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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Advanced Science Letters
Vol. 23, 1475–1479, 2017
The Integrated Framework of Cloud Computing
Implementation in Higher Education Institution:
A Review of Literature
K. Rahimah1∗and N. Aziati2
1Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, 81750, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Cloud computing has viewed as one of the most discussed issues that promise to modernize traditional com-
puting by providing visualized resources as a service over the internet. To stable in cloud computing acquisition
requires an organization to address many of the same concerns they face in implementing an Information
Technology (IT) service. This study encompasses the factors that affect the decision of cloud computing imple-
mentation in the management of various industries focuses on Software as a service (SaaS) platform. By
synthesizing the literature from different sectors, this paper proposed a conceptual framework of a key driver of
cloud computing implementation for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This conceptual framework extracted
from the analysis of the Technology, Organization and Environment (TOE) framework and integrate with Diffusion
of Innovation (DOI) theory. The four dimensions, particularly technology, organization, external environment and
environmental sustainability, would be highlighted which could be used as a guideline to accelerate the imple-
mentation process of the computing technology in Malaysia education industry. Thus, the paper offered, would
contribute cloud computing organization users and service provider with a better understanding and guidelines
of cloud computing implementation characteristics with relevant perception on current services.
Keywords: SaaS, Visualized, Technology-Organization-Environment, Diffusion of Innovation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Like any organizations, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) use
IT services such as email, sharing space, web-based service, and
the internet. The online management system is the key provi-
sion of business organization around the world. It facilitates the
implementation of the education management system, the deliv-
ery of learning content, and communication between teachers,
management staff, and learners. However, they are always facing
major challenges of capacity development, access and connectiv-
ity performance, software and hardware modernization, security
and disaster recovery management.
These issues lead to the suffering of the traditional educa-
tion system with overcrowded classrooms, staffing cuts, shortages
of qualified academically and consistently changing standards.
Nevertheless, these biggest challenges may be improved by the
implementation of new technology innovation named cloud com-
puting. Cloud computing is a web-based system of virtual com-
puting infrastructure placed anywhere which can be virtually
shared to bring to education system environments at various of
∗Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
options that not found in traditional Information Technology (IT).
Cloud computing service offers to the HEI the opportunity to
focus more on student management, and teaching and learning
activities rather than concern on IT infrastructure arrangement
and administers software systems.1
This technology is believed to overcome many organization
problems and challenges in reducing costs of implementation and
maintenance, increase the security of repository data, enhance
the mobility of a global teamwork, and could be applied with-
out being installed on individual computers. However, the rate
of implementation is not increasing as fast as expected.2–4 The
beneficial elements of cloud computing are neglected by some
firm, including HEI because most of IT staffs believe that they
could manage and protect their system environment better than
service provider.56In brief, this study targets to enhance the
implementation cloud computing in business. This technology
planning is for supporting the education system in Malaysia by
cloud computing technology solution in HEIs. Subsequently, any
weaknesses in the implementation of cloud computing would
be identified and the way the companies emphasized those con-
structs would be explored.
Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 23, No. 2, 2017 1936-6612/2017/23/1475/005 doi:10.1166/asl.2017.8370 1475
RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 23, 1475–1479, 2017
2. CLOUD COMPUTING IMPLEMENTATION
CSFs CATEGORIES
The term Critical Success Factor (CSF) is the component that
needs to be considered and analyzed when there is an interest in
an organization because it seems more successful than others, and
inquiries made to run components of success. It is a critical factor
or activity required to ensure the success of the implementation
process in an organization. Therefore, CSFs are all elements that
must be done if a company is to be successful in technology
implementation.
2.1. Technology Context
The Technology aspect refers to the physical appearances of
cloud computing technology. It is one of the key concepts in the
application of new technology and taken as the main measure for
implementation new Information System (IS) innovation.78– 10
The existing literature showed that there is a large group of ele-
ments that must be analyzed for the internal operation of the
technological context.11
2.1.1. Cost Effectiveness
The cost was claimed as a critical issue in implementing cloud
computing technology in organization.31113–18 The bigger the
size and scope of the organization, the greater the demand for IT
investment. Consequently, that firm size is a significant influence
to cost investments in new information technology implementa-
tion. As highlighted by Saidhbi14 cloud computing is an advanced
technology that reduces both IT costs for the organization and
remove many of the time limitations for large number user in
the organization. Benlian35 highlighted that cost effectiveness is
the strongest driver affecting IT decision maker when deciding
to adopt cloud computing service opportunities. In general, com-
pany nowadays always looks for ways to cut cost or save money.
