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The Relationship between General Social Trust and the Accuracy of Micro-Expression Recognition

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Micro-expressions are expressions that last for a very short time and are used to express people’s epressed real emotion, usually observed in a lying situation. Previous studies have found that oxytocin is one of the physiological bases of trust, and has a certain impact on the accuracy of micro-expression recognition. In addition, oxytocin can enhance social trust and promote prosocial behavior. Therefore, we speculated that the higher the general social trust, the lower the accuracy of micro-expression recognition of others. Therefore, this study mainly explores the relationship between general social trust and micro-expression recognition accuracy. This study is a correlational study. The independent variable is general social trust, the dependent variable is accuracy of micro-expression recognition, and the covariates are gender, age and education level. Firstly, the general social trust was measured by question V24 of WVS6, and then the micro-expression recognition task was performed. Finally, the experimental data were analyzed by linear regression. The results showed that there was a significant negative association between the general social trust and the recognition accuracy of micro-expressions. These results further suggest individuals who have high general social trust may inhibit the recognition of micro-expressions to facilitate the cooperation and social cohesions.
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Advances in Psychology 心理学进展, 2022, 12(11), 3833-3840
Published Online November 2022 in Hans. http://www.hanspub.org/journal/ap
https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2022.1211464
文章引用: 彭坤领, 彭佳敏, 吴奇(2022). 一般社会信任与微表情识别准确率之间的关系.
心理学进展
, 12(11),
3833-3840. DOI: 10.12677/ap.2022.1211464
一般社会信任与微表情识别准确率之间的关系
彭坤领1,2彭佳敏1,2,吴 1,2*
1湖南师范大学教育科学学院心理学系,湖南 长沙
2湖南师范大学认知与人类行为湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙
收稿日期:20221017日;录用日期:20221111日;发布日期:20221118
微表情是一种持续时间很短暂的表情,表达了人们被压抑的真实情绪,通常在说谎情境中被观察到。过
往研究发现,催产素是信任的生理基础,催产素会增强社会信任,促进亲社会行为,而增加脑内催产素
的水平会显著降低微表情识别的准确率。这提示,个体一般社会信任越高,对微表情识别准确率就越低。
本研究通过一个行为研究对该假设进行了检验,其中自变量为一般社会信任,因变量为微表情识别的准
确率,协变量为性别、年龄、教育程度。研究通过WVS6V24题测量一般社会信任,并进行微表情识别
任务,最后对数据进行回归分析。结果表明,一般社会信任分数越高的个体,其微表情识别准确率就越
低,两者之间呈现显著负相关关系。这提示,高社会信任的个体,可能主动通过抑制对他人微表情的识
别来促进人际合作和社会整合。
关键词
微表情,宏表情,微表情识别,一般社会信任,催产素
The Relationship between General Social
Trust and the Accuracy of Micro-Expression
Recognition
Kunling Peng1,2, Jiamin Peng1,2, Qi Wu1,2*
1Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha Hunan
2Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha Hunan
Received: Oct. 17th, 2022; accepted: Nov. 11th, 2022; published: Nov. 18th, 2022
Abstract
Micro-expressions are expressions that last for a very short time and are used to express peoples
*
通讯作者。
彭坤领
DOI:
10.12677/ap.2022.1211464 3834
心理学进展
repressed real emotion, usually observed in a lying situation. Previous studies have found that
oxytocin is one of the physiological bases of trust, and has a certain impact on the accuracy of mi-
cro-expression recognition. In addition, oxytocin can enhance social trust and promote prosocial
behavior. Therefore, we speculated that the higher the general social trust, the lower the accuracy
of micro-expression recognition of others. Therefore, this study mainly explores the relationship
between general social trust and micro-expression recognition accuracy. This study is a correla-
tional study. The independent variable is general social trust, the dependent variable is accuracy
of micro-expression recognition, and the covariates are gender, age and education level. Firstly,
the general social trust was measured by question V24 of WVS6, and then the micro-expression
recognition task was performed. Finally, the experimental data were analyzed by linear regres-
sion. The results showed that there was a significant negative association between the general so-
cial trust and the recognition accuracy of micro-expressions. These results further suggest indi-
viduals who have high general social trust may inhibit the recognition of micro-expressions to fa-
cilitate the cooperation and social cohesions.
