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Performance enhancement of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using double H shaped metamaterial

Authors:
Preet Kaur at J C Bose University of Science and Technology YMCA Faridabad
Preet Kaur
  • J C Bose University of Science and Technology YMCA Faridabad
S. K. Aggarwal
S. K. Aggarwal
S. K. Aggarwal
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Asok De
Asok De
Asok De
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
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Abstract

In this paper a high performance rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) has been designed using doubleHshaped metamaterial. First, the doubleHshaped metamaterial has been designed and optimized at 5.2 GHz resonant frequency of patch antenna. It has been found that embedding of this metamaterial into the substrate beneath the reference patch antenna improves its return loss and bandwidth without changing the resonant frequency and gain. To further enhance the gain and efficiency of the metamaterial embedded RMPA a superstrate of double H shaped metamaterial has been applied at the distance of -/3 over it. Finally, a high gain, broadband and good impedance matched metamaterial inspired RMPA has been obtained. The proposed antenna was simulated and optimized using HFSS software. The prototype antenna has been fabricated and measured results of the proposed antenna are found to be in good agreement with the simulated results.
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Performance Enhancement of Rectangular Microstrip
Patch Antenna Using Double H Shaped Metamaterial
Preet Kaur1*, S. K. Aggarwal1**, and Asok De2***
1YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, India
2National Institute of Technology, Patna, India
*e-mail: preetmoar@gmail.com
**e-mail: sa_3264@yahoo.co.in
***e-mail: asok.de@gmail.com
Received in final form June 6, 2016
Abstract—In this paper a high performance rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) has been
designed using double H shaped metamaterial. First, the double H shaped metamaterial has been designed
and optimized at 5.2 GHz resonant frequency of patch antenna. It has been found that embedding of this
metamaterial into the substrate beneath the reference patch antenna improves its return loss and
bandwidth without changing the resonant frequency and gain. To further enhance the gain and efficiency
of the metamaterial embedded RMPA a superstrate of double H shaped metamaterial has been applied at
the distance of l/3 over it. Finally, a high gain, broadband and good impedance matched metamaterial
inspired RMPA has been obtained. The proposed antenna was simulated and optimized using HFSS
software. The prototype antenna has been fabricated and measured results of the proposed antenna are
found to be in good agreement with the simulated results.
DOI: 10.3103/S0735272716110030
1. INTRODUCTION
In modern wireless and electronics systems the demand for compact, high gain, broad-band, low-cost and
light weight radiator with single feeding system has been increased substantially [1, 2]. Conventional
rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) compatible for wireless application has low profile, simple
structure, low cost, ease of fabrication and has simple feeding system, but this antenna has low gain and
narrow bandwidth because of the influence of surface wave on its radiation pattern [3]. In order to solve this
problem a microstrip patch array antenna can be used, but the complex feeding system and lower radiation
efficiency limit its application.
Recently, the researchers have proposed the utilization of metamaterial to design antennas with enhanced
performance and reduced profile [1]. Metamaterials are artificial materials formed by embedding specific
inclusion in host media and can be engineered to have desired electromagnetic properties.
Some of these materials have negative permittivity or permeability. If both permittivity and permeability
are negative at the same frequency, then these materials are called left handed materials and exhibit negative
index of refraction [4]. Several works have been dedicated to the improvement of the performance of
antennas using metamaterials [5–13].
Double H shaped metamaterial is a double negative (DNG) resonant material [14]. In [15] we have
presented a design of compact antenna using this resonant material, but the antenna has low gain. In this
paper double H shaped resonator is embedded underneath the patch antenna to improve the impedance
matching and to increase bandwidth without reducing the gain. To further improve the gain of the developed
antenna a superstrate of double H shaped metamaterial has been added into the structure at the distance of
l/3. The gain of 6.58 dB has been achieved, which is good result for a patch antenna.
496
ISSN 0735-2727, Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, 2016, Vol. 59, No. 11, pp. 496–501. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2016.
Original Russian Text © P. Kaur, S.K. Aggarwal, A. De, 2016, published in Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radioelektronika, 2016, Vol. 59, No. 11,
pp. 29–36.
