A review on medical advantages and chemical constituents of carica papaya linn.

Abstract

Papaya is an evergreen blossoming plant having rich characteristic thing; it is recognized to offer different therapeutic purposes of premium. The normal item is sound and delicious. The entire plant parts such as root, bark, peel, seeds, blooms, leaves, and squash are known to have helpful properties. It is utilized for the treatment of a various infections such as dengue fever, warts, corns, sinuses, skin inflammation, against diabetic, glandular tumors, blood pressure, digestive disorders, constipation, antibacterial, antifertility, anti-HIV, expel worms, invigorate regenerative organs and many, as needs be it can be seen as a nutraceutical. The present review focuses on salient features of nutritional composition, health benefits, medical advantages, and synthetic constituents of papaya.

Full text

Vol 11, Issue 9, 2018
Online - 2455-3891
Print - 0974-2441
A REVIEW ON MEDICAL ADVANTAGES AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF
CARICA PAPAYA LINN.
ANJANA GV*, PRIYA D, SRIMATHI R, SHANTHA KUMAR B
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Email: sh631983@gmail.com
Received: 30 April 2018, Revised and Accepted: 20 June 2018
ABSTRACT
Papaya is an evergreen blossoming plant having rich characteristic thing; it is recognized to offer different therapeutic purposes of premium. The
normal item is sound and delicious. The entire plant parts such as root, bark, peel, seeds, blooms, leaves, and squash are known to have helpful
properties. It is utilized for the treatment of a various infections such as dengue fever, warts, corns, sinuses, skin inflammation, against diabetic,
glandular tumors, blood pressure, digestive disorders, constipation, antibacterial, antifertility, anti-HIV, expel worms, invigorate regenerative organs
and many, as needs be it can be seen as a nutraceutical. The present review focuses on salient features of nutritional composition, health benefits,
medical advantages, and synthetic constituents of papaya.
Keyword: Papaya, Dengue fever, Antifungal activity, Anti-HIV activity.
INTRODUCTION
Papaya is developed broadly in all tropical and sub-tropical parts of the
world. Papaya has been viewed as a standout among the most profitable
tropical organic products that contain beta-carotene, protein, starch,
vitamins, and minerals. The papaya is a little, scantily expanded plant, for
the most part with a solitary stem developing from 5 to 10 m tall, leaves
are extensive, 0.5 to 0.7m in width, significantly palmately lobed, with
seven projections. Papaya common items have smooth skin, green, while
young turning yellow. The normal Philippine papaya is typically pear shape
around 0.1–0.4 m long on maturity [1]. Prepared papaya feels fragile, the
skin has yellowish shading, and when opened it has a sensitive orange-
yellowish tissue with different minimal dim seeds embedded at the vacant
core interest (Fig. 1) [2].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Medical advantages of papaya
Carica papaya leaves extracts for the treatment of dengue fever
[3-13]
Ahmad et al. have revealed an examination that the capacity of C. papaya
departs separate evacuates against dengue fever in Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. The patient was given 25 ml of leaves
extracts twice, day by day for 5 back to back days. It was noted in the
report the platelets check, white blood cells and neutrophils lessened
from 84.0% to 46.0%. In this way, the blood tests were rechecked after
the association of leaves evacuate, watched that the platelets tally, white
blood cells, and neutrophils extended from 46.0% to 78.3%.
Patil et al. decided the impact of C. papaya departs fluid concentrate
in expanding the platelet check-in thrombocytopenic rodent
display. Watery concentrate of C. papaya leaves at a grouping of
400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg were given to cyclophosphamide prompted
thrombocytopenic rats for a time of 15 days. Blood was pulled back
at different time interims to decide the platelet check. Likewise, the
coagulating time was resolved on the 15th day of the examination by
slender strategy. C. papaya leaf separate was found to increase the
platelet check and furthermore to diminish the coagulating time in rats.
The investigation goes for deciding the conceivable impacts of papaya
leaves in thrombocytopenia happening in dengue fever.