Keywords
Micro-Expression, Macro-Expression, Micro-Expression Recognition, General Social Trust,
Oxytocin
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
面部表情是人际交往中传达情绪和信息的一种重要手段,分为宏表情(macro-expression)和微表情
(micro-expression)宏表情是一种自发的面部表情,其特征包括高强度的面部肌肉运动和纹理变化,并具
有较长的持续时间(0.5 s 4 s 之间;Xia et al., 2020)与之相对,微表情则是一种持续时间非常短暂的表
情,持续时间一般少于 0.5 s (Yan et al., 2013)。它往往在个体试图隐藏或压抑自身情绪时出现,且难以自
主控制,我们可以借此判断个体是否说谎及其真实的想法和感受(吴奇等,2010)这使得微表情在国家安
全、临床医学、审讯和谈判等领域表现出巨大的应用价值(Wu et al., 2022; Zhang & Ognjen, 2021)。然而,
微表情识别的准确率却很低,这严重阻碍了我们对它的应用。虽然过往研究发现了一些影响微表情识别
的因素,例如性别、年龄、职业、文化和个体心理特征等,但我们对微表情识别机制的了解还非常有限
(殷明等,2016)
由于六种基本情绪的宏表情与微表情在外观上完全相似,与之相关的研究可以作为探明微表情识别
机制的基础(Takalkar et al., 2018)。宏表情识别已经是一个相当成熟的研究领域,对宏表情识别的过程研
究人员已经理解得较为深入(颜文靖等,2022),许多高效的自动识别算法也已经被付诸实践(Olufisayo, &
Serestina, 2021)。研究显示,微表情和宏表情的识别在生理基础上具有明显差异,例如,研究人员发现,
颞下回和额叶广泛区参与微表情和宏表情的识别,但其作用有非常显著的差异,而这些差异主要位于大
脑左半球(Shen et al., 2016)。研究人员还发现,虽然感觉运动模拟(sensor-motor simulation)会促进对宏表
情的识别(Wood et al., 2016),但其在微表情识别中的作用却完全不同,增加个体的面部模仿却会显著降
低对微表情的识别准确率,且这种抑制作用主要是由下半部脸的面部模仿导致的(吴奇等,2016; Zeng et al.,
2018)
近期有关催产素的研究进一步揭示了微表情和宏表情在基础神经生理系统上存在的显著差异。催产
Open Access
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DOI:
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素作为一种神经调节剂,广泛影响着与社会和情感过程相关的大脑区域(Ma et al., 2016; Quintana et al.,
2021)。以往研究显示,催产素作为一个促进亲社会行为的神经肽,其主要作用是促进人际间的信任和合
作,并降低对他人谎言的识别能力(Pfundmair et al., 2017),且该作用对内群体更强(Xu et al., 2019)。在对
宏表情识别的研究中,研究人员发现,鼻内催产素给药主要对识别快乐和恐惧的宏表情具有情绪特异性
增强效果(Shahrestani et al., 2013; Leppanen et al., 2017)。而在最近的一项研究中,通过鼻内催产素给药,
研究者首次发现了催产素可能显著削弱了对惊讶和厌恶等负性微表情的识别。这种对微表情识别的情绪
特异性抑制效果,进一步支持了催产素的社会适应性(Wu et al., 2022)。这提示,催产素可能是促进了对
内群体成员的信任,进而导致了鉴谎能力的降低,即个体对他人的信任水平越强,就越难识别与撒谎和
欺骗有关的微表情,而且这种效应主要表现在内群体上。目前,尚无研究对这一可能性进行过考察。
研究者可以通过明确信任和微表情识别的关系来检验该推测的合理性。考虑一般社会信任(general
social trust;对大多数人的信任)是人际信任的主要形式,由内群体信任(对有一定熟悉关系的人的信任)