2. DESIGN AND RESULTS OF REFERENCE RMPA
2.1. Design and Results of Reference Antenna
Reference antenna has been designed based on FR4 epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and loss
tangent 0.0025 at resonant frequency of 5.2 GHz using transmission line equations [16]. The designed
reference rectangular patch antenna has been simulated and optimized using HFSS software.
The length and width of the optimized patch antenna are 17.6´13.2 mm, respectively. The ground size
dimensions are 41.59´35.9 mm and the antenna is fed by inset microstrip line. The prototype of the
optimized reference antenna was fabricated (Fig. 1). We measured its reflection response using vector
network analyzer. Figure 2 demonstrates the simulated and measured reflection coefficient S11 of the
reference RMPA. As one can observe (Fig. 2), the antenna resonates at 5.2 GHz with –11.68 dB reflection
coefficient and it provides 70 MHz bandwidth. The gain of the reference antenna is 4.58 dB (Fig. 3). Figure 4
shows the radiation patterns of the antenna in Eand Hplanes.
3. DESIGN AND RESULTS OF DOUBLE H SHAPED RESONATOR
To improve the performance parameters of RMPA without altering its resonant frequency, a double H
shaped metamaterial has been designed. Its permittivity and permeability are negative at resonant frequency
(5.2 GHz) of the reference antenna. A unit cell of double H shaped resonator has been developed and
simulated using HFSS software (Fig. 5). The optimized geometrical parameters of the resonator are as
follows: length L1= 5.8 mm, L2= 5.8 mm, L3= 4.8 mm and width W1= 0.5 mm.
RADIOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS Vol. 59 No. 11 2016
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF RMPA USING DOUBLE H SHAPED METAMATERIAL 497
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.
Fig. 4.Fig. 3.
246 810f, GHz
S11,dB
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
–12
Simulated
Measured
24 6 8 10f, GHz
0
–5
–10
–15
–20
–25
Gain, dB
–60°
–90°
–120°
–150°
–180°
–30°
0°
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
–8
–16
–24
–30
E-plane
H-plane
The effective permeability µrand permittivity er(Fig. 6) of double H shaped resonator are calculated
based on Sparameters using the Nicolson–Ross–Weir (NRW) approach by the following equations [17–19]:
mw
r
cv
dv
=-
×+
21
1
2
2
()
()i, (1)
ew
r
cv
dv
=-
×+
21
1
1
1
()
()i, (2)
vS S
12111
=+
,vS S
22111
=-
,
where wis the radian frequency, dis the thickness of a substrate and cis ligh tvelocity, v1and v2are
composite terms, which represent the addition and subtraction of S-parameters.
4. DESIGN AND RESULTS OF RMPA WITH DOUBLE H SHAPED METAMATERIAL
EMBEDDED BENEATH THE PATCH
The optimized double H shaped resonator has been located within the substrate at the height of 1.56 mm
from the ground (Fig. 7). Antenna resonates at 5.2 GHz with reflection coefficient of –21.99 dB and 220
MHz bandwidth (Fig. 8). Gain of metamaterial embedded patch antenna is 4.47 dB (Fig. 9), which is
approximately the same as gain of the reference antenna. By embedding metamaterial the reflection
coefficient decreases from –11.68 to –21.99 dB as compared to the reference antenna, because of better
impedance matching. The bandwidth increases from 70 to 220 MHz. The radiation patterns of metamaterial
embedded patch antenna in E-plane and H-plane are presented in Fig. 10. They are almost the same as
radiation patterns of the reference antenna (Fig. 4).
Embedding the double H shaped metamaterial in patch antenna is advantageous technique because it
provides improvement of return loss, enhancement of bandwidth, better impedance matching without
reduction of gain.
