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10th IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies
478 978-1-6654-2306-9/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/CSNT.2021.82
IoT based Soil Nutrition and Plant Disease
Detection System for Smart Agriculture
Sashant Suhag
Department of computer science and engineering
Galgotias University
Uttar Pradesh , India-201310
e-mail: sashantsuhag23@gmail.com
Sanskriti jadaun
Department of computer science and engineering
Galgotias University
Uttar Pradesh , India-201310
e-mail: sanskritijadaun14@gmail.com
Ayush Shukla
Department of computer science and engineering
Galgotias University
Uttar Pradesh , India-201310
e-mail:shuklaayush.as2@gmail.com
Nidhi Singh
Department of computer sceince and engineering
Galgotias University
Uttar Pradesh , India-201310
e-mail: n.singh0594@gmail.com
Prashant Johri
Department of computer science and engineering
Galgotias University
Uttar Pradesh , India-201310
e- mail: johri.prashant@gmail.com
Nidhi Parashar
Department of computer science and engineering
Meerut Institute of Technology
Uttar Pradesh India-250103
e-mail:nidhi.csit@gmail.com
ABSTRACT-In the coming years, farmers will face challenges to
feed the increasing number of populations. They need to ensure
food security and reduce the dependency on imports. The effective
use of new technologies to increase the efficiency of farming will
help the farmers to meet the need of increased population AI and
IOT related automation to be designed to improve the way a
farmer operates for various tasks. We propose a framework for
IoT based Soil Nutrition and Plant Disease detection which uses
various sensors to collect the plant-related data in form of images
at different time intervals using MY THINGS smart sensor and
Soil sensors such as proximal soil sensor (PSS) to test the soil
fertility which helps to analyze the condition of soil new
cultivation, ploughing, water or the land for harvesting.
Temperature sensors are also used. Water quality sensors are used
that will keep monitoring the quality of the water. All the data will
we be sent to the farmer with the help of the IoT. For image
classification, Local binary thresholding is used. At harvesting
time robot performs image recognition and classification. The
farmer will enter the required data to use the robotic arm to
automatically harvest the crop. The arm is proposed to have four
degrees of freedom and will be driven by the motors. Robotic arms
will identify the crop using image recognition and will put that
batch in the appropriate basket to be considered by the farmer for
analysis. With regular monitoring, this proposed framework can
greatly aid the farmers in maintaining crop health as well as
quality.
Keywords- IoT, AI, sensors, precision farming, poly-house farming,
Internet, mobile application.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is expected that the world population would be crossing 9.7
billion by 2050. At the end of 2018, the agriculture market
stood at USD 1.8 billion globally and hasn’t stopped yet. It is
expected to grow to USD 4.3 billion by 2023 at a Compound
Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.3%.[1] The agricultural
sector employs 65% of the working population in India. From
the present world population,1.3 billion individuals across the
planet are involved in the agricultural sector the amount is
decreasing day by day thanks to lack of technologies and
equipment.[2] Farmers would like agricultural data and
information to form knowledgeable choices and to meet the
needs through the information wanted. In the agriculture
domain through the event of an information management
system, enquiries of farmers are often answered with the
assistance of transmission that is well accessible. India’s
agriculture economy ranks second in the world and share 11.3%
of the world land. In future, Innovation in farming will focus on
increased growth, efficiency and adapting new science.
Farmers need to be educated more about the latest technologies
so they can easily adapt to them. They need to invest more in
precision farming. Several global trends will also affect
agriculture in future. New technologies will be more helpful for
large farmers with large land areas, it will be easy for them to
monitor soil, detect nutrition and diseases in plants. Internet of
Things also known as IoT is a system of interrelated devices
and can share the data between different system without the
involvement of human resources. Each device has its unique id
(UID) that makes it easy to control and manage a device setting.
