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J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 1-12
Research Article Open Access
Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease
1Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar, Punjab-143001
2Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar, Punjab-143001
3Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar, Punjab-143001
4Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar, Punjab-143001
Nitika Chaudhary1, Satinder Kaur1, Nishant Kumar2, Prince Ahad Mir3*, Priyanka4, Abhay Sharma2 and Naman Sethi4
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
& Reports
*Corresponding author
Dr. Prince Ahad Mir, Assistant Professor Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
Orcid Id: 0000-0001-6512-9866
Received: July 24, 2023; Accepted: August 02, 2023; Published: October 09, 2023
Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease, Memory, Antioxidant, Anti-
Inammatory, Essential Oils
Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological
disorder that affects the brain, leading to memory loss, cognitive
decline, and changes in behavior. It is the most commoform
of dementia, a group of disorders characterized by the loss of
cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life
activities [1]. Named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who rst described
the disease in 1906, Alzheimer’s primarily affects older adults,
although it can also occur in individuals as young as their 30s
or 40s [2].
The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood,
but it is believed to involve a complex interaction between
genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors [3]. The disease
is characterized by the buildup of abnormal protein structures
in the brain, including beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles,
which disrupt the normal communication between brain cells and
eventually lead to their degeneration and death [4].
The early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease often include mild
memory loss, confusion, and difculty with language and problem-
solving [5]. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience
signicant memory impairment, disorientation, personality
changes, and difculty carrying out everyday tasks. In advanced
stages, individuals may become unable to recognize loved ones,
communicate effectively, or even perform basic self-care activities
[6].
Globally, it is estimated that around 50 million people are living
with dementia, and the majority of cases are due to Alzheimer’s
disease. The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is expected to
increase signicantly in the coming years due to aging populations
and other factors [7]. In India, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s
disease is also on the rise as the population ages. According to a
study published in the journal Lancet Neurology in 2020, it was
estimated that there were around 4.1 million people living with
dementia in India. This number is expected to rise to approximately
7.6 million by 2030 and 13.4 million by 2050, primarily due to
population aging [8].
The understanding of the aetiology and pathophysiology of the
infection is currently insufcient, and the current approach focuses
on providing symptomatic relief and addressing the associated
cognitive impairments. The neuro-pathophysiological markers
ISSN: 2754-5008
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterised by cognitive decline and progressive memory deterioration. Multiple hypotheses
have been proposed to elucidate the pathophysiology of the phenomenon in question. At present, there exists a limited number of pharmaceutical interventions
for the management of Alzheimer’s disease, with the treatment options primarily focused on alleviating symptoms rather than addressing the underlying
causes of the condition. e objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the pertinent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research pertaining
to the potential therapeutic applications of essential oils in the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Data was collected by conducting a search in scientic
databases, including google scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed. A comprehensive investigation was undertaken to explore the utilisation of diverse
essential oils in various models of Alzheimer’s disease. e ndings of our literary investigation indicate promising outcomes concerning the diverse essential
oils that have been examined in research on Alzheimer’s disease. ese oils have demonstrated notable eects in regulating the disease’s pathology through
their anti-amyloid, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and memory-enhancement properties.
Citation: Nitika Chaudhary, Satinder Kaur, Nishant Kumar, Prince Ahad Mir, Priyanka, et al. (2023) Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 2-12
associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include amyloid
beta (Aβ), phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), glial brillary acidic
protein (GFAP), and neurolament light [9,10]. The primary
features of neurotic pathology include neuroinammation, the
buildup of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, the formation
of intracellular neurobrillary tangles, the deterioration of
tau proteins, and the progressive loss of neural tissue leading
to cognitive decline [11]. The amyloid, also known as senile
plaques, is composed of proteinaceous components referred
to as Aβ-peptides. These peptides are generated through the
cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The amyloid
precursor protein (APP) undergoes sequential cleavage by two
enzymes, namely γ-secretase and β-secretase (BACE1), resulting
in the production of three prominent amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins,
namely Aβ-38, Aβ-40, and Aβ-42. According to the “amyloid
hypothesis,” the accumulation of Aβ in the brain leads to the
formation of neurobrillary tangles through the process of tau
hyperphosphorylation, initiating various complex biochemical
reactions such as local inammation, cytokine release, oxidative
stress, and excitotoxicity [12]. Astrocytes play essential roles
in the development and plasticity of neurotransmitters, redox
metabolism, and the maintenance of synaptic homeostasis for
neurotransmitters and ions [13]. Research ndings indicate that
mitochondrial function plays a signicant role in the ageing
process, potentially increasing the susceptibility to Alzheimer’s
disease (AD). The presence of mitochondrial dysfunction plays
a role in the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in
signicant oxidative damage and the advancement of amyloid
pathology [14].
Medicinal plants gained signicant recognition due to their
comparatively reduced adverse effects in comparison to synthetic
medications, as well as their possession of anti-inammatory and
antioxidant properties [15]. Numerous studies have documented
the utilisation of medicinal plants, such as Centella asiatica,
Ginkgo biloba, Bacopa monnieri, Desmodium gangeticum,
Emblica ofcinalis, Cuminum cyminum, Ficus religiosa, Melissa
ofcinalis, Rosmarinus ofcinalis, and Piper nigrum, in the
treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [16]. Plants serve as an abundant
and diverse reservoir of active compounds, which are harnessed
for their therapeutic properties in the management of various
disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease [17].
Material and Methods
Data was collected by conducting a search on scientic databases,
including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar,
covering the period from 2000 to June 2023. The keywords that
were utilised for the search included Alzheimer’s disease, essential
oils (EOs), the amyloid hypothesis, neurotrophic factors (NTFs),
antioxidants, acetylcholinesterase, and dementia. A comprehensive
investigation was undertaken to explore the diverse range of
essential oils employed in various models of Alzheimer’s disease.
