Smart biking and traditional biking

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this publication is to present the most important features with which the smart biking is characterized. Design/methodology/approach: Critical literature analysis. Analysis of international literature from main databases and polish literature and legal acts connecting with researched topic. Findings: Smart biking is a transformative approach that integrates modern technology and innovative solutions into urban transportation, revolutionizing cycling as a mode of travel in smart cities. By merging traditional cycling with cutting-edge advancements, smart biking enhances the overall cycling experience, focusing on safety, connectivity, and community engagement. This concept aligns seamlessly with the core principles of smart cities, emphasizing data-driven planning, environmental sustainability, and seamless integration with public transportation to create a bike-friendly urban environment. The development of dedicated bike lanes, cycle tracks, and bike-sharing systems showcases the smart city's commitment to improving cycling infrastructure and encouraging its adoption as a preferred mode of transportation. By providing real-time information and mobile apps, smart biking empowers cyclists to efficiently plan their routes, while advanced safety features and IoT technology enhance cyclist safety on the roads. Furthermore, smart biking fosters a sense of community among cyclists through social platforms, promoting an active and engaged cycling community. Originality/value: Detailed analysis of all subjects related to the problems connected with the smart biking in smart city.

Full text

S I L E S IA N U N I V E R S I T Y OF T E C H N O L O G Y P U B L IS H I N G H OU SE
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF SILESIAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2023
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT SERIES NO. 178
http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2023.178.40 http://managementpapers.polsl.pl/
SMART BIKING AND TRADITIONAL BIKING
1
Radosław WOLNIAK1*, Wies GREBSKI2
2
1 Silesian University of Technology, Organization and Management Department, Economics and Informatics
3
Institute; rwolniak@polsl.pl, ORCID: 0000-0003-0317-9811
4
2 Penn State Hazletonne, Pennsylvania State University, wxg3@psu.edu, ORCID: 0000-0002-4684-7608
5
* Correspondence author
6
Purpose: The purpose of this publication is to present the most important features with which
7
the smart biking is characterized.
8
Design/methodology/approach: Critical literature analysis. Analysis of international literature
9
from main databases and polish literature and legal acts connecting with researched topic.
10
Findings: Smart biking is a transformative approach that integrates modern technology and
11
innovative solutions into urban transportation, revolutionizing cycling as a mode of travel in
12
smart cities. By merging traditional cycling with cutting-edge advancements, smart biking
13
enhances the overall cycling experience, focusing on safety, connectivity, and community
14
engagement. This concept aligns seamlessly with the core principles of smart cities,
15
emphasizing data-driven planning, environmental sustainability, and seamless integration with
16
public transportation to create a bike-friendly urban environment. The development of
17
dedicated bike lanes, cycle tracks, and bike-sharing systems showcases the smart city's
18
commitment to improving cycling infrastructure and encouraging its adoption as a preferred
19
mode of transportation. By providing real-time information and mobile apps, smart biking
20
empowers cyclists to efficiently plan their routes, while advanced safety features and IoT
21
technology enhance cyclist safety on the roads. Furthermore, smart biking fosters a sense of
22
community among cyclists through social platforms, promoting an active and engaged cycling
23
community.
24
Originality/value: Detailed analysis of all subjects related to the problems connected with the
25
smart biking in smart city.
26
Keywords: smart biking, smart city, quality of life, biking, smart mobility.
27
Category of the paper: literature review.
28
1. Introduction
29
The smart city concept aims to utilize modern technologies and innovative solutions to
30
enhance the quality of life in urban areas, improving their efficiency and sustainability
31
(Herdiasyah, 2023). Smart city initiatives encompass various domains, one of which is smart
32

718 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
mobility (Jonek-Kowalska, Wolniak, 2021, 2022; Jonek-Kowalska et al., 2022; Kordel,
1
Wolniak, 2021, Orzeł, Wolniak, 2021, 2022, 2023; Rosak-Szyrocka et al., 2023; Gajdzik et al.,
2
2023; Ponomarenko et al., 2016; Stawiarska et al., 2020, 2021; Stecuła, Wolniak, 2022;
3
Olkiewicz et al., 2021). Smart mobility holds particular importance in modern cities,
4
as it facilitates the organization of transportation systems in a contemporary manner.
5
Smart biking exemplifies smart mobility in a smart city, showcasing how technology and
6
innovative solutions are applied to transform urban transportation and make it more efficient,
7
sustainable, and accessible. Smart biking is seamlessly integrated into the city's overall
8
transportation ecosystem. It complements existing public transportation systems, providing first
9
and last-mile connectivity solutions. Cyclists can easily combine biking with buses, trains,
10
and other transit options, promoting a multi-modal approach to commuting.
11
The purpose of this publication is to present the most important features with which the
12
smart biking approach is characterized.
13
2. Smart biking
14
Cycling has always been a popular mode of transportation, a great form of exercise,
15
and an environmentally-friendly way to get around. In recent years, the world has witnessed
16
a technological revolution that has impacted every aspect of our lives, and cycling is
17
no exception. The emergence of the "Smart Biking" concept has brought together the traditional
18
joys of cycling with cutting-edge technology, creating a new and exciting experience for
19
cyclists.
20
The heart of the smart biking concept lies in the development of smart bikes. These bicycles
21
are equipped with advanced sensors, microprocessors, and connectivity features that make them
22
much more than just two-wheeled vehicles. Smart bikes are designed to gather and analyze
23
data, communicate with other devices, and provide enhanced functionalities to both the rider
24
and the environment. Smart bikes come with built-in navigation systems and GPS trackers.
25
Riders can set their destinations through a mobile app or directly on the bike's interface.
26
The bike's GPS provides real-time navigation, suggesting the best routes, avoiding traffic,
27
and even indicating points of interest like bike-friendly cafes or parks. This feature is
28
particularly useful for urban commuters and long-distance cyclists who want to explore new
29
routes (Rahman, Dura, 2022).
30
Safety is a primary concern for cyclists, especially when sharing the road with motor
31
vehicles. Smart bikes incorporate various safety features like proximity sensors, collision
32
detection, and automatic brake systems. Proximity sensors warn the rider of nearby vehicles or
33
obstacles, while collision detection can automatically apply the brakes in emergency situations.
34
These technologies significantly reduce the risk of accidents and enhance the overall safety of
35