Various benefits of using IoT in agriculture are: - Climate
conditions, Precision farming, Data Analytics and sensors. The
Internet of Things (IoT) provides a singular chance for
technology to rework man Industries, its agriculture or
2021 10th IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT) | 978-1-6654-2306-9/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CSNT51715.2021.9509719
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479
attention. The stack of technologies in IoT includes sensors,
actuators, drones, navigation systems, cloud-based information
services and analytics delivering a spread of call support tools
[3]. With the arrival of the net of Things (IoT), the market has
seen the event of low-price sensors, open supply application
and additional typically the flexibility to extend the amount of
farming sophistication while not the necessity to speculate giant
sums in capital investment. One specific space of attention is
Artificial Intelligence (AI), wherever self-learning algorithms
will contribute to developing new insight within the settings
and schedules that optimize yield and quality of a given method
[4]. AI, GPS is coming up with good responses. GPS (Global
Positioning System) used to provide directions to the tractors
and the working bots in the fields. GPS will be beneficial at the
time of harvesting and at the time of the selling process.
Everything will be pre-installed in the system that will be
beneficial in many such as time time-saving, precision in selling
products and tracking of the vehicles. IoT is emerging a lot in a
middle of IT business during this new era. Prime Minister
Narendra Modi gave the thought of "Computerized India" in
2015. it's primarily in light-weight of improvement of IoT and
important businesses. The Asian country is essentially
agricultural primarily based nation. I primarily based sensing
element system are valuable within the improvement of
agriculture in future. some of the IoT ways incorporate RF-ID,
new sensors innovation, sensing element organize innovation
and network communication. Machine vision, Robotics,
telepresence, Adjustable Autonomy, life recorders, Personal
secret parts, clean advancements. The market, moderate,
intuitive cluster sourcing stage for affordable agriculture would
provide a methodology for sharing information like devices,
procedures, possible farming techniques etc. [5]. On the other
hand, Bots with the help of AI are developed with farming
techniques and all the work is done by farmers are now done by
the bots. Different working scenario conditions will be pre-
installed in the system so that based on the different scenario
useful actions are taken. Precision farming uses AI technology
for its operation and different operations such as diseases in
plants, pests, and poor plant nutrition use AI technology.
Fig .1 Uses of IOT in agriculutre
This will be beneficial for the farmer as it will also save their
time and will give them a more precise result. Use of AI and
IoT will open the path for the wide number of application
location for farmers. It will be easy for the farmers to monitor
activities, control pest and diseases, and useful in crop
management. This paper provides an overview of the potential
role that IoT can play in the agricultural sector.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Internet of things has not only touched the various aspects of
daily life but changed the way we work. In every field may it
be agriculture, security or healthcare use of IoT is increasing at
a fast rate. It makes the work to happlicationlicationen at ease
and reduces human effort. IoT with AI and robotics will reduce
a human effort from 90% to 10% percentage and make the
farming work more technical. India agriculture research is
considered one of the largest researches works in the world. It
has achieved progress in agricultural growth due to the number
of increases in modern technology and innovation.
HemlataChanne1 et al. [6] (2015) reviews the use of
modernized techniques such as Internet-of-Things (IoT),
Sensors, Cloud-Computing, Mobile Computing, Big-Data
analysis in the agricultural sector. As stated by Christopher
Brewster and M. Stočes in their research on model based on IoT
in the field of agriculture came out with amazing results. The
productivity increased up to good extend and whole farming
which was a human work became a technical work. [7] IoT with
the help of AI can be more beneficial as AI is a field in which
the machines have their brain and the tasks are predefined to
reduce the human effort and increase the work efficiency. After
the implementation of the IoT and different techniques in the
field more and more no people are showing their interest in the
field of agriculture. The work has become more challenging and
interesting. There is an increase in overall production and
profit. Many types of machinery and equipment are available in
the market which was not available in the early ’20s. Also stated
by Mohanraj I in their paper in-field monitoring and automation
in the field of agriculture reduces the human effort and proves
to be beneficial in the field of agriculture. Authors in [8]
Considered leaf disease detection based remote monitoring
system. They used sensors networks for measuring moisture,
temperature, and humidity. They deployed sensors at multiple
locations of farms and used the Raspberry PI to control all these
sensors. Leaf disease can be detected by camera interfacing
with RPI.WIFI Server through RPI sends the immediate status
of a farm such as a leaf disease, affecting crop like humidity,
temperature and moisture to the farmers. The authors in [9]
attempted to build up a robotized mechanism that identifies the
vicinity of disease in the plants using IoT, their framework had
three levels. The framework is created using sensors like
temperature, moistness and shading are dependent on plant leaf
health condition. They utilized a WiFi shield to send the
information to the cloud for analysis. This information in the
cloud is then matched with the complete dataset to identify if
the leaf is undertaken is affected so the mechanism could be
utilized in various fields by ranchers, industrialists, botanists,
nourishment designers and doctors. Although the picture
handling methods could make it efficient and exact to decide
the quality of leaf and to check on the leaf health. [10]
developed a pioneering model which is capable to recognize
different types of plant diseases in healthy leaves to distinguish
plant leaves from their equipments. Caffe, a deep learning
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480
framework developed by Berkley Vision and Learning Centre,
was utilized for CNN training. The experimental results on the
developed model achieved accuracy between 91% and 98%, on
an average of 96.3%. Although for data collection they utilized
Images downloaded from the Internet in various formats along
with different quality. The applicationlicationroach could be
combined with IoT for prediction with even more accuracy.