Moreover, a considerable proportion expenses of operating an
IT infrastructure obtains from electricity energy consumption.
This service is needed to operate hardware and cooling device
that needed to reduce heating produced by the related computing
devices.15
2.1.2. Security
Security is one of the significant concerns of the organiza-
tion, particularly when the data goes out of local organization
networks.9181922 The same view with the research published by
Refs. [3, 5, 9–11, 15, 18, 20, 22–28]. All of them agreed that
the security issue is the topmost issue that manages the accep-
tance of cloud computing in an organization. The Success of a
cloud computing provider is the ability of their service to provide
effective security protection for organization file and data.
2.1.3. Reliability
When organizations have the intention and willingness to imple-
ment cloud computing technology in their operation manage-
ment, they should consider the factor of reliability.3193141–43
Rahimli31 identified the reliability as the quality of being depend-
able or reliable. High reliability is predicted, with the capability
and minimum downtime and to ensure constant operation of the
system without disruption or failure free working.31 This bene-
fit could be attractive to users and organizations that depend on
quick response activities.46 Hence, the reliability of cloud com-
puting is based on the reliability of the specific resources of cloud
elements. Reliability is the benefits that relate to the quality of
systems that are very critical to cloud computing success.31 This
factor must be returned, with a minimum of failure in the cloud
computing system to be an excellent business support.48
2.1.4. Speed Performance
Low11 stated that quality of technology could be measured using
speed as an element that representing the speed of business
operation, efficient management, good customer communications
medium and access to mobile information in the market.35 Based
on the experiment by Bahtia and Lala,50 the most significant
need of cloud computing is high-speed connectivity of the inter-
net. Even though cloud technology service might experience a
delay in the service,4751 but the issues are also must be looked
in detail at the premises internet infrastructure challenges. There-
fore, speed performance is one of the challenges of cloud tech-
nology implementation and organizations must have a high speed
of Internet and network connection which would reduce connec-
tion problems.22
2.1.5. Complexity and Compatibility
Complexity and compatibility are the extents to which mem-
bers of organizations have higher levels of cloud computing
knowledge.43 According to Taut,44 complexity can be reduced
with Cloud Computing and research by Low,11 resulted that
complexity and compatibility were not an important factor to
influence technology implementation, and this finding is consis-
tent with previous research by Oliveira55 and Stieninger.18 Thus,
increased of compatibility influences the implementation inten-
tion and the real implementation of cloud computing in a positive
direction.1118
2.2. Organizational Context
2.2.1. Recovery Planning of Data and Business
Continuity
Recovery planning of data and business continuity can be
of critical importance in the decision to implementing cloud
computing.2030 Cloud computing services must be planned with
all kind of disaster recovery strategy. One of the strategies is
applied the backup system in the data center so that organization
is capable of continuing their business after disaster occurred.52
Cloud computing service providers need to plan service imple-
mentation at several different locations or even countries.20 In
practice, cloud service providers have strategic on multiple stor-
ages based on the geographical location so that service is closer
to the users.53 Nevertheless, a cloud service provider would be
able to advise or find out what happen to data and service in case
of disaster.
2.2.2. Governance and Policy
Top management plays a major role in creating, supporting and
providing sufficient resources for implementing new technolo-
gies. This process may involve the integration of resource and
re-engineering of the business model. These issues run the range
from audit to process management, IT governance, regulatory
compliance, IT security, and accountability for access manage-
ment, e-discovery, privacy and protection of research results.58
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RESEARCH ARTICLEAdv. Sci. Lett. 23, 1475–1479, 2017
Governance involved management of tactical, operational and
strategic model that defines the way organizations structure to
establish their goal, make decisions and allocate resources.57
An organization governance influences its adoption of elec-
tronic business and institutionalization.192036415859 A study
by Chang,60 suggest the organization to clear up the roles and
responsibility before migration to cloud adoption.