外群体信任(对陌生人的信任)组成(Welzel & Delhey, 2005),我们在本研究中探讨一般社会信任对总体的
微表情识别准确率的影响,看是否一般社会信任越高,对他人微表情识别的准确率就越低。依据过往研
究,我们提出假设:一般社会信任和微表情识别准确率呈负相关关系。
2. 研究方法
2.1. 研究设计
本研究是一个相关研究,探究一般社会信任与微表情识别准确率之间的关系,其中自变量为一般社
会信任和微表情呈现时间(100 ms, 333 ms),因变量为微表情识别的准确率。其中一般社会信任为被试间
变量,微表情呈现时间为被试内变量,并将性别、年龄和教育程度作为协变量。
2.2. 被试
通过 G*power 软件计算样本数量,采用中等效应量 f = 0.15power = 0.95 为标准,计算后得出需要
132 名被试。我们最终招募了 132 名被试,由于部分被试未完成任务,最终保留有效 104 名被试的有效
数据(平均年龄为 24.09 ± 6.042 岁,其中 47 名男性、57 名女性),敏感性分析显示,在 power = 0.8 的情
况下,检测到的最小效应量为 f = 0.13。所有被试签署知情同意书。
2.3. 人脸材料
选用 BU-3DFE 人脸表情数据库中的 12 名模特图像(6 名黄种人,6名白种人)作为微表情识别任务的
刺激材料(Yin et al., 2006) 12 名模特在过去关于微表情的研究中被采用过,且实验结果表明他们在宏
表情的识别准确率上没有显著差异(Xie et al., 2019)。每个模特选择其表情强度被标定为高强度的六种基
本表情图像和中性表情图像,六种基本表情分别为悲伤、喜悦、惊讶、恐惧、愤怒、厌恶。并且使用 MATLAB
对所有刺激图像进行灰度归一化处理。在任务中所用的表情刺激图片为黄种人和白种人分别 42 张,共
84 张图像。将模特按照种族(白种人、亚洲人)分为四个集合,每个集合下分配三个模特,均有男、女、
亚洲人和白种人,再将四个集合分别与 100 ms 333 ms 两个时间水平形成交叉平衡的四个组合。
2.4. 微表情识别任务
微表情识别任务采用经典的 JACBART 范式进行微表情呈现(Matsumoto et al., 2000) (1):首先,
电脑显示器屏幕中央会出现一个+号,呈现 500 ms然后随机呈现一张模特的中性表情图片 1000 ms
紧接着快速呈现同一模特的基本表情图片之一,持续时间为 100 ms 333 ms目标图片出现后,再次呈
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现该模特的中性表情图片 1000 ms。最后,让被试在六种基本表情(悲伤、快乐、惊讶、恐惧、愤怒、厌
)和以上都不是这 7个选项中选择一项与刚呈现的目标表情相对应,并作出按键反应,不限制被试的作
答时间。
微表情识别任务采用交叉平衡方式使模特与呈现时间的结合顺序在被试间得到平衡。在任务过程中,
刺激图片为随机出现,被试识别一个刺激后立即出现下一个试次。
Figure 1. The program for the micro-expression recognition task
1. 微表情识别任务的流程
2.5. 一般社会信任的测量
采用世界价值观调查(World Values Survey 6,简称 WVS6)量表中的 V24 题测量一般社会信任。答案
采用 Aarøe 等人(2016)研究中的 11 分制计分法,其中 0表示越小心越好,10 表示大多数人可以信任,随
后,答案被归一化为 01之间的得分,较高的值表示较高的信任度。
2.6. 研究流程
被试首先填写性别、年龄、教育程度等控制变量信息,然后填写 WVS6 量表的 V24 题,最后进行微
表情识别任务。
3. 结果
采用 SPSS 软件对研究数据进行回归分析。
3.1. 一般社会信任与微表情识别准确率之间的关系
首先考察一般社会信任与总体微表情识别准确率之间的关系。结果显示(1),在 95%的置信区间
中,协变量年龄(B = 0.15, SE= 0.11, β = 0.14, t = 1.41, p = 0.161)教育程度(B = 0.54, SE = 0.82, β = 0.06,
t = 0.66, p = 0.513)对微表情识别准确率的预测情况不显著,性别(B = 3.26, SE = 1.24, β = 0.25, t = 2.63,