As mentioned in [11] Image processing and IoT jointly makes
the way for a new dimension in the field of smart precision
agriculture. The authors proposed a new methodology
intending to create an applicationlicationroach for plant leaf
disease detection based on a deep neural network with the
combined use of IoT and image processing. Different features
like colour, texture, size is automatically extracted with the use
of the deep neural network. Using the classification capability
convolutional neural network is exploited of deep learning
model helped in the identification of plant leaf ailment.
In [12] a cloud-based system that could handle data collection,
analysis, and prediction of agricultural data on a single standard
platform was established. The proposed Farm as a Service
(FaaS) registers, connects and manages IoT devices and
analyzes the environment and growth information on its own.
The IoT-Hub network model was developed for this study. The
proposed model supports data transfer to each IoT device. Non-
standard products can also be able to communicate with it so it
shows good communication reliability even in poor conditions.
So IoT-Hub makes the technology stable as well as the standard
for efficient use in agriculture. The FaaS system implements
specific systems at different levels and is validated by the
development and analysis of the strawberry infection prediction
system, which was compared with other infection models.
Equipment Management Service (EMS) provides the
installation, modification, removal, and automatic connection
of IoT devices, actuators, hybrid control and installed IoT-Hub
and collects equipment status information and operational
information. [13] Explained the capability of wireless sensors
and IoT in agriculture. They analyzed IoT devices and
communication techniques related to wireless sensors in
agriculture applicationlicationlications in detail. They listed the
sensors available for soil preparation, crop status, and
irrigation, insect and pest detection and explained from sowing
until harvesting, packing and transportation, how this technique
can be applicationlicationlied. The use of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAV) for crop surveillance and optimizing crop yield
was also considered. Moreover, the policy reform in the course
of applicationlicationlicable and economical investments
publically product like rural infrastructure, irrigation,
agricultural analysis and extension of education and health of
rural individuals are required. The future of farm sector depends
on the budgetary policy framework of the government and right
kind of public investments, Robert E. Evenson et al. (1999).
[14].To effectively help in water conservation, as mentioned by
Shakthipriya N et al. (2014) in their research work on the
wireless sensor in agriculture that sprinklers will be turned on
according to the value of the soil moisture. It helps in the
conservation of water. All the ph of the soil is sent to the
farmers via message or notification and can be seen by the
farmers in the customized applicationlicationlication [15].
3. RESEARCH METHODLOGY
Different IoT sensors are used in accordance with different
climatic and soil conditions. Senors for measuring the soil
moisture level, humidity level and the temperature. All the data
is then combined and used for further process during the
harvesting process. Based on different reading different actions
are taken. Different moisture reading and different climatic
reading make it easier for the farmer to grow the suitable
products with less hardworking. Climatic conditions can be
controlled through the use of the polyhouse which is a closed
surface and the inner required temperature can be maintained
easily. Many famers nowadays are using a polyhouse and it a
one time installation process. AI robots are used for the
harvesting process with image recognition pattern installed in it
which makes it easier for the robots to differentiate between
different qualities of the prodcuts . Better qualities is higher iin
price and are stored in different container and other quality in
other container so it makes it easy for the farmers at the time of
selling. Conveyer belts are being to transfer the products from
the field to the containers. All the work can be seen through
farmer by sitting at a single place. A site will be there where all
the buyers have toregister themselves and everyday new rates
for different buyers will be set and the farmer can chose easily
that where they want to sell the product.