2.2.3. Knowledge Awareness
Knowledge awareness refers to an organization projection, per-
ception, and comprehension of the value and risk of technol-
ogy adoption.6Most researchers used DOI theory by Rogers43
to recognize awareness as an important aspect of adoption com-
puting technology.5910132029305962 The awareness was rec-
ommended to be included in the implementation process to
accelerate the cloud computing implementation of daily business
operation.38
2.2.4. Top Management Support
The organizational context includes elements such as firm
size, human resources quality, and complexity of the man-
agement structure plays a significant role in the success of
implementation.510111331385562 A study in developing coun-
tries by Hailu47 indicates that management commitment is a key
factor in IS development failure. Therefore, commitment affects
to the support and energy shown by decision makers of the
organization are needed to be a success in technology imple-
mentation. This factor is the main challenge in implementation
strategy especially to receive sufficient financial investment and
technological competencies. The willingness of top management
to understand business-related benefits of cloud computing and
competitiveness, and to implement it in the organization are also
important.1056 IT top management is responsible for training
their employees for cloud computing knowledge matters so that
it can be effectively implemented in the organization and to
improve their performance to achieve business objectives.
2.3. Environmental Context
The environment is the aspects that are taken directly into con-
sideration in the decision-making behavior of the organizations.55
The external environment is commonly used because internal
environmental aspect is applied within an organization. Conse-
quently, to be detailed, the external environment includes of rel-
evant elements outside the boundaries of the organization which
is outside organization’s control, but critical in decision-making
behavior.10 In the environmental context, market forces/support
refers to the other organization of the customer, supplier, trading
partner, competitors and government pressure that significantly
influence requirement to practice technology. According to sev-
eral studies, this factor was statistically major factor for cloud
computing implementation in organizations.51011135262
2.3.1. Competitive Pressure
Competition in the business is typically perceived to affect the
IT implementation positively especially when technology directly
affects the competition, and it is a strategic necessity to imple-
ment new innovative technologies to compete in the market.
This situation occurs when the organization feels pressure from
competitors within the industry.55 The significant and positive
relationship between competitive pressure and implementation
implies that when competitors implement cloud computing as a
competitive instrument, other organizations face strong competi-
tion and thus feel the pressure of adopting cloud computing so
as to maintain a competitive edge.56 When the organization has
the physical characteristics of agility and innovative, organization
would deal with pressure challenge and become more aware and
emulate their competitor’s implementation of latest technologies.
2.3.2. Social Pressure
Social pressures influence people to adopt new technology, but
the social risk issue is stating that outsourcing IT by implemen-
tation cloud computing service could effect in the job loss and
viewed as a failure of the IT divisions in managing their jobs
which would impact the reputation of the IT leaders.79 These
social issues also give negative affect toward the implementation
decision of Cloud Computing.5556 Thus, some IT leaders might
feedback negatively to the Cloud Computing technology.35
2.3.3. Trading Partner Pressure
In some situations, many organizations depend on business part-
ners or supplier for IT design and implementation tasks before
deciding to migrate their system.5556 Additionally, many firms
rely on trading partners for their IT development and imple-
mentation tasks.2101655 Cooperative relationship with could
be maintained but the organization has to face pressure from
upstream and downstream business partners, which it would
influence a firm to implement new technology.
2.3.4. Government Pressure and Support
The government has the power to force the targeted industry to
achieve the vision of deploying innovation system to gain com-
pliance with the desired practice.55 In another situation, govern-
ment bodies that support to promote technology implementation
in the industry and change the organization’s business processes
which could improve the competitiveness of organizations in the
new digital economy.4549 Malaysia government is one of the
supporter body for the cloud computing implementation project
by MDEC for SME’s company’s in Malaysia with providing
the incentive of fees to encourage them in technology innova-
tion. Thus, government regulation and policies mean that gov-
ernment support is required by organizations to implement latest
technology.16
2.3.5. Vendor Support
The source of vendor support comes from cloud computing tech-
nology vendors that provide and manage infrastructure, appli-
cation, and others relative advantages to organizing.4549 Cloud
technology providers support is a significant element of the exter-
nal environment, particularly in the initial stage of technology
integration.