5. DESIGN AND RESULTS OF DOUBLE H SHAPED METAMATERIAL EMBEDDED RMPA
WITH SUPERSTRATE
To further increase the gain a superstrate of double H shaped resonator has been applied over the
metamaterial embedded patch antenna. From Fig. 6 we can see that the permittivity of resonator is close to
zero at the resonating frequency and, hence, the refractive index n=± emis also close to zero. Therefore, all
the rays coming from the antenna will be very close to normal to the surface and all the refracted rays will
RADIOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS Vol. 59 No. 11 2016
498 KAUR et al.
Fig. 5. Fig. 6.
L1
L2
W1
L3
123456 7f, GHz
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
e,m
Permittivity
Permeability
propagate in almost the same direction around the normal and, consequently, the better gain and efficiency
can be achieved.
Figures 11 and 12 show the simulated and fabricated metamaterial embedded antenna with superstrate of
double H resonator. Resonant frequency of metamaterial embedded antenna does not change by adding the
superstrate (Fig. 13). The fabricated metamaterial embedded patch antenna with superstrate wass tested
using vector network analyzer. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement (Fig. 13).
The reflection coefficient S11 of fabricated RMPA was measured in anechoic chamber. Experimental and
simulated results are shown in Fig. 13. The gain of antenna increases from 4.48 to 6.72 dB due to the addition
of superstrate of metamaterial. The efficiency improves from 57.3 to 80.2%. The simulated and measured
RADIOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS Vol. 59 No. 11 2016
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF RMPA USING DOUBLE H SHAPED METAMATERIAL 499
Fig. 7. Fig. 8.
Fig. 10.Fig. 9.
Fig. 11. Fig. 12.
02550mm
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 f, GHz
S11,dB
–5
–2.5
–7.5
–10
–12.5
–15
–17.5
–20
–22.5
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 f, GHz
Gain, dB
2.5
0
–2.5
–5
–7.5
–10
–60°
–90°
–120°
–150°
–180°
–30°
0°
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
–7
–14
–21
–28
E-plane
H-plane
02550mm
radiation patterns of proposed RMPA in E- and H-planes are shown in Figs. 15, 16, respectively. Table 1
shows the comparison of performance parameters of the proposed RMPA with reference antenna.
RADIOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS Vol. 59 No. 11 2016
500 KAUR et al.
Table 1
Parameter Reference
RMPA
Double H
shaped
metamaterial
embedded
RMPA
RMPA with
embedded substrate
and superstrate of
double H
metamaterial
(proposed antenna)
Resonant frequency, GHz 5.2 5.1941 5.22
Return loss, dB –11.68 –21.99 –22.78
Bandwidth, MHz 70 220 220
Gain, dB 4.48 4.47 6.72
3 dB beamwidth (j= 0°), deg. 78.63 78.65 63.3
3 dB beamwidth (j= 90°), deg. 85.69 85.79 58.83
Radiation efficiency, % 57.3 57.2 80.2
Fig. 15. Fig. 16.
46810f, GHz 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 f, GHz
S11,dB
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
Simulated
Measured
Gain, dB
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.4
6.8
Simulated
Measured
300°
270°
240°
210°
180°
330°
0°
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
–25
–20
–15
–10
Simulated
Measured
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
–5
0
Fig. 13. Fig. 14.
300°
270°
240°
210°
180°
330°
0°
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
–25
–20
–15
–10
Simulated
Measured
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
–5
0
–25
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper a high gain RMPA with good impedance matching and better bandwidth as compared to
reference antenna has been designed using DNG double H shaped metamaterial. The proposed antenna
improves the reflection coefficient from –11.68 to –22.78 dB. The efficiency has been improved from 57.3
to 80.2% with respect to the reference antenna. These improvements demonstrate the better impedance
matching of metamaterial embedded antenna as compared to the reference antenna.
The proposed antenna has 6.72 dB gain at resonance frequency and it is more directive than the reference
antenna. The bandwidth of metamaterial embedded antenna has been improved from 70 to 220 MHz.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the performance parameters of antenna, namely, its gain, reflection
coefficient, bandwidth, efficiency and directivity can be improved by proper designing and embedding of
metamaterial into the reference antenna.