Smart biking and traditional biking 719
cycling (Wolniak, 2016; Czerwińska-Lubszczyk et al., 2022; Drozd, Wolniak, 2021; Gajdzik,
1
Wolniak, 2021, 2022; Gębczyńska, Wolniak, 2018, 2023; Grabowska et al., 2019, 2020, 2021).
2
Smart biking encourages a healthy lifestyle by integrating fitness tracking functionalities.
3
Built-in sensors can monitor the rider's heart rate, calorie expenditure, distance covered,
4
and other vital health metrics. This data is then synced to the rider's smartphone or fitness app,
5
allowing them to keep track of their progress, set goals, and make improvements in their fitness
6
routine (Prajeesh, Pillai, 2022).
7
Electric bikes, or e-bikes, are becoming increasingly popular, and smart biking takes e-bikes
8
to the next level. Smart e-bikes offer various modes of power assistance that can be adjusted
9
based on the rider's preference or the terrain. For instance, the bike can automatically increase
10
assistance when climbing a hill and reduce it on flat roads to conserve battery power.
11
This efficient energy management maximizes the bike's range and minimizes environmental
12
impact.
13
Smart biking fosters a sense of community among cyclists. Dedicated mobile apps and social
14
platforms allow riders to connect with each other, share experiences, plan group rides, and even
15
compete in virtual cycling events. This social aspect of smart biking not only makes the
16
experience more enjoyable but also motivates cyclists to stay active and engaged. Smart bikes
17
can be equipped with environmental sensors to collect data on air quality, temperature,
18
humidity, and more. By crowdsourcing this data from a fleet of smart bikes, city planners and
19
environmental agencies can gain valuable insights to improve urban planning, optimize cycling
20
infrastructure, and make cities more sustainable and bike-friendly (Boichuk, 2020).
21
Smart bikes are equipped with self-diagnostic systems that monitor the bike's performance
22
and condition. They can detect potential issues such as tire pressure, chain wear, or brake
23
problems and notify the rider in real-time. This proactive approach to maintenance ensures that
24
the bike is always in top shape and minimizes the risk of breakdowns during rides (Ku et al.,
25
2022).
26
The smart biking concept represents an exciting fusion of technology and traditional cycling,
27
enhancing the overall experience for riders and promoting cycling as a viable transportation
28
option (Sułkowski, Wolniak, 2015, 2016, 2018; Wolniak, Skotnicka-Zasadzień, 2008, 2010,
29
2014, 2018, 2019, 2022; Wolniak, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021,
30
2022; Gajdzik, Wolniak, 2023; Wolniak, 2013, 2016; Hys, Wolniak, 2018). With the
31
integration of navigation, safety features, fitness tracking, and environmental data collection,
32
smart bikes are transforming the way we ride, making it safer, more enjoyable, and
33
environmentally responsible. As technology continues to advance, the future of smart biking
34
holds even more promising possibilities for cyclists worldwide (Benevolo et al., 2016).
35
Smart biking leverages technology to offer real-time information to cyclists. Dedicated
36
mobile apps and smart devices provide access to updated route information, weather conditions,
37
traffic updates, and even available bike-sharing options. This real-time data empowers cyclists
38
to make informed decisions and plan their rides efficiently. Also smart biking promotes
39

720 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
eco-friendly transportation within the smart city. By encouraging cycling as a preferred mode
1
of transport, it reduces carbon emissions, traffic congestion, and the overall environmental
2
impact of commuting. This aligns with the smart city's goals of promoting sustainable practices
3
and reducing its carbon footprint (Kunytska et al., 2023).
4
It can be said, that smart biking prioritizes cyclist safety through the integration of advanced
5
technologies. Smart bikes can be equipped with collision detection systems, proximity sensors,
6
and automatic braking features, enhancing the safety of riders. Additionally, smart biking
7
infrastructure may include well-lit bike lanes and smart traffic signals that respond to cyclists'
8
presence, further improving safety on the roads. Also those initiatives collect valuable data on
9
cycling patterns, usage, and demand. This data is used for data-driven planning and decision-
10
making. City authorities can analyze the data to identify popular cycling routes, areas with high
11
demand for bike-sharing, and opportunities for improving cycling infrastructure to better serve
12
the community (Orlowski, Romanowska, 2019).
13
Smart biking fosters community engagement among cyclists. Dedicated social platforms and
14
apps allow riders to connect, share experiences, plan group rides, and participate in cycling
15
events. This sense of community helps promote smart biking and encourages more people to
16
adopt cycling as a mode of transportation. The concept of smart biking contributes to improved
17
public health within the smart city. By encouraging more people to bike, it promotes an active
18
lifestyle and helps combat sedentary behaviors. This, in turn, can lead to reduced healthcare
19
costs and improved overall well-being for residents.
20
Bike-sharing systems are an integral part of smart mobility in a smart city. These systems
21
are integrated with other transportation options and are equipped with technology for easy
22
access, payment, and tracking. Smart bike-sharing enables convenient, affordable, and flexible
23
transportation for residents and visitors alike.
24
Smart bike-sharing systems are innovative and technology-driven solutions that provide
25
convenient and flexible access to bicycles for short-term use. These systems are designed to
26
enhance urban mobility, reduce traffic congestion, promote sustainability, and offer
27
an alternative mode of transportation in smart cities and urban areas. Smart bike-sharing
28
systems typically involve the following key features and components: Smart bike-sharing
29
systems consist of automated bike stations strategically located throughout the city.
30
These stations are equipped with docking points that securely hold the bikes when they are not
31
in use. Users can easily rent and return bikes at these stations.
32
Users can access the bike-sharing system through mobile apps or interactive kiosks placed
33
at the bike stations. The mobile app provides information about station locations,
34
bike availability, and real-time data on nearby bikes. Smart bike-sharing systems offer
35
a contactless rental process. Users can unlock a bike by scanning a QR code or using a mobile
36
app. This allows for quick and easy access to the bikes without the need for physical keys or
37
cards.
38

