and quality of life. Oral health may also affect the next generation. The children of mothers with poor oral health are likely to also have poor oral health as they go through life. We aim to investigate associations between maternal ora...

Colonization of surfaces in the human body by microorganisms is an early, essential, step in the initiation of infectious disease. We have developed in vitro assays to investigate interactions between yeast or bacterial cells and human tissues, fluids, or prostheses. Such assays can be used to identify the adhesins, ligands, and receptors involved...

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction is a potential contributor to the impaired repair capacity of periodontal tissue in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Restoring ER homeostasis is thus critical for successful regenerative therapy of diabetic periodontal tissue. Recent studies have shown that metformin can modulate DM-induced ER dysfunction, yet...

Background The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) associated with the overexpression of the efflux transporters Mdr1 and Cdr1 in Candida species impedes antifungal therapies. The urgent need for novel agents able to inhibit the function of both pumps, led us to evaluate this property in 137 extracts obtained from Argentinian plants. Methods...

Fusarium keratoplasticum is the Fusarium species most commonly associated with human infections (fusariosis). Antifungal treatment of fusariosis is often hampered by limited treatment options due to resistance towards azole antifungals. The mechanisms of antifungal resistance and sterol biosynthesis in fusaria are poorly understood. Therefore, in t...

Fusarium infections in humans (fusariosis) and in economically important plants involve species of several Fusarium species complexes. Species of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are the most frequent cause of human fusariosis. The FSSC comprises more than 60 closely related species that can be separated into three major clades by multi-l...

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of halitosis in young adults. Methods: Young adults (n = 372; mean age = 21.0 ± 2.6 years old, range = 18-30 years) in Dunedin, New Zealand were recruited into the cross sectional study after providing informed consent. The prevalence of halitosis was determined using both objective measurements (parts p...

The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical effectiveness and patient acceptability of a modified glass ionomer cement placed using the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique to treat root caries, and to carry out microbiological analysis of the restored sites. Two clinically visible root surface carious lesions per participan...

Objective Maternal abnormal fatty acid desaturation has previously been linked to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, few studies have investigated this relationship longitudinally throughout pregnancy. In this study, we investigated the relationship between GDM and desaturase activities across the pregnancy trimesters. Methods A total o...

Background: The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) associated with the overexpression of the efflux transporters Mdr1 and Cdr1 in Candida species impedes antifungal therapies. The urgent need for novel agents able to inhibit the function of both pumps, led us to evaluate this property in 137 extracts obtained from Argentinian plants. Methods...

The aim of the study was to investigate the microbial colonization (by Candida species, anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria) of maxillary obturators used for the restoration of maxillary defects, including during radiotherapy. Retrospective cohort study. Fifteen patients requiring a maxillary obturator prosthesis had swabs of their obtur...

Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is believed to be associated with impaired immunosuppression at the maternal-fetal interface, but the detailed molecular mechanism remains unclear. The ATP-adenosine metabolic pathway regulated by CD39/CD73 has recently been recognized to be important in immunosuppression. This study aimed to invest...

The regeneration of diabetic bone defects remains challenging as the innate healing process is impaired by glucose fluctuation (GF), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and over-expression of proteinases (such as matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs). A “diagnostic” and therapeutic dual logic-based hydrogel for diabetic bone regeneration is therefore develope...

Oral fungal infections have afflicted humans for millennia. Hippocrates ( ca . 460-370 BCE) described two cases of oral aphthae associated with severe underlying diseases that could well have been oral candidiasis. While oral infections caused by other fungi such as cryptococcosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coc...

Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is a major cause of drug resistance in fungal pathogens. Milbemycins, enniatin B, beauvericin and FK506 are promising leads for broad-spectrum fungal multidrug efflux pump inhibitors. The characterization of naturally generated inhibitor resistant mutants is a powerful tool to elucidate stru...

This study evaluated the impact of a combined science outreach, oral health education and tooth brushing initiative introduced into a New Zealand Māori immersion primary school. Participants completed questionnaires on dental anxiety, oral health practices and dental knowledge before and after the intervention. Pre- and post-intervention responses...

The aim of the study was to compare the response of calvarial and femoral osteoblasts cultured in a 3D hydrogel environment to cyclic compressive mechanical loading. Human foetal femoral and calvarial osteoblasts were encapsulated in a semi-synthetic thiol-modified hyaluronan gelatin polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) cross-linked HyStemC hydro...

Background Populations are aging worldwide, and older people are more likely to take medications and undergo treatment leading to side effects such as salivary gland hypofunction. It is not known how reduced salivary flow in older people affects the Candida albicans strains colonizing the oral cavity. The presence of resistant Candida strains could...

Fusarium keratoplasticum is arguably the most common Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) species associated with human infections. Invasive fusariosis is a life-threatening fungal infection that is difficult to treat with conventional azole antifungals. Azole drug resistance is often caused by the increased expression of pleiotropic drug resista...