2.4. Decision Maker Characteristics
2.4.1. Environmental Sustainability
Decision maker awareness on environmental sustainability is a
key success of the Green Computing project and significant con-
cern in the cloud computing implementation. Heat and carbon
releases due to widely use of computer devices in premises,
electrical waste and energy consumption, is the main drawback
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RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 23, 1475–1479, 2017
of the traditional computing systems and lead to environmental
preserving. Cloud computing services have the ability to reduce
the issue.40–425054 According to Barnatt,38 the cloud data cen-
ters that operates more efficiently, achieving more than 80%
use of resources compared with the in data centers premises
which operate less than 30% efficiency. Communication technol-
ogy account of approximately 2% of global carbon emissions,
it is predicted that this figure will double by 2020 as end-user
demand for high-bandwidth services with enhanced quality of
experienced explodes worldwide. Thus, cloud computing service
is expected to reduce significantly CO2or other gaseous carbon
compounds released into the atmosphere.40 Environmental sus-
tainable issues constitute a real concern for the organization as
more low and regulations are issued to reduce the carbon diox-
ide released by them. Thus, by migrating of IT functionality into
the cloud computing services, organizations are not only mini-
mized their computing technology infrastructure, but also utilize
the electron energy in a smart process.34
3. THEORY OF IMPLEMENTATION AND
CSFS CONSTRUCT
The theory of Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE)
categorized one segment of the process on how the organization
aspect impacts the implementation of innovations. This model is
an organization theory model that explains three different essen-
tials of organization’s context influence the implementation deci-
sions of technology innovation; technological, organizational and
environmental aspect. The technological setting refers to exter-
nal, and internal technologies appropriate to the organization. The
organizational setting refers to several indexes regarding the orig-
ination, such as organization scope and size, formalization, cost,
centralization, and complexity of management structure and the
quality of human capital. Environmental setting refers to an exter-
nal organization’s industry, social’s pressure, competitor pressure
and government policy, pressure, and support. Oliveira55 describe
TOE frameworks reviewed and discuss three aspects affect the
implementation of TOE in open systems. These elements are the
characteristics of the technology innovation; technology, organi-
zational and external environment.
This paper analyzed the Critical Success Factor (CSF) of cloud
computing implementation reference to the TOE framework
Table I. CSFs for cloud comp. implementation.
Aspects CSF
Environment Government pressure/support16454955
Trading par tner/Supplier/Peer pressure210165556
Social pressure355556
Competitive pressure5556
Cloud vendor support164549
Organization Cost effectiveness313–152029–3336
Knowledge awareness5910132029435962
Governance policy 1920364156–59
Top management support5101113313862
Business continuity20305253
Technology Speed performance2235475051
Reliability3193140–4346–48
Security2391018–2022–28
Complexity and capability111822434455
Decision maker
characteristics
Awareness on environmental
sustainability283440–4245505154
and combined with DOI theory. Some literature highlighted the
study developed cloud computing implementation framework for
adopting in organizations based on TOE model.71011135662
TOE was designed for cover organization needs in implement-
ing technological innovations. These CSFs was analyzed from a
previous research and integrated with TOE and DOI model to
derive technology implementation in HEIs as showed in Table I.
4. DISCUSSION
This study has the potential to help HEIs in Malaysia make
informed decisions about the selection and implementation pro-
cess pertinent to cloud computing technology service. Cloud
computing implementation in developing countries such as
Malaysia must have a strategic of execution to extend or promote.
Further analysis of the current cloud computing implementation
methodology in Malaysian companies requires in-depth investi-
gation, in parliamentary procedure to obtain a clear apprehension
of their implementation status. The finding would be useful for
the HEIs to assess their current implementation status and make
necessary measures for technology management improvement.
In this regard, this study attempted to add to the new body of
knowledge about the innovation in cloud computing technology
by integrating the system, improve in resource utilization as well
as the profit made by the providers.
5. CONCLUSION
This writing made a review of the literature a few determinants
toward implementation of cloud computing at the various orga-
nizational levels. These factors determine the elements that influ-
ence the process of cloud computing implementation strategy in
the education system and indirectly contribute to a growing new
body of research and knowledge on cloud computing. Conse-
quently, this study summarized the factor influencing the imple-
mentation decision of cloud computing into four dimensions:
technological, organizational, environmental and decision maker
characteristics which can be applied as a guideline to acceler-
ate the implementation of the technology in Malaysia educa-
tion industry. As future research, this framework also would be
referred as a guideline to study the level of implementation or
adoption of cloud computing technology in Malaysia HEIs.
Acknowledgments: This work partially supported by the
grant Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Industrial
Technology under universityi nternal granted development research
project, Short Term Research Grant Application (STRG).
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Received: 14 May 2016. Accepted: 10 June 2016.
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