The inclusion criteria encompassed scholarly articles pertaining to
investigations involving human and animal subjects, clinical trials,
and research specically focused on plant-based interventions for
neurodegenerative disorders. Nevertheless, the study excluded
review articles and letters to the editor. The elimination of duplicate
articles was carried out.
Table 1: List of Essential Oil with Respect to Their Anti-Alzheimer’s Intervention
S.NO. Name of Oils Study Design Results References
1. Lavender Oil ICV Aβ (1-42) induced AD in rats Reduced Aβ(1-42) induced memory and cognitive
ability
[18]
2. Scopolamine-induced amnesia model in
rats
Hindered depression, anxiety, and memory decits [19]
3. Peppermint Oil Scopolamine-induced amnesia model in
rats
Improved spatial and working memory, anti-
amnesic effect, enhance long term memory
[20]
4. Eucalyptus Oil Cell culture propagation induction of
RAW267.4 macrophages
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory,
analgesic and anti-inammatory properties
[21]
5. Citrus Oil Scopolamine-induced amnesia model in
rats
Improved cholinergic neurotransmission, anti-
amnesic effect, antioxidant, enhanced activation of
β-actin signaling
[22]
6. Siparuna Oil AchE assay, DPPH assay Anti-inammatory, antioxidant and strong
anticholinesterase activity
[23]
7. Cinnamon Oil AchE assay, tau assay Improved memory and learning, decrease tau-
protein phosphorylation and amyloid plaque, anti-
inammatory, anticholinesterase.
[24]
8. Kaempferia Oil AchE assay, DPPH assay Anti-microbial, nematicidal, anti-neoplastic
mosquito-repellent, whitening ability, antioxidant,
genotoxicity, anti-inammatory and anti-
cholinesterase activity
[25]
9. Lepechinia Oil AchE assay, DPPH assay Antioxidant, anti-inammatory and
anticholinesterase activity
[26]
10. Salvia Oil Scopolamine-induced AD like-disorders Antioxidant, anticholinesterase, decrease amyloid-
beta deposition, enhance cognition
[27]
11. Ginger Oil DPPH assay, H2O2 assay Antioxidant, anti-alzheimer, anti-inammatory [28]
12. Cherimoya Oil AchE assay, DPPH assay Antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antibacterial activity,
inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
[29]
13. Diplosthephium
Oil
AChE and BuChE assay, DPPH assay Antioxidant activity, inhibitory activity against
AChE and BuChE
[30]
Citation: Nitika Chaudhary, Satinder Kaur, Nishant Kumar, Prince Ahad Mir, Priyanka, et al. (2023) Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 3-12
14. Fennel Oil AchE assay Acetylcholinesterase by improving learning and
memory ability, anxiolytic
[31]
15. Coriander Oil Aβ (1-42) induced rats’ model of AD Antioxidant, anti-analgesic, improved memory and
cognition
[32]
16. Olive Oil Scopolamine-induced AD model in rats Improved spatial and working memory,
antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-alzheimer
[33]
17. Zataria Oil ICV Aβ (25-35)-induced AD in rats Reversed Aβ-induced learning decits, antioxidant,
anti-inammatory, anti-cholinesterase activities
[34]
18. Juniper Oil ICV Aβ (1-42)-induced AD in rats Reduced memory impairment, antioxidant, anti-
cholinesterase activities
[35]
19. Paeonia Oil Scopolamine-induced memory decits,
depression and anxiety in rat model of AD
Hindered depression, anxiety and memory decits [36]
20. Clove Oil ICV colchicine-induced A D in rats Reversed memory impairment, restored levels
of ACh and antioxidants, reduced inammation
mitochondrial dysfunction
[37]
Lavender Oil
Lavender (Lavandula ofcinalis Chaix), a member of the
Lamiaceae family, is an aesthetically pleasing herb commonly
found in gardens [38]. The composition of the substance includes
camphor, terpinen-4-ol, linalool, linalyl acetate, beta-ocimene,
and 1,8-cineole [38]. The quantity and curative properties of its
ingredients vary across various species. Linalool and linalyl acetate
exhibit notable and signicant skin absorption characteristics
when applied during massage, resulting in a depressive effect on
the central nervous system. Linalool exhibits sedative properties,
while linalyl acetate demonstrates pronounced narcotic effects.
Both of these effects may potentially account for its utilisation in
lavender-infused pillows for individuals with anxiety and disrupted
sleep patterns. This application has been observed to enhance
overall emotional state, promote cognitive attentiveness, and
mitigate aggressive tendencies and anxiety [39]. Lavender oil
exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties against a variety
of bacterial species, particularly in cases where conventional
antibiotics prove ineffective. However, the precise mechanisms
underlying these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. The
literature extensively documents the application of lavender
essential oil in aromatherapy for various therapeutic purposes,
including the management of abrasions, burns, stress, headaches,
promotion of new cell growth, skin problems, alleviation of
muscular pain, and enhancement of the immune system [40].
The aforementioned oil is utilised for the management of primary
dysmenorrheal and has demonstrated encouraging outcomes in
a randomised, double-blind clinical trial [41, 42]. The efcacy
of Lavender essential oil (EO) in enhancing cognitive functions
such as learning and memory can be attributed to its antioxidative
properties, which assist in avoiding oxidative damage, as well as
its anti-apoptotic properties [43]. The essential oil derived from
lavender exhibits a potential anti-dementia impact on memory due
to its antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit Aβ-aggregation,
neuronal dysfunction, and reduction in non-aggressive physical
behaviours in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.
Peppermint Oil
Peppermint, scientically known as Mentha piperita Linn. (M.
piperita), is classied within the botanical family Lamiaceae.