p = 0.010)对微表情识别准确率有一定的影响。一般社会信任分数对微表情识别准确率的预测具有显著性,
B = 9.49SE = 3.32β = 0.27,回归系数检验结果显示显著(t = 2.86, p = 0.005)结果表明本研究的自
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变量一般社会信任对因变量总体微表情识别准确率具有显著的预测性,且自变量和因变量之间呈显著负
相关关系。
Table 1. Relationship between overall micro-expression recognition accuracy and independent variables
1. 总体的微表情识别准确率与自变量之间的关系
非标准化系数 标准化系数 t p. B值的 95%置信区间
B SE Beta 下限 上限
一般社会信任 9.49 3.32 0.27 2.86 0.005 16.08 2.90
性别 3.26 1.24 0.25 2.63 0.010 5.71 0.80
年龄 0.15 0.11 0.14 1.41 0.161 0.06 0.37
教育程度 0.54 0.82 0.06 0.66 0.513 2.17 1.09
3.2. 不同呈现时间下一般社会信任与微表情识别之间的关系
进一步分析在不同呈现时间水平下,一般社会信任与微表情识别准确率的关系。结果显示(2)
100 ms 的呈现水平下(平均识别准确率 M = 0.41, SD = 0.09)一般社会信任不能显著预测微表情识别准
确率,B = 7.12SE = 4.68β = 0.154,回归系数检验结果显示不显著(t = 1.52, p = 0.131);在 333 ms
的呈现水平下(平均识别准确率 M = 0.49, SD = 0.08)一般社会信任能够显著预测微表情识别准确率,B =
11.78SE = 4.27β = 0.27回归系数检验结果显示显著(t = 2.76, p = 0.007)即一般社会信任与 333 ms
的微表情识别呈显著负相关关系。
Table 2. Relationship between micro-expression recognition accuracy and independent variables at different time levels
2. 不同时间水平下微表情识别准确率与自变量之间的关系
非标准化系数 标准化系数 t p. B值的 95%置信区间
B SE Beta 下限 上限
100 ms
一般社会信任 7.12 4.68 0.15 1.52 0.131 16.39 2.16
性别 2.98 1.74 0.17 1.71 0.09 6.44 0.48
年龄 0.11 0.15 0.07 0.69 0.49 0.20 0.41
教育程度 1.34 1.16 0.12 1.16 0.251 3.63 0.96
333 ms
一般社会信任 11.78 4.27 0.27 2.76 0.007 20.26 3.31
性别 3.50 1.59 0.21 2.20 0.03 6.66 0.34
年龄 0.20 0.14 0.15 1.46 0.147 0.07 0.48
教育程度 0.28 1.06 0.03 0.27 0.789 1.81 2.38
3.3. 内外团体的微表情识别与一般社会信任之间的关系
我们进一步分析一般社会信任与内外团体微表情识别准确率之间的关系。本研究采用的被试均为中
国人,因此黄种人作为识别目标时被归于内团体,而白种人作为识别目标时被归于外团体。结果显示(
3),对于内团体(平均识别准确率 M = 0.44, SD = 0.08),一般社会信任可以显著预测内团体的微表情识
别准确率,B = 11.93SE = 5.81β = 0.28,回归系数检验结果显示显著(t = 3.13, p = 0.002);对于外
团体(平均识别准确率 M = 0.45, SD = 0.08)一般社会信任不能显著预测外团体的微表情识别准确率,B =
6.97SE = 4.21β = 0.17,回归系数检验结果显示不显著(t = 1.63, p = 0.102)