4. PROPOSED WORK
We have divided the problem under the subheadings to help
understand it better 4(A). Polyhouse
- Polyhouse is a tunnel type house which can square, semi-
circular in shape. It is made up of steel and surface is covered
with the help of polythene. It helps to farm to keep the fields
safe from the insects or changing climatic conditions. There are
many types of polyhouses and depending on the needs of the
farmers it can be chosen. The plants in the poly house are grown
under controlled temperature thus leading to less damage and
plants can be grown all through the year, there will be no pest
or insect.
Technical specifications required for set up polyhouse are:
• Dimensions
• Orientation
• Ridge vent
• Width of each bay
• Distance between consecutive column pipes
• Structural design
• Foundations
• Fasteners
To monitor the environmental parameter of the poly house
we will be using a wireless sensor network.
We will be using different sensors in the polyhouse and
will arrange them measuring all the parameters of the
polyhouse to get applicationlicationropriate and efficient
output from them. Poly house and sensors will act as the
hardware component of our system. [16]
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481
Fig. 2 Polyhouse
4(B) Sensors
Humidity and temperature are the important components that
play an important role in the crop during yeilding. Therefore, a
wireless sensor network will be constructed and will be used to
measure these parameters of the polyhouse [16]. Temperature
sensors, humidity sensors will be used and nowadays a new
sensor called MYTHINGS smart sensor is available in the
market which does both the work and a lot more features. Soil
sensors such as proximal soil sensor (PSS) will be used to test
the fertility the of soil which will tell us that whether the soil
new cultivation, ploughing, water or the land is ready for
harvesting. Water quality sensors will be used that will keep
monitoring the quality of the water. All the data will we be sent
to the farmer with the help of the IoT and based on the data
received by the farmers, necessary actions must be taken.[17]
Various sensors we will be using:
• Temperature sensors:
if (air_temperature<min_temperature):
print (“Air Temperature Low”)
Switch_Heater=1;
elif(air_temperature<max_temperature
&& air_temperature>min_temperature):
print (“Ideal Temperature”)
else:
print (“Air Temperature High”)
Switch_Cooler=1;
If the sensor senses that the current temperature is less than the
minimum temperature it will give a signal to switch on the air
heater and increase the temperature up to the required
temperature. if the temperature is within the range it will
maintain it. If the air temperature is higher than the Ideal
temperature it will give a signal to switch on the air cooler.
Thus, maintaining the temperature of the poly house.
• Soil moisture sensors:
if moisture_level<500:
print ("Moist level Low")
switch=1;
elif(moisture_1evel<1000&&
moisture_1evel>500):
print ("Moist level Medium")
else:
print ("Moist level High)
If the sensors sense that the soil moisture is less than the
required soil moisture then it will send a notification to the
farmer to switch on the water sprinklers to water the crop. If the
soil moisture is in normal range then it will notify the same to
the farmer. if moisture is high it will notify the farmer to not
water the plants until the moisture is medium or low. The
sensors will provide an ideal temperature required for the crop
yield. Using the sensors farmer can check on the appropriate
temperature and humidity required. Farmers can access the
sensors from a remote location through his mobile phones
through an application. It will reduce human efforts and provide
more efficient results and avoid the chances of human error.
Also, the installation cost will be considerably low. [18]. the
sensors and Application will form the software part of the
system.
Fig. 3 Senoros Used In agricultre
4(C).Harvesting Process
When the time of harvesting comes, we will deploy robots with
arms. He will individually visit the crop and check whether the
crop is fully grown or partially grown. Through the image
recognition, it will check the crop and if the crop is grown then
the robot will cut the crop and put it in the basket. Baskets will
be kept at a different location in the polyhouse and with the help
of the GPS the robot can easily reach the basket [19]. At the end
of the day, the farmers will come and check the quality of the
crop in the basket and based on the quality RFID tags will be
used and if farmers have larger and many fields at the same
place conveyer belt can be used to transfer the crop from the
polyhouse to the storage tank. It will save time and reduce
work.