To date, a total of 600 varieties of mints have been cultivated,
originating from 25 distinct species. The two most signicant
species in the context are peppermint (Mentha piperita) and
spearmint (Mentha spicata). Spearmint possesses a robust
fragrance characterised by a pleasant sweetness accompanied by
a distinct mentholic subnote [44]. The foliage of the Mentha plant
is recognised for its oil content, which constitutes approximately
2% of its overall composition. This particular oil is commonly
recognised as the second most notable natural balm, ranking just
below citrus oil in terms of prominence. Its primary constituent
is menthol, which is responsible for its medicinal properties.
Peppermint oil contains a minimum of 44% free menthol [45].
The supplementary components of essential oil (EO) encompass
menthone, menthofuran, carvone, menthyl acetate, D-limonene,
and 1, 8-cineole. Additionally, the substance comprises of acidic
compounds and phenolic acids, namely caffeic acid, p-coumaric
acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid,
m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, along with avonoids such as
naringin, luteolin, and riboavin, as well as monoterpene epoxide
like cis-carvone oxide, and tannins [46]. The sensitivity of these
components is inuenced by factors such as climate, latitude,
and plant maturity. The act of inhaling or topically applying
menthol has been observed to elicit a dermatological response
[47]. The compound is commonly employed in various liniment
formulations for the purpose of alleviating pain, muscle spasms,
and arthritic conditions. Peppermint oil has been the subject
of research and documentation due to its various therapeutic
properties, including anti-inammatory, analgesic, anti-infectious,
antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, digestive,
carminative, fungicidal effects, nervine stimulant, vasoconstrictor,
decongestant, and stomachic properties [48].
Eucalyptus Oil
Eucalyptus globulus, a member of the Myrtaceae family, has been
employed for its oil in the management of different conditions
such as neuralgia, headaches, and fatigue. The essential oil
of Eucalyptus globulus consists primarily of aromadendrene,
limonene, terpinene, cineole (comprising 70% to 85% of the
oil), pinene, cymene, and phellandrene [49]. The essential oil
derived from Eucalyptus globulus has been found to enhance the
immune system’s response to measles, inuenza, the common
cold, and chickenpox [50]. Additionally, it has demonstrated
efcacy in treating leucorrhea, cystitis affecting the genitourinary
system, catarrh, and throat infections such as coughs, bronchitis,
asthma, and sinusitis associated with the respiratory system
[51]. Furthermore, dermatological conditions such as wounds,
lacerations, thermal injuries, herpes infections, pediculosis,
insect repellency, and insect bites can be effectively treated
using Eucalyptus essential oil. The Eucalyptus essential oil (EO)
possesses comprehensive properties that make it suitable for
the management of rheumatoid arthritis, as well as muscle and
joint pain and discomfort [52]. The utilisation of Eucalyptus
essential oil (EO) has been extensively documented in the
literature for its effectiveness in managing rheumatoid arthritis,
Citation: Nitika Chaudhary, Satinder Kaur, Nishant Kumar, Prince Ahad Mir, Priyanka, et al. (2023) Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 4-12
muscle pain, joint pain, and inammation [53]. The essential oil
derived from Eucalyptus exhibits antibacterial properties, protects
against oxidative damage, possesses anti-proliferative and anti-
inammatory effects. Its efcacy has been demonstrated in the
treatment of various metabolic and infectious diseases [54]. The
essential oil derived from Eucalyptus demonstrates promising
therapeutic effects against a range of diseases and has the potential
to be utilised in the treatment of complex medical conditions
[55, 56]. The process of cell culture propagation results in the
activation of RAW264.7 macrophages, which is responsible for
the initiation of an inammatory response [57]. The application
of Eucalyptus essential oil (EO) at varying concentrations of 25,
50, and 100 µg/ml has been found to exhibit noteworthy attributes
such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, analgesic,
and anti-inammatory properties [58].
The inhibitory effect of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EO) on
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in vitro has been documented
[59]. Furthermore, previous research conducted on cellular models
has identied the presence of anti-cholinesterase activity in both
1,8-cineole and α-pinene [60, 61]. Furthermore, a recent study
reported the inhibitory activity of eucalyptus essential oil (EO)
on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the hippocampus region of
the rat brain exhibiting psychotic symptoms [62]. Furthermore,
the cortical mRNA levels of enzymes associated with the
metabolism of acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed in animals
with induced amnesia using scopolamine. It was observed that
the administration of α-pinene reversed the reduction in mRNA
levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), an enzyme responsible
for the synthesis of Ach [63]. Nevertheless, the administration
of scopolamine did not result in any signicant changes in the
mRNA levels of AChE, regardless of the presence or absence
of α-pinene. The aforementioned studies have demonstrated the
neuroprotective properties of E. globulus essential oil (EO) and
its primary constituents, as they possess the ability to effectively
inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
Citrus Oil
The lemon, belonging to the Rutaceae family, holds signicant
importance as a medicinal plant. The primary purpose of cultivating
Lemon is to obtain its alkaloids, which have demonstrated
anticancer properties [64]. Additionally, research has indicated
that crude extracts from various parts of the Lemon plant, such
as owers, stem, roots and leaves possess an antibacterial effect
against potentially harmful bacterial strains [65].