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RADIOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS Vol. 59 No. 11 2016
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF RMPA USING DOUBLE H SHAPED METAMATERIAL 501
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Antenna parameter optimization using S-shaped metamaterial embedded in antenna substrate is elucidated in this paper. Upon incorporation of proposed metamaterial array inside the antenna substrate, the bandwidth of antenna increases by 74% and directivity by about 11%. Results obtained are in good coherence when using the FEM based Ansoft HFSS simulation and MATLAB programming based on CAD formulas using the equivalent circuit analysis of patch antenna. The evolution of ‘S-shape’ has been explained beginning from the primitive Single Split Ring Resonator’s shape. The proposed structure was fabricated and nearly 6% deviation was obtained in comparison with the simulation results. This metamaterial antenna overcomes the low bandwidth limitation of patch antenna and helps in maintaining a low profile by obtaining 81% miniaturization.
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Double H shaped metamaterial embedded compact RMPA
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2014
This paper presents a compact double H shaped metamaterial-embedded rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The slots are cut in rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) to decrease the resonant frequency, but this leads to impedance mismatch. To overcome this effect a double h shaped metamaterial is embedded inside the slot. This technique not only provides a good impedance matching and bandwidth, but in addition, also provides the 34% compactness in size. The proposed antenna is simulated and optimized using HFSS software. The prototype antenna has been fabricated and measured results of the proposed antenna are in good agreement with simulated results.
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Design of compact rectangular patch antenna using square grid and I shaped metamaterial
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2015
In this paper, design of compact rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) using square grid of rods and I shaped metamaterial is presented. To achieve miniaturization of reference patch antenna resonating at 5.2 GHz, I shaped metamaterial is embedded underneath the patch which shifts the resonating frequency to lower side at 4.36 GHz and thus provide 33% compactness in size. Embedding a square grid of rods beneath the patch provides dual band at 2.56 GHz and 4.03 GHz. Besides providing the compactness, both technique also improves the returns loss and enhances the bandwidth.
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Planar Resonators for Metamaterials
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2012
  • RADIOENGINEERING
This paper presents the results of an investiga-tion into a combination of electric and magnetic planar resonators in order to design the building element of a volumetric metamaterial showing simultaneously nega-tive electric and magnetic polarizabilities under irradiation by an electromagnetic wave. Two combinations of par-ticular planar resonators are taken into consideration. These planar resonators are an electric dipole, a split ring resonator and a double H-shaped resonator. The response of the single resonant particle composed of a resonator with an electric response and a resonator with a magnetic response is strongly anisotropic. Proper spatial arrange-ment of these particles can make the response isotropic. This is obtained by proper placement of six planar reso-nators on the surface of a cube that now represents a metamaterial unit cell. The cells are distributed in space with 3D periodicity. Keywords Metamaterial, negative electric polarizability, nega-tive magnetic polarizability, isotropic response, planar resonator.
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Artificial Magneto-superstrates for Gain and Efficiency Improvement of Microstrip Antenna Arrays
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2010
This paper presents an engineered magneto-dielectric superstrates designed to enhance the gain and efficiency of a microstrip antenna array without any substantial increase in the antenna profile. The broadside coupled split ring resonator (SRR) inclusions are used in the design of the superstrate. Numerical full-wave simulations of a 4 × 1 linear microstrip antenna array working at the resonance frequency of 2.18 GHz and covered by the superstrate show a gain enhancement of about 3.5 dB and an efficiency improvement of 10%. The total height of the proposed structure, is λ0/7 where λ0 is the free-space operating wavelength.
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Hybrid Mode Wideband Patch Antenna Loaded With a Planar Metamaterial Unit Cell
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2012
A wideband patch antenna loaded with a planar metamate-rial unit cell is proposed. The metamaterial unit cell is composed of an interdigital capacitor and a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) slot. A dispersion analysis of the metamaterial unit cell reveals that an in-crease in series capacitance can decrease the half-wavelength resonance frequency, thus reducing the electrical size of the proposed antenna. In addition, circulating current distributions around the CSRR slot with in-creased interdigital finger length bring about the TM mode radiation, while the normal radiation mode is the TM mode. Furthermore, the TM mode can be combined with the TM mode without a pattern distortion. The hybridization of the two modes yields a wideband property (6.8%) and a unique radiation pattern that is comparable with two indepen-dent dipole antennas positioned orthogonally. Also, the proposed antenna achieves high efficiency (96%) and reasonable gain (3.85 dBi), even though the electrical size of the antenna is only 0 24 0 24 0 02 .