C. papaya health benefits for blood-related helpful issues [14-16]
Ikpeme et al. have reported an examination on the phytochemistry
and hematological capacity of the ethanol seed, leaf and mash think of
C. papaya in Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. In this examination,
it was perceived that the phytochemical substance in the seeds, leaf, and
mash of C. papaya was almost the same however in contrasting degrees.
It was likewise watched that the phytochemicals found in C. papaya by
and large improved the creation of certain blood parameters in treated
albino rats.
Antihyperglycemic effects of ethanol extracts of C. papaya [17-20]
Sasidharan et al. have revealed an examination on the phytochemicals
in C. papaya may have antihyperglycemic activity in Journal of
Natural Product Research. The ethanolic concentrates of C. papaya
and Pandanus amaryfollius were coordinated to a social occasion of
streptozotocin impelled diabetic rats to measure it’s against diabetic
effects. The examination prescribes that the phytochemical found in
C. papaya and P. amaryfollius might be in charge of the counter diabetic
well-being benefits.
C. papaya health benefits for digestive disorder [21-25]
Muss et al. have reported a study on the on the digestive disorders of
C. papaya in the journal of Biogenic Amines. Clinical trials including
volunteers with constant acid refluxes and dysfunctions in the
gastrointestinal tract were given papaya preparation. They were
contrasted with a control aggregate given a fake treatment. The
examination prescribes that gigantic change in the symptoms of acid
reflux and swelling for those under the papaya arranging when stood
out from the control gathering. The estimation of the constituents of
papaya and its health benefits were discussed in Table .1 and Table.2
respectively.
Antifungal activity [26-30]
Chavez-Quintal et al. have revealed an examination on the antifungal
activity of ethanolic extracts of C. papaya L. cv. Maradol leaves and seeds
of discarded ripe and unripe fruit in Indian Journal of Microbiology.
Seed extracts indicated inhibition of fungal activity against three
phytopathogenic growths: Rhizopus sto lonifer, Fusarium spp. also,
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.26992
Review Article

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Anjana et al.
and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Singh and Ali have reported
the antifungal movement of the methanolic concentrate of the seeds
indicated antifungal action against Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans,
and Penicillium citriniumin Indian diary of pharmaceutical sciences.
Papaya and pregnancy: Safety and side effects [31]
Adebiyi et al. have reported an investigation done in the Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the British Journal of Nutrition. In a
lab examine, the effects of prepared papaya blend (500 ml/l water)
and papaya foul latex to the uteri of pregnant Sprague Dawley rats
was diverged from a control aggregate given with water in a manner
of speaking. Results have shown that ready papaya has no threatening
or perceptible responses, while the rough latex incited convulsive
narrowing of the uterine muscles. The examination prescribes that
common usage of ready papaya and pregnancy may not represent any
noteworthy threat speak to any gigantic hazard. The unripe or semi-
ready papaya could be unsafe in pregnancy.
Antihelminthic and antiamoebic activity of C. papaya seeds
[22,32-34]
Okeniyi et al. have uncovered the ampleness of dried C. papaya seeds
against human intestinal parasitosis in the Journal of Medicinal
Food. The patient was given either dried seeds of C. papaya blended
with nectar or nectar alone. 76.7% of the individuals who were given
nectar blended with dried seeds of papaya were cleared of parasites
following 7 days while 16.7% of the individuals who took nectar alone.
This examination reasons that air-dried C. papaya seeds are strong in
treating human intestinal parasites and without critical side effects.
Anticancer and immunomodulatory activity of C. papaya [35-37]
Otsuki et al. have detailed that liquid plan of C. papaya leaf extricates
have basic improvement inhibitory activity on tumor cell lines in
the Journal of Ethnopharmacology. The examination additionally
proposes that C. papaya leaf concentrate may conceivably give way to
the treatment and anticipation of chose human illnesses, for example,
growth, different unfavorably susceptible scatters, and may likewise fill
in as immune adjuvant for antibody therapy.