Citrus avonoids exhibit a wide range of biological activities,
encompassing antiviral, antidiabetics, antibacterial, anticancer
and antifungal properties. The essential oil obtained from the
plant also possess prominent therapeutic effects and is primarily
composed of terpenes, specically d-limonene and l-limonene,
which collectively make up approximately 90% of the total oil
content. Additionally, it has been observed that there are traces of
phellandrene, pinene, and sesquiterpene [66]. The remaining 10
percent of the oil is considered to be the valuable fraction, primarily
composed of oxygenated compounds, particularly the aldehyde
citral. This aldehyde is responsible for the predominant odour of
the oil, with approximately 3.5% to 5% of the oil’s composition
being attributed to its aromatic presence [67]. In comparison to
other types of essential oils, the constituents of this particular
oil possess antiseptic, astringent, and detoxifying properties that
are benecial for addressing blemishes commonly associated
with oily skin [68]. The oil possesses the ability to enhance and
revitalise lacklustre skin. Lemon essential oil is primarily utilised
for enhancing immune function and promoting the production
of white blood cells. It also aids in neutralising acidity and
treating ulcers due to its citric acid content, which facilitates
digestion by generating potassium and calcium carbonates and
bicarbonates [69]. A recent clinical trial employing a double-
blinded, randomised, controlled design has indicated that the use
of citrus oil in aromatherapy may be benecial for alleviating pain
during the initial stage of labour. The efcacy of this treatment
in managing nausea and vomiting, as well as its potential to
improve mood, has been demonstrated in previous studies [70,71].
Additionally, it has been claimed that lemon essential oil inuences
vitamin E’s antioxidant activity and enhances the condition of
blood vessels close to the skin. Despite the paucity of studies on the
use of aromatherapy in senile dementia, it has been hypothesised
that aromatherapy may result in some sense of relief and the
capacity to respond to outside stimuli, removing the block to
action that exists in this condition [72].
Siparuna Oil
Siparuna muricata is a member of the botanical family Siparunaceae,
which possesses notable economic, medicinal, and phytochemical
importance. The Siparunaceae family encompasses a variety of
leafy plant species that have been traditionally employed in the
eld of medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments,
fever, cough, and rheumatism. Additionally, these plants are
utilised as a source of timber [73]. The optional substances found
in the methanolic concentrate of these species include cardiac
glycosides, sesquiterpene lactone, alkaloids, coumarins, steroids,
avonoids, and tannins [74,75]. The in-vitro investigation of
Siparuna muricata essential oil (EO) has demonstrated its efcacy
in inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth, as well as its antioxidant
properties and potent anticholinesterase activity. A study was
conducted by researchers to examine the correlation between
the essential oil derived from Siparuna guianensis Aubl. and
the activity of acetylcholinesterase. The aim of the study was
to discover a potentially new bioactive compound that could be
employed in the therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer’s disease
[76]. The investigation of the inhibitory mechanism involved the
analysis of spectrouorimetric interactions between the enzyme
and essential oil, 1H NMR titration, and molecular docking.
The uorescence quenching titration method was utilised for the
investigation of the binding mechanism in the experiment. The
ndings of the study revealed that a signicant portion of the
binding process demonstrated an exothermic behaviour, which was
characterised by a favourable alteration in enthalpy. Additionally,
it was observed that the participation of hydrogen bonds and
van der Waals forces played a substantial role in this binding
interaction. Upon conducting the titration of acetylcholinesterase
with the inhibitor solution, a notable observation was made
regarding the peaks associated with shyobunone/derivative.
These peaks displayed a gradual shift towards the high eld.
The observed change is suggestive of the phenomenon known as
hydrogen shielding. The aforementioned discovery suggests that
the interaction between the inhibitor and acetylcholinesterase is
mediated by hydrogen bonds [77].
Cinnamon Oil
Cinnamomum zeylanicum is a member of the Lauraceae family.
Cinnamomum species are commonly used as sources of natural
antioxidants, primarily due to their signicant phenolic content
resulting from the presence of avonoids and proanthocyanidins
[78]. The foliage and outer layer of Cinnamomum zeylanicum
possess signicant quantities of (E)-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-
cinnamylacetate, and eugenol. In addition, (E)-cinnamaldehyde,
Citation: Nitika Chaudhary, Satinder Kaur, Nishant Kumar, Prince Ahad Mir, Priyanka, et al. (2023) Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 5-12
the prominent constituent present in the bark oil derived from C.
zeylanicum, exhibits diverse bioactive properties. The essential
oil derived from various species of Cinnamomum includes C.
zeylanicum (also known as C. verum), C. burmannii, C. loureiroi,
and C. cassia [79]. The economic importance of cinnamon leaves
and bark can be attributed to their high content of eugenol, (E)-
cinnamaldehyde, and (E)-cinnamylacetate. The compound known
as (E)-cinnamaldehyde, which is a prominent component found
in the bark oil derived from C. zeylanicum, exhibits various
bioactivities [80]. Moreover, Cinnamomum zeylanicum is
recognised as the species with the highest concentration. A dried
aromatic strip derived from C. zeylanicum serves as the primary
materialistic by-product, exhibiting various bioactivities, notably
antifungal properties. According to available evidence, cinnamon
oil has been deemed safe for human consumption and possesses
antibacterial properties that can effectively combat drug-resistant
strains of H. pylori, a bacterium known to cause ulcers. Cinnamon
oil has been employed as a therapeutic agent for promoting well-
being and has demonstrated efcacy against gastroenteritis [81].
The primary compound found in the root of cinnamon is camphor.
Cinnamon essential oil is employed for the purpose of mitigating
oxidative stress, exhibiting anti-Alzheimer’s effects, promoting
skin brightening, and possessing anti-diabetic properties [24].
The in-vitro study demonstrates enhanced cognitive abilities,
reduced phosphorylation of tau-protein and amyloid plaque, anti-
inammatory properties, inhibition of cholinesterase activity,
neural preservation, and neurotrophic effects [24].
Kaempferia Oil
Kaempferia galanga is a member of the Zingiberaceae family
and possesses aromatic qualities as a medicinal plant, exhibiting
diverse therapeutic attributes. K. galanga is commonly employed
for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of various ailments
such as colds, migraines, asthma, inammation, hypertension,
acid reux, cancer, pectoral and abdominal pains, dyspepsia, and
stiffness [82]. K. galanga is employed in aromatherapy for the
purpose of alleviating stress, depression, anxiety, and nervousness.