Introduction Early detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is paramount for controlling the progression and spread of the disease. Currently, nasopharyngeal swabbing (NPS) is the standard method for collecting specimens. Saliva was recently proposed as an easy and safe option with many authorities adopting the methodology despite the limit...

Background Many modifications to fixed orthodontic appliances have been introduced to manage biofilm formation. The aim of this review was to investigate elastomeric ligation in comparison to stainless steel ligation, and self-ligation with regards to microbiological and clinical indicators of biofilm formation in patients wearing multi-bracketed f...

Pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the ABCG family are eukaryotic membrane proteins that pump an array of compounds across organelle and cell membranes. Overexpression of the archetype fungal PDR transporter Cdr1 is a major cause of azole antifungal drug resistance in Candida albicans, a significant fungal...

Objectives To examine the relationship between masticatory muscle activity (MMA), self-reported oral behaviours (OBs) and overall physical activity (PA) in adult women. Materials and methods MMA and PA were assessed by a wearable electromyography (EMG) device and accelerometer respectively, worn over 2 non-consecutive days by 53 women (mean age 27...

Background & aims To investigate the relationship between maternal serum fatty acid levels and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) subtypes across pregnancy. Methods A total of 680 singleton mothers enrolled in the Complex Lipids in Mothers and Babies (CLIMB) study in Chongqing, China were included. Clinical information and serum samples were coll...

Introduction: Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes oral candidiasis. A previous study showed that Bgl2p and Ecm33p may mediate the interaction between the yeast and saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA; a model for the tooth surface). This study investigated the roles of these cell wall proteins in the adherence of C. albicans to...

In the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, resistance to azole antifungals is often linked to mutations in CYP51A, a gene that encodes the azole antifungal drug target lanosterol 14α-demethylase. The aim of this study was to investigate whether similar changes could be associated with azole resistance in a Malaysian Fusarium solani species compl...

There are two glutamate dehydrogenases in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. One is an NAD+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH2) and the other is an NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH3). These two enzymes are part of the nitrogen and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolic pathways, which have been identified in our previous studies as...

Background Maxillofacial prosthetics includes restoration of maxillary defects resulting from resection of palate and nasosinus neoplasms with obturator prostheses which may be colonized by microorganisms and function as a reservoir of infection. Patients with neoplasms commonly also require radiotherapy that can result in changes in saliva quality...

Halitosis, an offensive breath odour, has multiple sources and negative impacts on people’s social interactions and quality of life. It is important for health care professionals, including general physicians and dental professionals, to understand its etiology and risk factors in order to diagnose and treat patients appropriately. In the study, we...

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 ( FGFR2) in craniofacial bones mediates osteoprogenitor proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The distortion of proper craniofacial bone growth may cause class II and class III skeletal malocclusion and result in compromised function and aesthetics. Here, we investigated the association between variation...

Objectives To test a smartphone-assisted wireless device for assessing electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter muscle in freely moving individuals undertaking routine activities. Materials and Methods EMG activity was detected unilaterally from the masseter muscle in 12 volunteers using surface electrodes connected to both a smartphone-as...

Objective: To fabricate a novel nano-hydroxyapatite mineralized silk fibroin (MSF) scaffold in order to diminish the resorption of alveolar ridge and accelerate new bone formation within tooth sockets. Also, to investigate the biocompatibility and osteogenic ability of the MSF in vitro, and the effect of site preservation of the MSF graft in post-...

Oral candidiasis is prevalent in the elderly population due to medical conditions, use of systemic medications and the presence of oral appliances such as dentures. It is uncertain whether residing in an aged-care facility contribute to Candidacarriage and has an impact on the Candida species or strains colonizing elderly patients. Objective The a...

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of four methods in removing Candida albicans from the acrylic base material used to fabricate removable orthodontic appliances. Methods: Heat-processed bars of orthodontic acrylic were incubated in a suspension of C. albicans for 2 h at 37 °C. Samples were allocated into five groups (five bars per grou...

Orthodontic braces can impede oral hygiene and promote halitosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius M18 on oral hygiene indices and halitosis in patients wearing orthodontic braces. The study was a prospective, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients undergoing fix...

Oral candidiasis is prevalent among older people due to predisposing factors such as impaired immune defenses, medications and denture use. An increasing number of older people live in rest home facilities and it is unclear how this institutionalized living affects the quantity and type of fungi colonizing these people’s oral cavities. Smears and s...

The 23-membered-ring macrolide tacrolimus, a commonly used immunosuppressant, also known as FK506, is a broad-spectrum inhibitor and an efflux pump substrate of pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Little, however, is known about the molecular mechanism by which FK506 inhibits PDR transporter drug efflux. Thus,...