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A Compact Multi-Split Ring Resontor Loaded Antenna
Conference Paper
  • Apr 2013
This paper presents design and analysis of a Compact Multi Split Ring Resonator Loaded Antenna. μ-negative (MNG) metamaterial multi split ring resonator (MSRR) with four rings is used for loading purpose. The antenna performance is studied before loading and after loading. The antenna resonates at the frequency of 17.89 GHz before loading. After loading by MSRR, the resonant frequency is reduced to 8.51 GHz and VSWR is less than 2 in the frequency range of 8.32GHz-8.74 GHz. The gain of the antenna is 3.9 dBi and impedance bandwidth is 0.4217 GHz. The reduction in resonant frequency is 52% after loading. The antenna performance is also studied by varying the loading distance between small rectangular patch and MSRR. Best performance is obtained for the loading distance of 0.25mm. The proposed antenna satisfies the condition of electrically small antenna (ka
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Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with "Pentagonal Rings" Shaped Metamaterial Cover
Conference Paper
  • May 2012
A narrow band micro strip patch antenna with "Pentagonal Rings" shaped metamaterial cover is proposed and analyzed at a height of 3.2mm from the ground plane. The antenna along with the proposed metamaterial cover is designed to resonate at 2.31GHz frequency (in S-Band). Proposed metamaterial cover significantly reduces the return loss and increases the directivity of the antenna in comparison to rectangular micro strip patch antenna alone. The proposed antenna is suitable for application requiring low bandwidth space and reduced return loss, at 2.31GHz frequency. The scope of this paper is to design and simulate the proposed artificial structure with simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability or the so-called LH MTM. Nicolson-Ross-Weir approach has been used for verifying the double-negative properties of the proposed metamaterial cover.
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A study of using metamaterials as antenna substrate to enhance gain
Article
  • Jan 2005
  • PROG ELECTROMAGN RES
Abstract—Using a commercial software, simulations are done on the radiation of a dipole antenna embedded,in metamaterial substrates. Metamaterials under,consideration are composed,of a periodic collection of rods, or of both rods and rings. The S-parameters of these metamaterials in a waveguide are analyzed and compared with their equivalent plasma or resonant structure. Farfield radiation is optimized by analytic method and is simulated numerically. The metamaterial is shown to improve the directivity.
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A Low-Cost Compact Patch Antenna With Beam Steering Based on CSRR-Loaded Ground
Article
  • Dec 2011
A novel low-cost compact patch antenna with capability of beam steering is presented in this letter. The complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR)-loaded ground structure enables the property of wide-scale steering range and can greatly reduce the cost of a phased-array system to meet the requirement of the wireless communications. Parameter extraction for the CSRR structure is investigated to analyze the effect of the loading metamaterial on the radiation pattern of the antenna. It is shown that the refractive index of the loading part affects the beam direction. Both of the single and double CSRR-loaded antennas are fabricated to verify the design. Measured results show that the beam of the double CSRR-loaded antenna can scan from ${-}{\hbox{51}}^{\circ}$ to 48$^{\circ}$ via changing the parameters of CSRR structure.
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Metamaterial Superstrate and Electromagnetic BandGap Substrate for High Directive Antenna
Article
  • May 2008
A high directive planar antenna made from a metamaterial superstrate and an electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) substrate has been investigated. A patch antenna surrounded with EBG structures is used as the radiation source. The CST Microwave Studio is used for the simulation. The results show that the gain of the antenna with metamaterial is 21.6 dB at the operating frequency of 14.6 GHz. Compared with the patch feed with the same aperture size but without the metamaterial superstrate, the performance of the antenna is improved obviously and the gain increases about 12.4 dB.
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