Smart biking and traditional biking 721
Each bike in a smart bike-sharing system is equipped with GPS tracking and connectivity
1
features. This enables operators to monitor the location of bikes in real-time, manage bike
2
distribution, and collect valuable data on bike usage patterns. Smart bikes have built-in smart
3
locking mechanisms. Once a user completes their ride, they can securely lock the bike at any
4
available docking point within a designated station. Smart bike-sharing systems offer integrated
5
payment systems that allow users to pay for their bike rentals through the mobile app using
6
credit/debit cards or digital wallets. The mobile app and kiosks have user-friendly interfaces
7
that provide clear instructions for renting and returning bikes. Users can also view their rental
8
history and track their riding statistics. The mobile app provides real-time information about
9
bike availability at each station, helping users find nearby bikes and plan their rides efficiently.
10
Smart bike-sharing systems are often integrated with public transit networks, providing
11
a seamless and convenient option for users to combine cycling with other transportation modes,
12
such as buses and trains. By encouraging cycling and reducing the reliance on motorized
13
vehicles, smart bike-sharing systems contribute to a greener and more sustainable urban
14
environment, promoting cleaner air and reduced carbon emissions.
15
3. Smart city and smart biking
16
The smart city concept and smart biking are interrelated in numerous ways, as both aim to
17
utilize technology to improve urban living and transportation. The integration of smart city
18
infrastructure and initiatives has a significant impact on the development and promotion of
19
smart biking. Smart cities prioritize the creation of cycling-friendly infrastructure, including
20
dedicated bike lanes, cycle tracks, and bike-sharing systems. These infrastructure developments
21
encourage more people to choose biking as a viable mode of transportation. Smart biking
22
initiatives benefit from the smart city's commitment to expanding and enhancing cycling
23
infrastructure, making it safer and more convenient for cyclists to navigate through urban areas.
24
Also smart cities offer real-time information to residents, including cyclists, through various
25
channels like mobile apps, digital displays, and smart kiosks. Smart biking takes advantage of
26
this connectivity by providing cyclists with up-to-date information on bike lane availability,
27
road closures, weather conditions, and potential hazards. Having access to such information
28
enables cyclists to plan their routes more efficiently and stay informed about any changes in the
29
city's infrastructure (Tahmasseby, 2022).
30
Smart cities often implement bike-sharing programs, where commuters can easily rent bikes
31
for short trips. These bike-sharing systems are integrated into the city's overall transportation
32
network, offering a seamless connection between various modes of transport like buses, trains,
33
and even ride-sharing services. Smart biking benefits from this interconnectedness, making it
34
easier for people to incorporate cycling into their daily commutes and travel.
35

722 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart biking. Smart city infrastructure
1
can be equipped with sensors and connected devices that enhance cyclist safety. For instance,
2
IoT-enabled traffic signals can detect approaching cyclists and adjust signal timings
3
accordingly, reducing the risk of accidents. Additionally, smart streetlights can illuminate bike
4
lanes and paths as cyclists pass by, improving visibility and safety during nighttime rides.
5
Smart cities leverage data analytics to make informed decisions about urban planning and
6
transportation. This data-driven approach extends to smart biking, where information collected
7
from bike-sharing systems, cycling patterns, and traffic flow can inform the expansion of bike
8
lanes, the placement of bike racks, and the optimization of cycling routes. This data-driven
9
planning ensures that smart biking initiatives align with the actual needs and preferences of
10
cyclists (Dudycz, Piatkowski, 2018).
11
Smart biking aligns with the smart city's focus on environmental sustainability.
12
By promoting cycling as a green and eco-friendly mode of transportation, smart cities aim to
13
reduce traffic congestion and lower carbon emissions. As a result, cities invest in smart biking
14
initiatives to incentivize residents to choose cycling over traditional motorized vehicles,
15
contributing to a cleaner and greener urban environment. Smart cities encourage multi-modal
16
transportation, where different modes of transit seamlessly connect and complement each other.
17
Smart biking fits perfectly into this framework, offering a convenient first and last-mile solution
18
for public transportation users. Cyclists can easily combine biking with buses, trains,
19
or subways, reducing the reliance on private cars and contributing to a more efficient urban
20
transportation ecosystem (Wawre et al., 2022)
21
Smart cities create an environment that fosters and supports the growth of smart biking
22
initiatives, while smart biking contributes to the overall goals of a sustainable, efficient,
23
and interconnected urban landscape. By embracing the smart biking concept, cities can promote
24
healthier lifestyles, reduce traffic congestion, and improve the overall quality of life for their
25
residents.
26
Table 1 highlights the relationship between smart cities and smart biking, showcasing how
27
various factors associated with smart cities positively impact and promote the concept of smart
28
biking.
29
Table 1.
30
Relationship between smart city and smart biking
31
Smart City factors
Smart Biking
Cycling Infrastructure
Development of dedicated bike lanes, cycle tracks, and bike-sharing systems to
promote cycling as a preferred mode of transport.
Real-time Information
Provision of up-to-date data on bike lane availability, road closures, weather
conditions, and potential hazards to aid cyclists in route planning.
Bike-sharing and
Connectivity
Integration of bike-sharing programs with other transportation modes, offering
a seamless connection between cycling and public transit options.
IoT for Safer Riding
Utilization of IoT-enabled sensors and devices to enhance cyclist safety, such as
smart traffic signals and illuminated bike lanes.
32