Objectives: The condylar cartilage is a key site of growth and development of the mandible. The aim of this research was to determine the mRNA expression levels of a number of chondrogenic and osteogenic regulatory factors in the condylar cartilage of the postnatal rat. Materials and methods: Condyles were extracted from 40 rats aged 4, 10, 21 o...

The yeast Candida albicans is an important opportunistic human pathogen. For C. albicans strain typing or drug susceptibility testing, a single colony recovered from a patient sample is normally used. This is insufficient when multiple strains are present at the site sampled. How often this is the case is unclear. Previous studies, confined to oral...

Colonization of surfaces in the human body by microorganisms is an early, essential, step in the initiation of infectious disease. We have developed in vitro assays to investigate interactions between yeast or bacterial cells and human tissues, fluids, or prostheses. Such assays can be used to identify the adhesins, ligands, and receptors involved...

Interproximal reduction (IPR) is the deliberate removal of part of the dental enamel from the interproximal contact areas, which decreases the mesiodistal width of a tooth. This enamel may be removed for various reasons, but most commonly to create space during orthodontic treatment or to correct tooth-size discrepancies. Several authors have also...

Objective To assess the effect of non-fluoride agents on the prevention of dental caries in primary dentition. Materials and methods Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CBM and CNKI databases were searched to identify all the relevant articles published prior to 16 December 2016. Grey literature was also searched. Randomized control...

Articles excluded from this review. (DOCX)

PRISMA 2009 checklist. (DOCX)

Risk of bias in included studies. (DOCX)

Search strategies. Table A in S1 File. Search strategy for Medline via PubMed. Table B in S1 File. Search strategy for EMBASE. Table C in S1 File. Search strategy for Cochrane library. Table D in S1 File. Search strategy for Web of Science. Table E in S1 File. Search strategy for CBM. Table F in S1 File. Search strategy for CNKI. (DOCX)

Objectives The aim was to investigate the relationship between groups of bacteria identified by cluster analysis of the DGGE fingerprints and the amounts and diversity of yeast present. Methods Bacterial and yeast populations in saliva samples from 24 adults were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the bacteria present...

Introduction: Interproximal reduction (IPR) removes enamel and leaves grooves and furrows on the tooth surface, which may increase the risk of caries. The aims of this study were to assess the nanotopography of enamel surfaces produced by the most commonly used IPR instruments and to evaluate the effect of polishing after IPR. Methods: Enamel sl...

Proteins catalysing the transport of molecules across biological membranes are vital for organisms in all kingdoms of life. These proteins are needed for the uptake of nutrients and the efflux of signalling molecules and toxic compounds. In the human opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, efflux proteins can translocate antifungal drugs, such as...

Gene duplications enable the evolution of novel gene function, but strong positive selection is required to preserve advantageous mutations in a population. This is because frequent ectopic gene conversions (EGCs) between highly similar, tandem-duplicated, sequences, can rapidly remove fate determining mutations by replacing them with the neighbour...

Yeast, in particular Candida albicans, are the principal fungal cause of denture stomatitis, and can also be present as a commensal in many individuals. Few studies, however, have examined oral retention of yeast strains over time. We analyzed the yeast present in saliva samples and from the dentures of 10 individuals colonized with yeast but with...

Multi-drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is becoming a serious threat, particularly to immunocompromised populations. The high mortality of systematic fungal infections necessitates novel antifungal drugs and therapies. Unfortunately, with traditional drug discovery approaches, only echinocandins was approved by FDA as a new class of anti...

Virtual screening results.

Tables S1 and S2 and Figs. S1–S4.

Resistance to antifungal drugs is an increasingly significant clinical problem. The most common antifungal resistance encountered is efflux pump-mediated resistance of Candida species to azole drugs. One approach to overcome this resistance is to inhibit the pumps and chemosensitize resistant strains to azole drugs. Drug discovery targeting fungal...

Scientific Reports 6 : Article number: 27132 10.1038/srep27132 ; published online: 02 June 2016 ; updated: 25 July 2016 This Article contains a typographical error in Equation 1. should read:

An analysis of Candida albicans ABC transporters identified conserved related α-helical sequence motifs immediately C-terminal of each Walker A sequence. Despite the occurrence of these motifs in ABC subfamilies of other yeasts and higher eukaryotes, their roles in protein function remained unexplored. In this study we have examined the functional...

Objectives: Intra-oral pH plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tooth erosion and decay, but there is limited information about its variation in real life settings. The aims of this research were to: 1) develop a wireless device, which can be used to continuously monitor intra-oral pH and temperature in real-time; 2) test and validate the...

The edible, nitrate assimilating, yeast Candida utilis is a commercial food additive, and it is a potentially useful host for heterologous protein expression. A number of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are multidrug efflux pumps that can cause multidrug resistance in opportunistic pathogens. In order to develop optimal novel antimicrobial...