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Table 3. Relationship between micro-expression recognition accuracy and independent variables in in-group and out-group
3. 内外团体的微表情识别准确率与自变量之间的关系
非标准化系数 标准化系数 t p B值的 95%置信区间
B SE Beta 下限 上限
内团体
一般社会信任 11.93 5.81 0.28 3.13 0.002 19.51 4.36
性别 4.05 3.82 0.26 2.84 0.005 6.87 1.22
年龄 0.33 1.42 0.25 2.63 0.01 0.81 0.57
教育程度 0.35 0.94 0.03 0.37 0.71 2.23 1.52
外团体
一般社会信任 6.97 4.22 0.17 1.63 0.102 15.34 1.40
性别 2.44 1.57 0.16 0.16 0.125 5.55 0.68
年龄 0.02 0.14 0.01 0.14 0.893 0.29 0.25
教育程度 0.70 1.04 0.07 0.67 0.503 2.77 1.37
4. 讨论
本文通过相关研究,探讨了一般社会信任与总体的微表情识别准确率之间的关系,即是否一般社会
信任分数越高,微表情识别准确率越低。
对于一般社会信任和微表情识别准确率之间的关系,研究结果显示,一般社会信任对微表情识别准
确率具有显著的预测性,且二者之间呈负相关。这表明,具有更高信任分数的个体,在微表情识别任务
中的表现却更差。本研究进一步探讨了一般社会信任与对内团体成员和对外团体成员的微表情识别准确
率之间的关系,发现了一般社会信任仅与内团体的微表情识别准确率的负相关关系。对于这些结果,一
种可能的解释是,微表情往往与欺骗或不信任等行为相关联(Wang et al., 2015),高信任的个体会主动抑
制对他人的微表情识别来促进社会联结(Irwin et al., 2009),而内团体成员作为人们主要的社会合作对象
(De Dreu & Kret, 2016),在识别其微表情时会表现出更强的抑制作用。
对于一般社会信任和不同时间水平下的微表情识别准确率的关系,结果显示,一般社会信任与 333 ms
时间水平下的微表情识别准确率呈现显著负相关关系,而与 100 ms 时间水平下的微表情识别准确率之间
的相关并不显著。我们推测,这可能是因为在 100 ms 条件下,更多是自下而上的加工,而只有在 333 ms
条件下,由个体信任所带来的自上而下的加工才能起作用(Young & Hugenberg., 2010),主动的对微表情
信号进行抑制。这个结果提示,高信任个体对微表情识别的抑制作用可能与主动的注意和动机过程有关
(Xie et al., 2019)
在过往研究中,Kosfeld 等人(2005)证明了催产素能够增加亲社会行为和信任。Wu 等人(2022)的研究
表明鼻内注入催产素显著降低了对惊讶和厌恶微表情的识别准确率,即催产素对微表情识别具有一定
抑制作用。与这些过往研究相结合,本研究进一步提示了催产素可能是通过提高信任水平进而损害了个
体的微表情识别能力,这进一步揭示了微表情识别的潜在机制。
5. 结论
综上所述,本研究通过控制性别、年龄、教育程度三个变量,在微表情识别的两个呈现时间水平下,
探究了一般社会信任对总体的微表情识别准确率的影响。研究结果提示,高社会信任的个体,可能会通
过主动抑制对他人微表情的识别,来促进人际交往中的信任与合作。本研究仍存在一些局限性,我们在
研究中采用了高强度微表情,然而这只是微表情的一种类型,如果将目标刺激换为低强度微表情(Zeng et
al., 2018),是否会得到一致的结果?此外,在未来的研究中,可以加入更多与微表情识别相关的控制变
彭坤领
DOI:
10.12677/ap.2022.1211464 3839
心理学进展
量,例如职业、面部反馈和个性心理特征等,还可以通过经典的博弈任务来进行与一般社会信任相关的
实验研究,以进一步探明其中的因果关系。
基金项目
由湖南省教育厅科学研究优秀青年项目(19B361)资助。
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