Smart biking and traditional biking 723
Cont. table 1.
1
Data-Driven Planning
Data analytics to inform urban planning decisions related to cycling infrastructure
expansion, bike rack placement, and route optimization.
Environmental
Sustainability
Promotion of cycling as an eco-friendly and sustainable transportation option to
reduce traffic congestion and carbon emissions.
Integration with Public
Transportation
Encouragement of multi-modal transportation, where cycling complements public
transit, providing a first and last-mile solution.
Source: (Ploeger, Oldenziel, 2020; Tahmasseby, 2022; Rahman, Dura, 2022; Prajeesh, Pillai, 2022;
2
Boichuk, 2020; Benevolo et al., 2016; Kunytska et al., 2023; Christensen, 2020; Langer et al., 2021).
3
4. Smart biking and traditional biking
4
Traditional biking planning typically focuses on providing basic bike lanes and paths, which
5
may lack proper connectivity and safety measures. Cyclists often rely on paper maps or limited
6
online resources for route selection, without access to real-time data and mobile apps for
7
updated route information and weather conditions. Safety measures in traditional biking
8
planning might be limited, and cyclists often have to adhere to general road rules without the
9
support of advanced safety features (Simonofski et al., 2023).
10
Regarding environmental impact, traditional biking does contribute to reduced emissions,
11
but planning may not prioritize environmental benefits as a core objective. Data utilization in
12
traditional biking planning is limited, with minimal use of data analytics and Internet of Things
13
(IoT) technology for urban planning and optimizing biking routes. Integration with public
14
transportation is often not well-developed in traditional biking planning, with limited
15
connections and lack of seamless integration between biking and other transportation modes.
16
On the other hand, smart biking takes a more technologically advanced and environmentally
17
conscious approach. It focuses on creating dedicated and connected bike lanes with smart
18
technology integration for enhanced safety, including features like illuminated lanes and smart
19
traffic signals. Smart biking planning utilizes real-time data and mobile apps to provide cyclists
20
with updated route information, weather conditions, and road closures, making route planning
21
more efficient and convenient. Safety in smart biking is improved through advanced features
22
such as collision detection, proximity sensors, and automatic brakes, all designed to protect
23
cyclists. Smart biking actively promotes environmental consciousness, encouraging cycling as
24
a key component of green and sustainable urban transportation (Christensen, 2020).
25
Data-driven planning is a hallmark of smart biking, utilizing data analytics and IoT to
26
optimize biking routes, identify high-demand areas, and make informed decisions for urban
27
planning. Smart biking seamlessly integrates with public transportation, providing first and last-
28
mile solutions for commuters and integrating bike-sharing systems (Kim, Hall, 2023).
29
Technological integration is a significant aspect of smart biking, where smart bikes with
30
built-in GPS, fitness tracking, and connectivity features enhance the overall biking experience.
31
The smart biking concept also fosters community engagement through social platforms, cycling
32

724 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
events, and crowdsourcing data to continuously improve biking initiatives (Wolniak,
1
Sułkowski, 2015, 2016; Wolniak, Grebski, 2018; Wolniak et al., 2019, 2020; Wolniak, Habek,
2
2015, 2016; Wolniak, Skotnicka, 2011; Wolniak, Jonek-Kowalska, 2021; 2022). Lastly, smart
3
biking incorporates self-diagnostic systems that monitor bike performance and notify riders of
4
maintenance needs in real-time, ensuring that bikes are always in top condition for safe and
5
enjoyable rides (Langer et al., 2021; Sen, 2022).
6
In table 2 there is a comparison between traditional biking planning and smart biking.
7
Table 2.
8
Comparison between traditional biking and smart biking
9
Aspect
Traditional Biking Planning
Smart Biking
Infrastructure
Focus on basic bike lanes and
paths, often lacking connectivity
and safety measures.
Emphasis on dedicated and connected bike lanes,
incorporating smart technology for enhanced safety
(e.g., illuminated lanes, smart traffic signals).
Route Planning
Relies on paper maps or limited
online resources for route
selection.
Utilizes real-time data and mobile apps to access
updated route information, weather conditions, and
road closures.
Safety Measures
May lack specific safety
measures, and cyclists rely on
general road rules.
Equipped with advanced safety features like collision
detection, proximity sensors, and automatic brakes for
enhanced rider protection.
Environmental
Impact
Traditional biking contributes to
reduced emissions, but planning
may not prioritize
environmental benefits.
Encourages cycling as a key component of green and
sustainable urban transportation, actively promoting
environmental consciousness.
Data Utilization
Limited use of data for planning
and decision-making.
Utilizes data analytics and IoT for data-driven urban
planning, optimizing biking routes, and identifying
high-demand areas.
Public
Transportation
Integration
Limited integration with public
transit systems, may not be
well-connected.
Seamlessly integrates with public transportation,
providing first and last-mile solutions for commuters,
and integrated bike-sharing systems.
Technological
Integration
Relies on traditional biking
equipment without much
technology integration.
Incorporates smart bikes with built-in GPS, fitness
tracking, and connectivity features for a more enhanced
biking experience.
Community
Engagement
May have limited community
involvement in planning and
infrastructure development.
Encourages community engagement through social
platforms, cycling events, and crowdsourcing data to
improve biking initiatives.
Maintenance
and Monitoring
Relies on periodic maintenance
without real-time monitoring
capabilities.
Equipped with self-diagnostic systems that monitor
bike performance and notify riders of maintenance
needs in real-time.
Source: (Ploeger, Oldenziel, 2020; Tahmasseby, 2022; Rahman, Dura, 2022; Prajeesh, Pillai, 2022;
10
Boichuk, 2020; Benevolo et al., 2016; Kunytska et al., 2023; Christensen, 2020; Langer et al., 2021).
11
5. Conclusion
12
The concept of smart biking exemplifies the integration of modern technology and
13
innovative solutions into urban transportation, making cycling a more efficient, sustainable,
14
and accessible mode of travel in smart cities. By combining traditional cycling with cutting-
15
edge advancements, smart biking enhances the overall experience for cyclists, promoting
16