The rhizome of K. galanga is of great economic importance due
to its various pharmacological properties, particularly its high
concentration of essential oil, which is abundant in the regions where
it is cultivated. The essential oil derived from K. galanga contains a
variety of bioactive compounds that are responsible for its diverse
therapeutic uses. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate is a compound found
in K. galanga that possesses signicant therapeutic properties
[83]. It exhibits skin whitening, insecticidal, antibacterial,
antiangiogenic, and anticancer properties. Due to these properties,
it nds diverse applications in the elds of beauty care products
and food production. K. galanga has been found to possess a
composite containing ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, which exhibits
a sedative effect. This composite has been observed to inhibit
locomotor activities and decrease the level of melanin synthesis
in B16F10 murine melanoma cells that have been stimulated with
α-melanocyte [84]. The presence of melanin in the skin can be
attributed to the enzymatic action of tyrosinase. Nevertheless, the
occurrence of hyperpigmentation, which refers to the excessive
deposition of melanin in the skin, has been identied as a causative
factor in various dermatological conditions, including melasma,
age-related pigmentation, freckles, and skin spots. Previous
research has indicated that ethyl p-methoxycinnamate exhibits
anti-inammatory, ulcerative, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive
properties [85]. Furthermore, the essential oil derived from K.
galanga also exhibits antimicrobial, nematicidal, anti-neoplastic,
mosquito-repellent, whitening, antioxidant, genotoxicity, anti-
inammatory, and anti-cholinesterase properties [86].
Lepechinia Oil
Lepechinia paniculata is classied within the Lamiaceae family.
Various phytochemicals, including diterpenes, avonoids,
triterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, have been identied in other
species. The chemical composition of Lepechinia EO consists
primarily of monoterpene hydrocarbons (72%), with signicant
amounts of Limonene (8%), α-Pinene (3%), 3-Carene (6%),
Camphene (13%), and β-Phellandrene (30%). The latest
assessments have revealed that the extract of L. paniculata (Kunth)
exhibits promising inhibitory effects on butyrylcholinesterase
(BuChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes [87, 88].
Certain species are utilised for their medicinal properties in
the treatment of various conditions such as anti-tumor effects,
headaches, intrauterine infections, inflammation, wound
infections, insulin-like activities, and abdominal pain [89].
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a signicant neuromodulator involved
in neuronal transmission, particularly in the context of memory
formation [90]. The hydrolysis of acetylcholine is catalysed
by specic enzymes, namely acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and
certain isoforms of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). A diminished
quantity of these neuromodulators assumes a signicant function
in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless,
numerous medications inhibit the degradation of acetylcholine,
which is marketed as acetylcholine, although their effectiveness
is constrained [91]. A study has demonstrated that the utilisation
of plant concentrates and essential oils to inhibit the properties
of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase represents a signicant
advancement in the search for novel approaches to enhance the
well-being of individuals aficted with Alzheimer’s disease.
Specically, the essential oil derived from Lepechinia plants
has been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inammatory, and
anticholinesterase properties [26].
Rosemary Oil
Rosmarinus ofcinalis L. (rosemary) is a member of the Lamiaceae
family and is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. This
plant species, specically Rosmarinus ofcinalis L., is classied
within the aforementioned family [92]. Rosemary essential oil
is composed of phenolic diterpenes, including carnosic acid and
carnosol, as well as avonoids such as apigenin derivatives and
luteolin derivatives. Additionally, pentacyclic triterpenoids such as
ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and betulinic acid, along with phenolic
acids like rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid, are present in
rosemary leaves. The documented effects of rosemary in various
in-vivo and in-vitro studies indicate its potential for preventing
oxidative stress, exhibiting antimicrobial properties, enhancing
resistance, reducing inammation, and inhibiting growth [93].
Research has demonstrated that the clinical investigation of
rosemary products for the treatment of mental symptoms, such
as cognitive decline, confusion, and issues with thinking and
reasoning, has revealed signicant effects [94]. A recent study
demonstrated that the daily consumption of 1000 mg of dried
rosemary powder for a duration of one month resulted in signicant
and measurable enhancements in memory among a group of
healthy young individuals. However, another study suggests that
older adults (with a mean age of 75 years) who consumed tomato
juice supplemented with 750 mg of rosemary powder experienced
improvements in cognitive function [95]. A study conducted
by found that a blended concentrate of Rosmarinus ofcinalis
L., Melissa ofcinalis L., and Salvia ofcinalis L., which had
been aged for approximately 60 years, demonstrated improved
cognitive function in the elderly population. Nevertheless, similar
results were cited regarding the cognitive performance when a
combination of lavender and rosemary was utilised [96]. A recent
Citation: Nitika Chaudhary, Satinder Kaur, Nishant Kumar, Prince Ahad Mir, Priyanka, et al. (2023) Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 6-12
study demonstrated that the regular consumption of 1000 mg of
dried rosemary powder over the course of one month resulted in
signicant and measurable enhancements in both immediate and
delayed memory among a group of healthy young individuals.
Previous studies have reported that the inhalation of rosemary
essential oil (EO) has been found to enhance the ability of students
aged 13-17 to remember numbers and improve their short-term
memory recall [97]. Additionally, it has been observed to have a
positive impact on cognitive tasks in children [98]. The intensive
utilisation of rosemary water also yields comparable results
in healthy adults. According to the reported information, the
inhalation preparation of rosemary essential oil has been found
to improve the retention of numbers and short-term memory
recall in various individuals. Additionally, it has been observed
to enhance memory capacity in individuals aged 13-17 [99].
However, its effects on cognitive tasks in children have been
investigated. The administration of scopolamine at a dosage of
1 mg per kilogramme was employed to induce amnesia and a
dementia-like state resembling Alzheimer’s disease. The essential
oil of Rosmarinus ofcinalis, when administered at doses of 25
and 50 mg/kg, demonstrates a signicant anti-amnesic effect.