Fauziya and Krishnamurthy papaya (2013) reported the anticancer
activity of papaya in CIB Tech JPharm Sic. A papaya in vitro thinks
about demonstrates that it will treat numerous disease cell line and
papaya physiochemical having anticancer exercises. Papaya is rich in
compound papain which is viable against growth. Papain separates the
fibrin disease cell divider furthermore, protein into the amino corrosive
frame. Other than papain, it, moreover, contains lycopene which
exceedingly receptive toward oxygen and free radical. Isothiocyanate
present in Papaya is powerful against lung, pancreas and prostate
cancer. These chemicals fit of restraining both arrangement and
improvement of disease cell.
Antibacterial and wound healing effect of C. papaya [38-41]
Dawkins et al. have distributed an article on the antibacterial
development of C. papaya natural product remove against fundamental
damage life shapes in the West Indian Medical Journal. They reported
seed isolates from the organic product showed obstruction of bacterial
development against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus
faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, and Shigella flexneri.
This examination prescribes that C. papaya has antibacterial effects that
could be profitable in treating perpetual skin ulcers to advance healing.
Islam et al. have reported antibacterial activity of the latex of papaya
against Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, Agrobacterium sp., and Rhizobium sp. in
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.
Antifertility activity [42,43]
Poharkar et al. revealed that the counter fruitfulness impacts of C. papaya
were analyzed by bolstering grown-up and pregnant rodent with various
parts of the natural product in the journal herb med toxicology. No
endeavor was made to forcibly feed the creature, and the outcome showed
that the unripe fruit interfered with the estrous cycle and instigated fetus
removal. This impact vanished as the organic product wound up stale or
over riped. Chloroform concentrate of C. papaya seeds initiated long haul
azoospermia in drowsiness monkey. Papaya additionally demonstrated
the counter implantation and abortifacient effect.
Antisickling activity [44-47]
Mojisola et al. reported antisickling properties of C. papaya fruit pulp in
refined water, methanol, and chloroform utilizing sodium metabisulfite
in Journal of Natural product. Sickle cell sickness comes about because
of a transformation in hemoglobin inside the red platelets, where a
glutamic acid at sixth position is replaced by valine.
Hepatoprotective effect [48-50]
Sadeque et al. have revealed the hepato cautious impacts of dried
natural products of papaya against carbon tetrachloride prompted
hepatotoxicity and it contrasted and that of Vitamin-E. The outcomes
affirmed that C. papaya and Vitamin E exhibited gigantic hepato security
against CCl4 instigated hepatotoxicity, anyway C. papaya demonstrated
more tremendous changes in alkaline phosphatase level than Vitamin
E. Rajkapoor et al. reported the effect of C. papaya on hepatotoxicity
in the biological and pharmaceutical bulletin. The ethanol and aqueous
extracts of C. papaya showed remarkable hepatoprotective activity
against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
Antineoplastic activity [17,51,52]
Praveena et al. reported antineoplastic activity of hydroethanolic
concentrate of unripe fruit of papaya utilizing animal model in Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. This examination
was embraced to screen the effect of administration of different
measurements of a hydroethanolic concentrate of the unripe product of
papaya against Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma (DAL) in Swiss albino mice.
In this examination, hydroethanolic concentrate of papaya indicated
significant antitumor activity against DAL cell line induced malignant
ascites tumor animals.
Antioxidant and Anticancer activities of Hexane fraction from
papaya male flower [53-59]
Sianipar et al. reported antioxidant and anticancer activities of hexane
fraction from papaya male flower in Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical
and Clinical Research. The antioxidant activity was completed utilizing
the α,α-diphenyl-β- picrylhydrazyl technique and the anticancer
potential movement was completed utilizing 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-.
Fig. 1: Carica papaya tree, flower, and ripe fruit
Table 1: Healthful estimation of 100 mg of papaya fruit [77]
Contents Green papaya Ripe papaya
Protein 600 mg 700 mg
Fat 100 mg 200 mg
Mineral 500 mg 500 mg
Carbohydrate 720 mg 570 mg
Fiber 800 mg 900 mg
Energy 32 Kcal 27 Kcal
Total carotene 2740 μm 0
Beta-carotene 888 μm 0

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2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide examines to check the cytotoxic
movement on WiDr (colon malignancy cell) and Vero cell (typical cell).