Smart biking and traditional biking 725
safety, connectivity, and community engagement. Smart biking benefits from the core
1
principles of smart cities, where data-driven planning, environmental sustainability,
2
and seamless integration with public transportation play crucial roles in shaping a bike-friendly
3
urban environment. The development of dedicated bike lanes, cycle tracks, and bike-sharing
4
systems reflects the smart city's commitment to improving cycling infrastructure and
5
encouraging its use as a preferred mode of transportation.
6
The use of real-time information and mobile apps in smart biking empowers cyclists to plan
7
their routes more efficiently, while advanced safety features and IoT technology enhance cyclist
8
safety on the roads. Moreover, smart biking fosters a sense of community among cyclists
9
through social platforms, promoting an active and engaged cycling community. In contrast,
10
traditional biking planning may lack the technological advancements and data-driven approach
11
that smart biking embodies. Basic bike lanes and limited integration with public transit might
12
hinder the convenience and appeal of traditional biking.
13
The smart biking concept represents a remarkable fusion of technology and traditional
14
cycling, presenting an exciting future for urban transportation. As smart cities continue to
15
prioritize sustainability and technological advancements, smart biking will play an increasingly
16
significant role in promoting healthier lifestyles, reducing traffic congestion, and contributing
17
to a greener and more efficient urban landscape. By embracing smart biking initiatives, cities
18
can build a brighter, more sustainable future for cyclists and urban residents alike.
19
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literature review with case studies. Energies, 14(14), 1-22.
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12. Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R. (2022). Framework for R&D&I Activities in the Steel Industry
17
in Popularizing the Idea of Industry 4.0. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market,
18
and Complexity, 8(3), 133.
19
13. Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R. (2022). Influence of Industry 4.0 Projects on Business Operations:
20
literature and empirical pilot studies based on case studies in Poland. Journal of Open
21
Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 1-20.
22
14. Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R. (2022). Smart Production Workers in Terms of Creativity and
23
Innovation: The Implication for Open Innovation. Journal of Open Innovations:
24
Technology, Market and Complexity, 8(1), 68.
25
15. Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R. Grebski, W.W. (2023). Process of Transformation to Net Zero
26
Steelmaking: Decarbonisation Scenarios Based on the Analysis of the Polish Steel
27
Industry. Energies, 16(8), 3384; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083384.
28
16. Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R., Grebski, W.W. (2023). Electricity and heat demand in steel
29
industry technological processes in Industry 4.0 conditions. Energies, 16(2), 1-29.
30
17. Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R., Grebski, W.W. (2022). An econometric model of the operation
31
of the steel industry in Poland in the context of process heat and energy consumption.
32
Energies, 15(21), 1-26, 7909.
33
18. Gębczyńska, A., Wolniak, R. (2018). Process management level in local government.
34
Philadelphia: CreativeSpace.
35
19. Grabowska, S., Saniuk, S., Gajdzik, B. (2022). Industry 5.0: improving humanization and
36
sustainability of Industry 4.0. Scientometrics, 127(6), 3117-3144, https://doi.org/10.1007/
37
s11192-022-04370-1.
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20. Grabowska, S., Grebski, M., Grebski, W., Saniuk, S., Wolniak, R. (2021). Inżynier
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w gospodarce 4.0. Toruń: Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierownictwa –
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Stowarzyszenie Wyższej Użyteczności "Dom Organizatora".
3
21. Grabowska, S., Grebski, M., Grebski, W., Wolniak, R. (2019). Introduction to engineering
4
concepts from a creativity and innovativeness perspective. New York: KDP Publishing.
5
22. Grabowska, S., Grebski, M., Grebski, W., Wolniak, R. (2020). Inżynier – zawód
6
przyszłości. Umiejętności i kompetencje inżynierskie w erze Przemysłu 4.0. Warszawa:
7
CeDeWu.
8
23. Hąbek, P., Wolniak, R. (2013). Analysis of approaches to CSR reporting in selected
9
European Union countries. International Journal of Economics and Research, 4(6),
10
79-95.
11
24. Hąbek, P., Wolniak, R. (2016). Assessing the quality of corporate social responsibility
12
reports: the case of reporting practices in selected European Union member states. Quality
13
& Quantity, 50(1), 339-420.
14
25. Hąbek, P., Wolniak, R. (2016). Factors influencing the development of CSR reporting
15
practices: experts' versus preparers' points of view. Engineering Economy, 26(5),
16
560-570.
17
26. Hąbek, P., Wolniak, R. (2016). Relationship between management practices and quality of
18
CSR reports. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 220, 115-123.
19
27. Herdiansyah, H. (2023). Smart city based on community empowerment, social capital, and
20
public trust in urban areas. Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Manag., 9, 113-128.
21
28. Hys, K., Wolniak, R. (2018). Praktyki przedsiębiorstw przemysłu chemicznego w Polsce
22
w zakresie CSR. Przemysł Chemiczny, 9, 1000-1002.
23
29. Jonek-Kowalska, I., Wolniak, R. (2021). Economic opportunities for creating smart cities
24
in Poland. Does wealth matter? Cities, 114, 1-6.
25
30. Jonek-Kowalska, I., Wolniak, R. (2021). The influence of local economic conditions on
26
start-ups and local open innovation system. Journal of Open Innovations: Technology,
27
Market and Complexity, 7(2), 1-19.
28
31. Jonek-Kowalska, I., Wolniak, R. (2022). Sharing economies’ initiatives in municipal
29
authorities’ perspective: research evidence from Poland in the context of smart cities’
30
development. Sustainability, 14(4), 1-23.
31
32. Jonek-Kowalska, I., Wolniak, R., Marinina, O.A., Ponomarenko, T.V. (2022).
32
Stakeholders, Sustainable Development Policies and the Coal Mining Industry.
33
Perspectives from Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. London:
34
Routledge.
35
33. Kim, M.J., Hall, C.M. (2023). The influence of personal and public health and smart
36
applications on biking behavior in South Korea. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 22(2),
37
382-395.
38