This effect is attributed to its ability to improve both working
and spatial memory. Additionally, the essential oil promotes
hippocampal growth and neural plasticity, ultimately leading to
enhanced long-term memory. This nding is supported by previous
research [20, 100].
Salvia Oil
Salvia ofcinalis is a member of the botanical family Lamiaceae
and is widely recognised as one of the primary sources of essential
oil in traditional medicine. Although the compound manufacturing
of Salvia ofcinalis essential oil (EO) has been addressed, it is
worth noting that its high alcoholic content exhibits antimicrobial
properties. Additionally, higher levels of ketones have been found
to promote improved skin injury healing [101]. Ethylene oxide
(EO) is rapidly absorbed through the skin and enters the circulatory
system, allowing it to reach the brain and other organs [102]. The
reduction in discomfort associated with headaches is the result
of a combination of various factors, including a decrease in the
perception of pain, neurogenic inammation, and vasodilation. The
use of fragrance-based treatment as a therapeutic intervention for
improving sleep disorders has been explored in previous studies
[103]. It has been suggested that inhaling essential oils (EO) may
have a stimulating effect on both the immune and limbic systems.
The essential oil (EO) is utilised in the treatment of various ailments
including colds, tuberculosis, bronchitis, gastrointestinal illnesses,
inammation, as well as possessing antibacterial, antifungal,
antitumor, and antioxidant properties [104]. Additionally, it has
been found to enhance memory and exert a stimulating effect
on the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Numerous studies
have investigated the inhibitory effects of acetylcholinesterase,
a compound known to have a specic impact on Alzheimer’s
disease [105]. Salvia essential oil (EO) is employed for the purpose
of mitigating nausea and vomiting in individuals aficted with
cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy. Rosa damascene EO
is utilised to alleviate anxiety and enhance the quality of sleep in
patients with cardiovascular conditions [106]. Aromatherapy has
been suggested as a potential intervention for improving insomnia
symptoms. It has been proposed that the inhalation of essential
oils (EO) may have the ability to stimulate both the immune and
limbic systems, which could contribute to the observed benets
[107]. Essential oil (EO) is commonly utilised for the treatment
of various ailments such as colds, gastrointestinal diseases,
antifungal infections, tuberculosis, inammation, bronchitis,
bacterial infections, antitumor effects, and antioxidant properties
[108]. Salvia is employed for the purpose of treating cognitive
functions, enhancing memory, and exerting a stimulating effect
on the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Several studies have
been reported that discuss the inuence of acetylcholinesterase
and amalgam examination in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease,
specically focusing on its evident manifestations [109]. Salvia
essential oil (EO) is employed for the purpose of reducing nausea
and vomiting in individuals undergoing chemotherapy for cancer.
The administration of Salvia essential oil (EO) resulted in a
signicant decrease in β-amyloid accumulation. Additionally,
the levels of oxidative stress markers and acetylcholinesterase
activity were also reduced [110].
Ginger Oil
The Zingiberaceae family is the largest family that includes
Zingiber ofcinale. The product contains synthesised components
such as phenolic acid paradols, gingerols, and shogoals. The
phytoconstituents mentioned exhibit signicant effects in
relation to diabetes, mitigation, antioxidant activity, pain relief,
antimicrobial action, anti-hypertensive properties, gastrointestinal
health, and antiulcer effects [111]. The essential oil derived from
the separation of ginger typically consists of sesquiterpenes,
monoterpene hydrocarbons, and a blend of alcohols. Furthermore,
ginger contains non-volatile compounds such as zingerone,
shogoals, gingerols, and paradols. The ginger essential oil contains
several therapeutically active components, namely Zingiberene,
shogoals, gingerols, and zingerone, which have been found to
possess antioxidant properties. Ginger possesses signicant
constituents that are employed in the management of diverse
ailments such as stroke, muscular discomfort, constipation,
catarrh, helminthiasis, sore throats, diabetes, gum disease,
toothache, nervous disorders, nausea, fever, dyspepsia, sprains,
and infectious conditions. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that
this substance possesses carminative properties, which can
effectively stimulate the gastrointestinal tract [112]. Furthermore,
it is commonly utilised as an additive in food products to enhance
their avour and diversity, while also offering various therapeutic
benets. Ginger is employed in the treatment of juvenile colic,
respiratory illnesses such as asthmatic bronchitis and cough,
and for alleviating digestive ailments. It is commonly consumed
in combination with milk or water, and in some cases, blended
with honey. In addition to its well-known culinary uses, ginger
has been attributed with various medicinal properties, such as
blood-cleansing abilities, invigorating effects on sexual function,
anti-sickness properties, aphrodisiac qualities, anti-nausea effects,
appetising properties for treating haemorrhoids, anti-gas properties,
and antispasmodic effects [113]. Several studies have reported
that ginger essential oil (EO) exhibits antimicrobial properties
against various microorganisms, including E. coli, S. aureus,
and Salmonella typhi. Ginger essential oil exhibits antioxidant
properties, displays antimicrobial activity against cancer-causing
microorganisms, and has potential therapeutic applications in
the treatment of infections caused by free radicals [114]. Ginger
oil and concentrates have commonly been employed in the eld
of natural medicine due to their documented therapeutic and
biological effects [70]. According to in-vitro studies, it has been
observed that Ginger EO demonstrates analgesic properties and
is also capable of reducing neuropathic pain, inammatory pain,
and exhibiting anti-alzheimer’s activity [115].