Phytochemical screening of the hexane portion from the male blossom
of papaya hints at solid triterpenoids and steroids, while the IC50 of
cancer prevention agent esteem was 100.81±1.180 µg/ml cytotoxic
impact demonstrates that the hexane portion of papaya male blossom
had selectivity to WiDr cell.
Antimicrobial activity of C. papaya [60-64]
Baskaran et al. assessed the subjective examination of phytochemicals
and antimicrobial action of different dissolvable concentrates of
C. papaya. The antimicrobial exercises of distinctive dissolvable
concentrates of C. papaya were tried against the Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacterial strains and growth by watching the zone of a
hindrance. The Gram-positive microorganisms utilized as a part of the
test were S. aureus, B. cereus, and Micrococcus luteus, and the Gram-
negative microorganisms were E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and
the fungus used in the test were Aspergillus niger, A.flavus, C.albicans,
Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida kefyr.
Sumathi detailed (2014) phytochemical investigation and in vitro
antimicrobial action of fluid and dissolvable concentrates of C. papaya
against clinical pathogens in Int J Adv Res Biol Science. The dried
powdered plant material is subjected to dissolvable extraction
utilizing the solvents chilly water, high temperature water, and ethanol.
Antimicrobial measure of plant remove against clinical segregates by
AWD examines. Just the leaf separates demonstrated inhibitory impact
against C. albicans, though stem and root extricates were ineffectual.
Among the leaf, stem, and root separates, the leaf remove is found to
display more antimicrobial movement than the stem and root.
Anti-HIV activity of C. papaya [2,65-76]
Rashed et al. (2013) proclaimed phytochemical screening of the polar
concentrates of C. papaya Linn and the evaluation of the anti-HIV-1
advancement in J Appl Ind Sci. The methanol and watery concentrates of
C. papaya were striven for their against HIV-1 activity using the syncytia
advancement test. The outcomes have shown that C. papaya methanol
and fluid concentrates have quiet limit as debilitating to HIV-1 directors.
Table 2: Therapeutic uses of papaya [78]
Part Preparation Therapeutic uses
Peel Utilization of peel with a little drain and nectar Protects, soothe, and moisturize the skin
Apply peel as the face veil for around 20 min To get rid of blemishes on the skin and face
Absorb cut papaya vinegar for half a month. Expel the peel, and this
readiness can be connected with lemon juice to the scalp for 20 min
preceding shampooing
Against dandruff
Peel stewed in olive oil, almond oil, and rose oil, and the subsequent
papaya oil rubbed into the skin and use with nectar and rose water
Works as skin toner and skin cleanser
Fruit Eat new ready papaya toward the beginning of the day Indigestion, clogging, farts, enhance hunger
Apply unripe papaya squeeze on influenced zone Pimples, skin inflammation, mouth ulcer
Ripe fruit Utilized to treat mouth ulcer and toothache
Unripe fruit Prophylactic in some Asian nations.