728 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
34. Kordel, P., Wolniak, R. (2021). Technology entrepreneurship and the performance of
1
enterprises in the conditions of Covid-19 pandemic: the fuzzy set analysis of waste to
2
energy enterprises in Poland. Energies, 14(13), 1-22.
3
35. Ku, D., Choi, M., Lee, D., Lee, S. (2022). The effect of a smart mobility hub based on
4
concepts of metabolism and retrofitting. J. Clean. Prod., 379, 134709.
5
36. Kunytska, O., Persia, L., Gruenwald, N., Datsenko, D., Zakrzewska, M. (2023).
6
The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy: Country Comparative Overview. Lecture
7
Notes in Networks and Systems, Vol. 536. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 656-668.
8
37. Kwiotkowska, A., Gajdzik, B., Wolniak, R., Vveinhardt, J., Gębczyńska, M. (2021).
9
Leadership competencies in making Industry 4.0 effective: the case of Polish heat and
10
power industry. Energies, 14(14), 1-22.
11
38. Kwiotkowska, A., Wolniak, R., Gajdzik, B., Gębczyńska, M. (2022). Configurational paths
12
of leadership competency shortages and 4.0 leadership effectiveness: an fs/QCA study.
13
Sustainability, 14(5), 1-21.
14
39. Langer, S., Dietz, D., Butz, A. (2021). Towards Risk Indication in Mountain Biking Using
15
Smart Wearables. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings.
16
40. Michalak, A., Wolniak, R. (2023). The innovativeness of the country and the renewables
17
and non-renewables in the energy mix on the example of European Union. Journal of Open
18
Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(2), https://doi.org/10.1016/
19
j.joitmc.2023.100061.
20
41. Olkiewicz, M., Olkiewicz, A., Wolniak, R., Wyszomirski, A. (2021). Effects of pro-
21
ecological investments on an example of the heating industry - case study. Energies,
22
14(18), 1-24, 5959.
23
42. Orłowski, A., Romanowska, P. (2019). Smart Cities Concept—Smart Mobility Indicator.
24
Cybern. Syst., 50, 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969722.2019.1565120.
25
43. Orzeł, B., Wolniak, R. (2021). Clusters of elements for quality assurance of health worker
26
protection measures in times of COVID-19 pandemic. Administrative Science, 11(2), 1-14,
27
46.
28
44. Orzeł, B., Wolniak, R. (2022). Digitization in the design and construction industry - remote
29
work in the context of sustainability: a study from Poland. Sustainability, 14(3), 1-25.
30
45. Ploeger, J.; Oldenziel, R. (2020). The sociotechnical roots of smart mobility: Bike sharing
31
since 1965. J. Transp. Hist., 41, 134–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022526620908264.
32
46. Ponomarenko, T.V., Wolniak, R., Marinina, O.A. (2016). Corporate Social responsibility
33
in coal industry (Practices of russian and european companies). Journal of Mining Institute,
34
222, 882-891.
35
47. Prajeesh, C.B., Pillai, A.S. (2022). Indian Smart Mobility Ecosystem—Key Visions and
36
Missions. AIP Conf. Proc., 2555, 050005.
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48. Rachmawati, I., Multisari, W., Triyono, T., Simon, I.M., da Costa, A. (2021). Prevalence
1
of academic resilience of social science students in facing the industry 5.0 era.
2
International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(2), 676-683.
3
49. Rahman, S.A.A., Dura, N.H. (2022). Malaysia smart tourism framework: Is smart mobility
4
relevant? Kasetsart J. Soc. Sci., 43, 1009-1014.
5
50. Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Żywiołek J., Wolniak, R. (2023). Main reasons for religious tourism -
6
from a quantitative analysis to a model. International Journal for Quality Research, 1(17),
7
109-120.
8
51. Sen, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence in smart biking, https://assets.ctfassets.net/
9
jgqlefvbenfu/2kU1QQvrxCmmeM9lkdR8gg/42751cb2aa798b9c9beed3121cc5cefc/SAT
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ARUPA_SEN.pdf, 30.07.2023.
11
52. Simonofski, A., Handekyn, P., Vandennieuwenborg, C., Wautelet, Y., Snoeck, M. (2023).
12
Smart mobility projects: Towards the formalization of a policy-making lifecycle. Land Use
13
Policy, 125, 106474.
14
53. Stawiarska, E., Szwajca, D., Matusek, M., Wolniak, R. (2020). Wdrażanie rozwiązań
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przemysłu 4.0 w wybranych funkcjonalnych obszarach zarządzania przedsiębiorstw branży
16
motoryzacyjnej: próba diagnozy. Warszawa: CeDeWu.
17
54. Stawiarska, E., Szwajca, D., Matusek, M., Wolniak, R. (2021). Diagnosis of the maturity
18
level of implementing Industry 4.0 solutions in selected functional areas of management
19
of automotive companies in Poland. Sustainability, 13(9), 1-38.
20
55. Stecuła, K., Wolniak, R. (2022). Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning Innovations
21
during COVID-19 Pandemic in Higher Education in Poland. Journal of Open Innovation:
22
Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(3), 159.
23
56. Stecuła, K., Wolniak, R. (2022). Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dissemination of
24
Innovative E-Learning Tools in Higher Education in Poland. Journal of Open Innovations:
25
Technology, Market and Complexity, 8(1), 89.
26
57. Sułkowski, M., Wolniak, R. (2016). Przegląd stosowanych metod oceny skuteczności
27
i efektywności organizacji zorientowanych na ciągłe doskonalenie. Zeszyty Naukowe
28
Politechniki Śląskiej. Seria Organizacja i Zarzadzanie, 67, 63-74.
29
58. Sułkowski, M., Wolniak, R. (2018). Poziom wdrożenia instrumentów zarządzania jakością
30
w przedsiębiorstwach branży obróbki metali. Częstochowa: Oficyna Wydawnicza
31
Stowarzyszenia Menedżerów Produkcji i Jakości.
32
59. Tahmasseby, S. (2022). The Implementation of Smart Mobility for Smart Cities: A Case
33
Study in Qatar. Civ. Eng. J., 8, 2154-2171.
34
60. Wawre, M., Grzesiuk, K., Jegorow, D. (2022). Smart Mobility in a Smart City in the
35
Context of Generation Z Sustainability, Use of ICT, and Participation. Energies, 15, 4651.
36
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134651.
37
61. Wolniak, R., Skotnicka-Zasadzień, B. (2014). The use of value stream mapping to
38
introduction of organizational innovation in industry. Metalurgija, 53(4), 709-713.
39