Cherimoya Oil
The Annona cherimola, a member of the Annonaceae family, is
commonly referred to as “chirimoya” or “chirimoyo” and “custard-
Citation: Nitika Chaudhary, Satinder Kaur, Nishant Kumar, Prince Ahad Mir, Priyanka, et al. (2023) Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 7-12
apple”. This particular plant species has been found to possess
antimalarial properties [116]. The chemical compounds derived
from these species are classied as alkaloids, including rumocosine
H, cherimoline, annocherine A, cherianoine, and annocherine B
[29]. Additionally, a few amides have been identied, namely N-cis-
feruloylmethoxytyramine, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, cherinonaine,
N-trans-feruloyltyramine, cheritamide, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine,
dihydro feruloyltyramine, N-cis-caeoyltyramine, and N-trans
feruloylmethoxytyramine [117]. Numerous secondary metabolites
that have been documented are phenols and other bioactive
compounds. However, the primary chemical constituents of
interest are polyketides known as acetogenins. These compounds
are closely associated with their anti-proliferative effects on
cancer cell lines. The essential oil extracted from A. cherimola has
been found to contain several signicant constituents, including
bicyclogermacrene, sabinene, (E)-caryophyllene, β-pinene,
germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene,
trans-caryophyllene, α-amorphene, α-copaene, germacrene D,
α-thujene, α-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, and germacrene D [118].
Furthermore, different components of the plant have been utilised
for medicinal purposes in the treatment of several ailments, such
as diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, hypertension, Malaria,
Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis. A. muricata possesses a
diverse range of medicinal properties, encompassing the treatment
of malarial infection, liver ailments, migraines, malarial disease,
and fever. Recent studies have revealed that custard apple leaves
possess avonoids and other phenolic compounds that exhibit
therapeutic properties. Additionally, alcoholic extracts derived
from these leaves have been found to possess pro-apoptotic and
antidepressant properties [119]. Annona cherimola is commonly
employed in traditional medicine for the management of boils and
various dermatological conditions, and it is also anticipated to have
applications in the elds of cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, and
agrochemical products [120]. The essential oil derived from A.
cherimola demonstrates antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial
properties, as well as the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase [121].
Fennel Oil
Ferula gummosa is a member of the botanical family Apiaceae.
The chemical composition of F. gummosa EO comprises
monoterpenes, specically β-pinene, α-pinene, and myrcene [122].
The essential oil of F. gummosa is composed of β-pinene, α-pinene,
δ-3-carene, and limonene, which have demonstrated antifungal
properties. F. gummosa exhibits various pharmacological activities,
including anticonvulsant, anti-rheumatic, anti-inammatory, anti-
neurological, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties [123].
Additional scientic investigations on the resins of F. gummosa
have reported various biological properties, including analgesic,
expectorant, antimicrobial, laxative, antiepileptic, digestive, anti-
catarrh, carminative, aphrodisiac, and antibacterial effects. The
ndings of several studies indicate that extracts derived from the
leaves, fruits, and stems of F. gummosa exhibit anti-hemolytic
and anti-oxidant properties [124]. Additionally, these extracts
have been observed to inhibit the multiplication of gastric cells
and induce apoptosis in gastric cells. The essential oils derived
from diverse plant sources have demonstrated a range of activities,
including antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antinociceptive,
and anti-inammatory effects [125]. Furthermore, they are also
recognised for their ability to alleviate stress and are widely
employed in the treatment of sleep disorders. Comprehensive
investigations have revealed the benecial impact of the examined
substances on various conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease,
cardiovascular disease, cancer, antifungal and antimycotoxigenic
activities, immunomodulation, antispasmodic effects, cytotoxicity,
and anxiolytic properties [126]. F. gummosa has been found
to demonstrate efcacy against acetylcholinesterase, thereby
enhancing cognitive functions such as learning and memory [127].
Coriander Oil
Coriander essential oil is derived through the process of steam
distillation from the desiccated and fully matured fruits of the plant
species Coriandrum sativum L., which belongs to the botanical
family Apiaceae. The oil exhibits a distinctive olfactory prole
consisting of linalool notes, accompanied by a gentle, pleasant,
and comforting taste prole with aromatic qualities. Coriander
oil serves as a avouring agent and adjuvant within the food
industry [128]. In addition to its culinary applications, coriander
is recognised for its presence of secondary metabolites that
contribute to its therapeutic properties, such as anticonvulsant,
antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and others [129]. The
enzyme known as EO primarily nds its regular applications
within the gastrointestinal system, as well as in the realms of
food and pharmaceuticals. The use of essential oils (EO) in
aromatherapy provides notable psychological support and is
also efcacious in the treatment of muscular issues, such as pain
and spasms [130]. Coriander essential oil (EO) exhibits various
pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial effects against
microorganisms and parasites, antioxidant activity for cancer
prevention, antidiabetic properties, anxiolytic effects, anthelmintic
activity, insecticidal properties, anti-inammatory and digestive
effects, hepatoprotective properties, and anti-aging properties.
There are several species of coriander, including Coriandrum
majus Gouan, Coriandrum testiculatum Lour, Coriandrum
sativum L. (also known as Coriandrum diversifolium) Gilib, and
Selinum Coriandrum (Vest) [131]. The chemical composition of
Coriandrum essential oil (EO) consists of various compounds
which include phellandrene, terpineol, cineole, terpinolene,
coriandrol, cymene, dipentene, linalool, Borneol, and geraniol.
The oil possesses medicinal properties attributed to the presence
of phytochemicals, including linalool, a volatile avour compound
[132]. The utilisation of leaves as avour enhancers in various
culinary applications such as seasoning refreshments, mayonnaise
salad toppings, and garnishes has been observed. In addition
to its culinary applications, coriander has been recognised
for its secondary metabolites that possess various biological
properties, including but not limited to antioxidant, anticonvulsant,
antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities [133]. The digestive
system is the primary domain in which EO nds its most prevalent
applications, particularly in the realms of food and medicine. The
utilisation of essential oils (EO) in the practise of aromatherapy
has been found to offer significant psychological relief.
Furthermore, these oils have demonstrated notable efcacy in the
treatment of muscular ailments such as spasms and aches [134].