Soup made from fish and nearly ripen fruit In Southern China, lactating moms drink the soup to enhance
drain stream
Leaves Wash the leaf and cut into little pieces squeeze the mash and channel
with the fabric
Two tablespoons serving for every day
Can cure dengue fever
Leaves of papaya Used for dressing wounds and injuries, treating nervous pains,
and elephantoid growths
Root A decoction shaped by heating up the external piece of the roots Cure of dyspepsia
The sinapism prepared from the root of the plant Beneficial in treating the tumors of uterus
Root infusion Used for syphilis in Africa and reduce urine concretions
Seeds Crisp or dry pulverized seeds Bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and fungicidal
Take half ground papaya seed with warm water early in the prior day
breakfast, take after 2 h with 50 ml castor oil and 350 ml drain on a
void stomach, and take this for 2–4 days
Expel intestinal worms
Flowers The blossoms from the plant Utilized as a part of treating jaundice
Latex Latex of plant Utilized as a part of curing psoriasis and ringworm in Cuba. It
is additionally utilized as a neighborhood sterile in numerous
parts of the world. Papaya latex, likewise utilized as dyspepsia
cure
Table 3: Some restorative employments of papaya plant as
specified in antiquated Ayurveda literature [79,80]
Parts Medicinal aid
Latex Anthelmintic soothes dyspepsia, cure looseness of
the bowels, agony of consumes and topical utilize,
draining hemorrhoids, stomachic, whooping hack
Ripe Fruits Stomachic, stomach related, carminative, diuretic,
looseness of the bowels and interminable the runs,
expectorant, calming and tonic, eases stoutness,
draining heaps, and injuries of the urinary tract
Unripe fruit Purgative, diuretic, dried juice decreases developed
spleen and liver, utilized as a part of snakebite to
evacuate harm, abortifacient, and antibacterial action
Seeds Carminative, emmenagogue, vermifuge,
abortifacient, counter aggravation, as glue in the
treatment of ringworm and psoriasis, antifertility
operators in guys.
Seed Juice Draining heaps and amplified liver and spleen
Root Abortifacient, diuretic, checking unpredictable
seeping from the uterus, heaps, antifungal movement
Leaves Youthful leaves as vegetable, jaundice (fine glue),
urinary protestations and gonorrhea (implantation),
dressing wounds (crisp leaves), antibacterial
action, vermifuge in colic, fever, beriberi, fetus
removal (imbuement), and asthma (smoke)
Flowers Jaundice, emmenagogue, febrifuge, and pectoral
properties
Stem bark Jaundice, hostile to hemolytic action, sore
teeth (inward bark), against parasitic action

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Anjana et al.
Nutritional value of papaya plant
Papaya is a sensibly surveyed standard thing has high nutritive respect.
It is low in calories and rich in normal vitamins and minerals. The
relative low calories content effects this most needed to ordinary thing
for hefty individuals who are into weight diminish organization. The
nutritional values and the chemical constituents of papaya plant were
tabulated in Table.3 and Table.4 respectively.
CONCLUSION
Papaya plant is fundamentally utilized as the food ingredient all
through the world in light of its foods grown from the ground nutritive
esteem. From the above examinations about the papaya plant exhibits
that its leaves, seeds, roots, blossoms, ready, and unripe fruit juices
were used as a customary drug. By the conventional cases, papaya is
a capable pharmaceutical. Critical measure of work has been done
on the biological activities and the uses of substance constituents,
consequently broad examination on its pharmacodynamics, energy,
appropriate institutionalization, clinical trials are expected to abuse the
healing utility to fight diverse disorders.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We sincerely thank the SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai,
for their continuous support and cooperation to carry out this work.
AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors contributed equally to this work.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have none to declare.
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weight
Molecular
formula
1 Decylene 140 C10H2O
2 Trans-Geranylacetone 194 C13H22O
3 Methyl tridecanoate 228 C14H28O2
4 Palmitic acid 256 C16H32O2
5 Methyl tetradecanoate 242 C15H30O2
6 Myristic acid 228 C14H28O2
7 Methyl palmitate 270 C17H34O2
8 Hexadecanoic acid 256 C16H32O2
9 Methyllinolelaidate 294 C19H34O2
10 Methyl cis-6-octadecenoate 296 C19H36O2
11 Stearic acid, methyl ester 298 C19H38O2
12 Oleic acid 282 C18H34O2
13 Stearic acid 284 C18H36O2
14 15-Tetracosenoic acid 380 C25H48O2
15 Methyl heptacosanoate 424 C28H56O2
16 trans-13-Docosenoic acid 338 C22H42O2
17 Methyl erucate 352 C23H44O2
18 Methyl behenate 354 C23H46O2
19 Heneicosanoic acid, methyl
ester
340 C22H44O2
20 Farnesyl cyanide 410 C30H50
C. papaya: Carica papaya

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