730 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
62. Wolniak, R. (2011). Parametryzacja kryteriów oceny poziomu dojrzałości systemu
1
zarządzania jakością. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej.
2
63. Wolniak, R. (2013). A typology of organizational cultures in terms of improvement of the
3
quality management. Manager, 17(1), 7-21.
4
64. Wolniak, R. (2013). Projakościowa typologia kultur organizacyjnych. Przegląd
5
Organizacji, 3, 13-17.
6
65. Wolniak, R. (2014). Korzyści doskonalenia systemów zarządzania jakością opartych
7
o wymagania normy ISO 9001:2009. Problemy Jakości, 3, 20-25.
8
66. Wolniak, R. (2016). Kulturowe aspekty zarządzania jakością. Etyka biznesu
9
i zrównoważony rozwój. Interdyscyplinarne studia teoretyczno-empiryczne, 1, 109-122.
10
67. Wolniak, R. (2016). Metoda QFD w zarządzaniu jakością. Teoria i praktyka. Gliwice:
11
Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej.
12
68. Wolniak, R. (2016). Relations between corporate social responsibility reporting and the
13
concept of greenwashing. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Seria Organizacji
14
i Zarządzanie, 87, 443-453.
15
69. Wolniak, R. (2016). The role of QFD method in creating innovation. Systemy
16
Wspomagania Inżynierii Produkcji, 3, 127-134.
17
70. Wolniak, R. (2017). Analiza relacji pomiędzy wskaźnikiem innowacyjności
18
a nasyceniem kraju certyfikatami ISO 9001, ISO 14001 oraz ISO/TS 16949. Kwartalnik
19
Organizacja i Kierowanie, 2, 139-150.
20
71. Wolniak, R. (2017). Analiza wskaźników nasycenia certyfikatami ISO 9001, ISO 14001
21
oraz ISO/TS 16949 oraz zależności pomiędzy nimi. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej.
22
Seria Organizacji i Zarządzanie, 108, 421-430.
23
72. Wolniak, R. (2017). The Corporate Social Responsibility practices in mining sector in
24
Spain and in Poland – similarities and differences. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej.
25
Seria Organizacji i Zarządzanie, 111, 111-120.
26
73. Wolniak, R. (2017). The Design Thinking method and its stages. Systemy Wspomagania
27
Inżynierii Produkcji, 6, 247-255.
28
74. Wolniak, R. (2017). The use of constraint theory to improve organization of work.
29
4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts.
30
SGEM 2017, 24-30 August 2017, Albena, Bulgaria. Conference proceedings. Book 1,
31
Modern science. Vol. 5, Business and management. Sofia: STEF92 Technology, 1093-
32
1100.
33
75. Wolniak, R. (2018). Functioning of social welfare on the example of the city of Łazy.
34
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły, Humanitas. Zarządzanie, 3, 159-176.
35
76. Wolniak, R. (2018). Methods of recruitment and selection of employees on the example of
36
the automotive industry. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej. Seria Organizacja
37
i Zarządzanie, 128, 475-483.
38

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77. Wolniak, R. (2019). Context of the organization in ISO 9001:2015. Silesian University of
1
Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 133, 121-136.
2
78. Wolniak, R. (2019). Downtime in the automotive industry production process - cause
3
analysis. Quality, Innovation, Prosperity, 2, 101-118.
4
79. Wolniak, R. (2019). Leadership in ISO 9001:2015. Silesian University of Technology
5
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 133, 137-150.
6
80. Wolniak, R. (2019). Support in ISO 9001:2015. Silesian University of Technology
7
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 137, 247-261.
8
81. Wolniak, R. (2019). The level of maturity of quality management systems in Poland-results
9
of empirical research. Sustainability, 15, 1-17.
10
82. Wolniak, R. (2020). Design in ISO 9001:2015. Silesian University of Technology Scientific
11
Papers. Organization and Management Series, 148, 769-781.
12
83. Wolniak, R. (2020). Operations in ISO 9001:2015. Silesian University of Technology
13
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 148, 783-794.
14
84. Wolniak, R. (2020). Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry
15
management systems in European Union countries. Silesian University of Technology
16
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 142, 33-44.
17
85. Wolniak, R. (2021). Internal audit and management review in ISO 9001:2015. Silesian
18
University of Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 151,
19
724-608.
20
86. Wolniak, R. (2021). Performance evaluation in ISO 9001:2015. Silesian University of
21
Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 151, 725-734.
22
87. Wolniak, R. (2022). Engineering ethics – main principles. Silesian University of
23
Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 155, 579-594.
24
88. Wolniak, R. (2022). Individual innovations. Silesian University of Technology Scientific
25
Papers. Organization and Management Series, 166, 861-876.
26
89. Wolniak, R. (2022). Management of engineering teams. Silesian University of Technology
27
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 157, 667-674.
28
90. Wolniak, R. (2022). Problems of Covid-19 influence on small and medium enterprises
29
activities – organizing function. Silesian University of Technology Scientific Papers.
30
Organization and Management Series, 167, 599-608.
31
91. Wolniak, R. (2022). Project management in engineering. Silesian University of Technology
32
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 157, 685-698.
33
92. Wolniak, R. (2022). Project management standards. Silesian University of Technology
34
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 160, 639-654.
35
93. Wolniak, R. (2022). Sustainable engineering. Silesian University of Technology Scientific
36
Papers. Organization and Management Series, 160, 655-667.
37