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482
There will be two steps involved:
1. Detection – using image recognition
2.Classification- using robotic arms
For image recognition to identify the crop the techniques used
by Samarjeewa (2013). Two techniques were Local Binary
Patterns (LBP) and thresholding: LBP thresholds Pixels
intensity according to the surrounding and the technique of
generic Algorithm for image recognition of pictures with
uniform illustration proposed by Irias Tejeda & Castro Iris
(2019). For the use of robotic arms to classify the crop, Farmer
will enter the required data to use a robotic arm to automatically
harvest the crop. It will gently grasp, cut, harvest and throw the
stem in the appropriate basket. The arm will be developed to
have four degrees of freedom and will be operated with the help
of motors. It will have cylinders driven by air pressure to grad
and firmly cut the crop. [20][21]
Pattern Design Mechanism
digitalWrite (LeftMotors_P, HIGH);
digitalWrite (LeftMotors_N, LOW);
analog Write (Speed Control, 255);
digitalWrite (RightMotors_P, LOW);
doi:10.20944/preprints201910. 0231.v1
digitalWrite (RightMotors_N, LOW);
analogWrite (SpeeDControl, 0);
digitalWrite (Cutter, HIGH);
Delay (5000); digitalWrite
(LeftMotors_P, HIGH);
digitalWrite (LeftMotors_N, LOW);
analogWrite (SpeeDControl, 255);
digitalWrite (RightMotors_P, HIGH);
digitalWrite (RightMotors_N, LOW);
for (int i = 0; i<= 20; i++): {
analogWrite (SpeeDControl, i);
digitalWrite (Cutter, HIGH);
delay (50);}
delay (10000);
Fig .4 Arduino Uno
4 (D) SELLING PROCESS
They will use an application in which farmers can easily know
the ongoing rates of different crops and the rates offered to them
by different stores. So, the place which will offer more benefits
the farmers will go directly to that shop and sell the crop.
The selling process will involve the following steps:
1. Fixing prices
2. Identifying buyer
3. Selling the product
Fixing prices- Daily updates will be there regarding the new
rates of different products at different places so that there will
be no confusion at the time of selling. The amount and quantity
will be decided via chat and once the deal is being the product
will be delivered.
Identifying buyer – Different shops will be listed on the
application and they will be offering different prices for
different products. The farmers can get a better deal at the time
of selling and can save time.
Selling the product – Once the quantity is being decided the
product will be loaded from the warehouse and will be sent to
the shop. 5. RESULT
TABLE . 1 Required Data
Different conditions required for different type of products.
6. CONCLUSION:
A correct guidance must be provided at the right time which
will be beneficial for the farmers. [22] It has two component
hardware component and software component. Hardware
component will include setting up of polyhouse in the fields and
planning which crop should be planted to have maximum
benefit from the crop we plant. Then sensors and GPS should
be installed in the polyhouse. GPS will measure the proper
distance between the crop so that we can irrigate them properly
also it will provide a proper understanding of the field to
manage it properly. Sensors will sense the moisture in the soil
and provide an alert alarm to the farmer which will form the
software component of the system. If farmers have a web
NAME
OF
CROP
REQUIRED
TEMPERATURE
RAINFALL
AMOUNT
SOIL TYPE
SUGAR
CANE
20’C – 35’C
85-160CM
BLACK,RED
REGULAR SOIL
RICE
15’C-25’C
100-145CM
HEAVY
CLAYEY
WHEAT
11’C-25’C
30-75CM
WELL DRAINED
LIGHR CLAY
BAJRA
25’C-35’C
30-60 CM
SANDY LOAM
MAIZE
17’C-28’C
70-125CM
DEEP HEAVY
CLAY
PULSES
21’C-27’C
30-60CM
SANDY LOAM
TEA
17’C-37’C
100-250CM
WELL DRAINED
, LIGHT LOAMY
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483
application which will be connected with the sensors and if the
sensors sense that there is less or more moisture than required
farmers can switch on or off the water sprinklers to provide
accurate moisture. Robotic arms will be used to harvest the crop
which will use image processing to identify whether the crop is
ready to harvest or not. Once the crop is harvested and is ready
to be sold in the market, the farmers will use the mobile
application to sell their crop more efficiently.
7. FUTURE SCOPE:
Using Polyhouse, sensors, robotic arms will help in increasing
efficiency and provide us with more output with fewer efforts.
Such techniques will help in making farming more effective
thus giving more output in less time to meet challenges of the
future generations.
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