Coriander essential oil (EO) exhibits various pharmacological
properties, including antimicrobial effects against bacteria and
fungi, insecticidal action, soothing properties, gastrointestinal
benets, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic effects, hepatoprotective
properties, anxiolytic activity, anthelmintic effects, and anti-aging
properties [135]. The rat’s model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
induced by Aβ (1-42) demonstrates impairment in memory and
cognition. However, administration of Coriander EO has been
found to possess antioxidant and analgesic properties, and it also
improves memory and cognition [136].
Olive Oil
Olea europaea, a member of the Oleaceae family, is commonly
referred to as ‘liquid gold’. Olive oil contains various
phytochemicals, namely superfatted compounds, polyphenols,
Citation: Nitika Chaudhary, Satinder Kaur, Nishant Kumar, Prince Ahad Mir, Priyanka, et al. (2023) Essential Oils as A Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Alzheimer’s
Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 8-12
tocopherol, and oleic acid. This oil contains a signicant amount
of intensied polyphenols, such as hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein,
and other crucial compounds [137]. These compounds have
been shown to possess anti-cancer, anti-inammatory, and
anti-angiogenic properties [138]. Similarly, the presence of
high levels of oleic acid and superfatted acid plays a crucial
role in mitigating the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity,
cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, type-2 diabetes,
metabolic disorders, cancer, atherosclerosis, and hypertension
[139]. The experimental investigation reveals that the mixture of
olive oil possesses medicinal properties, including antioxidant,
vasodilator, anti-cancer, antiarrhythmic, antimicrobial, and anti-
inammatory effects. Research studies have demonstrated that
the consumption of olive oil, combined with different phenolic
compounds, has been found to reduce the risk factors associated
with the development of high-density lipoprotein cardiovascular
disease, oxidised glutathione, and serum triglyceride levels [140]
. Several studies have indicated that olive oil possesses biological,
therapeutic, and nutritional properties [10]. Additionally, it has
been recognised for its potential as a source of nutritious food,
medicine, and cosmetic applications. Additional advantageous
effects of olive oil include the reduction of coronary heart disease,
the lowering of blood pressure, the mitigation of coronary heart
disease, as well as its anti-diabetic properties and its potential to
reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease [141]. The administration
of scopolamine at a dosage of 0.7 mg/kg via intraperitoneal
injection has been observed to induce amnesia in a rat model. This
amnesia is characterised by a decrease in both spatial and working
memory. However, when treated with olive oil, the rats exhibited
a signicant improvement in both spatial and working memory.
Additionally, the olive oil treatment demonstrated anxiolytic,
antidepressant, and anti-Alzheimer activity, as supported by
previous research [142].
Discussion
In recent years, there has been a notable surge in research focused
on naturally occurring phytochemicals. This heightened interest
can be attributed to the absence of signicant adverse reactions
associated with these compounds, as well as their demonstrated
efcacy in the clinical treatment of various pathogenic conditions.
The plant harbours an essential oil (EO), which is a hydrophobic
liquid substance comprising volatile compounds produced through
secondary metabolism. The bioactive compounds found in
essential oils derived from plants are believed to be responsible for
their pharmacological properties. The utilisation of essential oils
extends beyond medicinal purposes, as they also offer advantages
as additives and packaging materials in the food industry, as
well as in perfumes and cosmetics. Essential oils (EO) consist
of synthetic groups such as unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohols,
terpenes, oxides, ketones, esters, saturated hydrocarbons, ethers,
phenols, and aldehydes. These compounds can be extracted from
various components of plants, including roots, ower petals,
leaves, resins, stems, and bark. A recent study conducted by
multiple organisations has demonstrated a notable inhibitory effect
on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by various EO. These ndings
suggest that EO may hold promise as a potential neuroprotective
therapy for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is a persistent neurodegenerative condition
characterised by impaired memory and cognitive function, along
with alterations in behaviour and personality. Atopic dermatitis
(AD) is a complex infection characterised by a combination of
hereditary and environmental factors, as well as other intricate
causes such as familial lineage, sexual orientation, age, and
Down syndrome. The aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
is characterised by a combination of factors, including the
development of neurobrillary tangles, the accumulation of
Aβ-peptide, neuroinammation, and cerebral atrophy leading
to a gradual decline in cognitive function. Several essential oils
(EO) have been identied as having potential benets for mental
and physical well-being. Examples of these oils include citrus
oil, ginger oil, peppermint oil, rosemary oil, lavender oil, and
cinnamon oil. These oils have been associated with improvements
in cognitive function, alleviation of discomfort, enhancement of
mood, maintenance of memory, and potential positive effects on
physical and mental conditions affected by distress.
Summary
In summary, our analysis has underscored the multifaceted
advantages of essential oils (EOs) beyond their conventional
applications as avours and fragrances, particularly in relation to
their notable contributions to the treatment of neurodegenerative
diseases. The roles played by these entities in mitigating the
impact of diseases are inuenced by distinct mechanisms that
differ depending on their source. While our search did not include
any human studies, we hold a rm belief that the inclusion of
crucial constituents within the essential oils could have substantial
implications in the endeavour to avoid and cure neurodegenerative
conditions. Hence, it is imperative to sustain the pursuit of new
species of essential oils (EOs) in order to investigate oils that may
have potential applications in EO-based therapies or treatment
approaches for neurological conditions.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Director Khalsa College of Pharmacy,
Amritsar, for giving permission to carry out this literature survey.
We also thank the faculty of Khalsa college for providing support
and help during this survey.
Conicts of Interest
The authors declare no conict of interest.
Funding
Self-funded
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Disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Reports. SRC/JPRSR-154.DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JPRSR/2023(4)138
J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 10-12
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J Pharma Res Rep, 2023 Volume 4(2): 11-12
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