732 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
94. Wolniak, R. (2022). The role of the engineering profession in developing and
1
implementing sustainable development principles. Silesian University of Technology
2
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 155, 595-608.
3
95. Wolniak, R. (2022). Traits of highly innovative people. Silesian University of Technology
4
Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 166, 877-892.
5
96. Wolniak, R. (2023). Analiza danych w czasie rzeczywistym, Zarządzanie i Jakość, 2(5),
6
291-312.
7
97. Wolniak, R. (2023). Analysis of the Bicycle Roads System as an Element of a Smart
8
Mobility on the Example of Poland Provinces. Smart Cities, 6(1), 368-391,
9
https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010018.
10
98. Wolniak, R. (2023). Design thinking and its use to boast innovativeness. Silesian
11
University of Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 170,
12
647-662.
13
99. Wolniak, R. (2023). Deskryptywna analiza danych. Zarządzanie i Jakość, 2(5), 272-290.
14
100. Wolniak, R. (2023). European Union Smart Mobility - aspects connected with bike road
15
systems extension and dissemination. Smart Cities, 6, 1-32.
16
101. Wolniak, R. (2023). European Union Smart Mobility–Aspects Connected with Bike Road
17
System’s Extension and Dissemination. Smart Cities, 6(2), 1009-1042; https://doi.org/
18
10.3390/smartcities6020049.
19
102. Wolniak, R. (2023). Functioning of real-time analytics in business. Silesian University of
20
Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 172, 659-677.
21
103. Wolniak, R. (2023). Industry 5.0 – characteristic, main principles, advantages and
22
disadvantages. Silesian University of Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and
23
Management Series, 170, 663-678.
24
104. Wolniak, R. (2023). Innovations in industry 4.0 conditions, Silesian University of
25
Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 169, 725-742.
26
105. Wolniak, R. (2023). Smart biking w smart city. Zarządzanie i Jakość, 2(5), 313-328.
27
106. Wolniak, R. (2023). Smart mobility in a smart city concept Silesian University of
28
Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 170, 679-692.
29
107. Wolniak, R. (2023). Smart mobility in smart city – Copenhagen and Barcelona
30
comparision. Silesian University of Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and
31
Management Series, 172, 678-697.
32
108. Wolniak, R. (2023). Smart mobility jako element koncepcji smart city. Zarządzanie
33
i Jakość, 1(5), 208-222.
34
109. Wolniak, R. (2023). Team innovations. Silesian University of Technology Scientific
35
Papers. Organization and Management Series, 169, 773-758.
36
110. Wolniak, R. (2023). The concept of descriptive analytics. Silesian University of
37
Technology Scientific Papers. Organization and Management Series, 172, 698-715.
38

Smart biking and traditional biking 733
111. Wolniak, R. Sułkowski, M. (2015). Rozpowszechnienie stosowania Systemów
1
Zarządzania Jakością w Europie na świecie – lata 2010-2012. Problemy Jakości, 5, 29-34.
2
112. Wolniak, R., Grebski, M.E. (2018). Innovativeness and creativity as factors in workforce
3
development – perspective of psychology. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Ślaskiej. Seria
4
Organizacja i Zarządzanie, 116, 203-214.
5
113. Wolniak, R., Grebski, M.E. (2018). Innovativeness and creativity as nature and nurture.
6
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Ślaskiej. Seria Organizacja i Zarządzanie, 116, 215-226.
7
114. Wolniak, R., Grebski, M.E. (2018). Innovativeness and Creativity of the Workforce as
8
Factors Stimulating Economic Growth in Modern Economies. Zeszyty Naukowe
9
Politechniki Ślaskiej. Seria Organizacja i Zarządzanie, 116, 227-240.
10
115. Wolniak, R., Grebski, M.E., Skotnicka-Zasadzień, B. (2019). Comparative analysis of the
11
level of satisfaction with the services received at the business incubators (Hazleton, PA,
12
USA and Gliwice, Poland). Sustainability, 10, 1-22.
13
116. Wolniak, R., Hąbek, P. (2015). Quality management and corporate social responsibility.
14
Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji, 1, 139-149.
15
117. Wolniak, R., Hąbek, P. (2016). Quality assessment of CSR reports – factor analysis.
16
Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 220, 541-547.
17
118. Wolniak, R., Jonek-Kowalska, I. (2021). The level of the quality of life in the city and its
18
monitoring. Innovation (Abingdon), 34(3), 376-398.
19
119. Wolniak, R., Jonek-Kowalska, I. (2021). The quality of service to residents by public
20
administration on the example of municipal offices in Poland. Administration Management
21
Public, 37, 132-150.
22
120. Wolniak, R., Jonek-Kowalska, I. (2022). The creative services sector in Polish cities.
23
Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 1-23.
24
121. Wolniak, R., Saniuk, S., Grabowska, S., Gajdzik, B. (2020). Identification of energy
25
efficiency trends in the context of the development of industry 4.0 using the Polish steel
26
sector as an example. Energies, 13(11), 1-16.
27
122. Wolniak, R., Skotnicka, B. (2011).: Metody i narzędzia zarządzania jakością – Teoria
28
i praktyka, cz. 1. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej.
29
123. Wolniak, R., Skotnicka-Zasadzień, B. (2008). Wybrane metody badania satysfakcji klienta
30
i oceny dostawców w organizacjach. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej.
31
124. Wolniak, R., Skotnicka-Zasadzień, B. (2010). Zarządzanie jakością dla inżynierów.
32
Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej.
33
125. Wolniak, R., Skotnicka-Zasadzień, B. (2018). Developing a model of factors influencing
34
the quality of service for disabled customers in the condition s of sustainable development,
35
illustrated by an example of the Silesian Voivodeship public administration. Sustainability,
36
7, 1-17.
37
126. Wolniak, R., Skotnicka-Zasadzień, B. (2022). Development of photovoltaic energy in EU
38
countries as an alternative to fossil fuels. Energies, 15(2), 1-23.
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734 R. Wolniak, W. Grebski
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