Pramod Kumar Sahu

National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms | NBAIM · Department of Microbiology

Natural Farming represents an agro-ecological methodology for farming that emphasizes regenerative practices with an aim to promote holistic ecological balance and reduce the dependence on external inputs as well as financial resources. Substantial concern has recently arisen over the need to promote agroecosystems that are more sustainable in orde...

In this study, the rhizospheric soil of wild sugarcane from three different salt-affected soils of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains was sampled. Rhizospheric bacteria from S. spontaneum were isolated and they were characterized for growth-promoting traits with molecular identification. A total of 49 isolates were isolated from three S. spontaneum r...

Globally, agricultural ecosystems are now greatly threatened by soil salinity. Salinity has an impact on several continents throughout the world, which has a negative impact on crop yield. The pace of salinization in arid and semi-arid areas has been accelerated by anthropogenic activities that degrade agricultural land. Several microbial-based for...

This edited book covers the major aspects of plant growth promoting bacteria and mechanisms underlining the phenotype in rhizobacteria. This book guides the researchers about the potential of plant growth promoting bacteria to be used as biofertilizers. The process of biofertilizer development and the process of testing its efficacy for commercial...

Agriculture is the most prominent economic and rapidly growing sector in the majority of developing countries for its key role in the world’s food security. High food demand to support the rapidly growing global population creates a widespread intensification of the agricultural production. The recent nonjudicious application of synthetic agrochemi...

Endophytic microbes are well distributed in internal plant tissues imparting multiple benefits conferring host fitness. Microbial-based biopesticides are eco-friendly, and they can be a reliable and potential alternative to fertilizers of chemical origin and pesticides. In reality, a higher fertilization level can impair the rhizobacterial communit...

Worldwide interest has recently grown in the use of microbial plant biostimulants as an eco-friendly alternative to agrochemicals. These organisms increase the soil’s availability of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc for plants by regulating phytohormone production and releasing siderophores, organic acids, and enzymes....

Constant deterioration of soil quality due to the extensive use of pernicious chemical fertilisers has become a global concern, which not only restrains crop yield and quality but also has critical ecological consequences. Because of the toxic and non-biodegradable properties of such synthetic fertilisers, the quality of arable land is declining da...

Training manual on Techniques for isolation and characterization of bacterial endophytes and its application in agriculture

Increasing soil salinity depreciates the quantity of the crop produce. Looking at the tremendous potential of plant-associated microorganisms in salinity stress mitigation, it would be very useful in exploring and deciphering salt-tolerant microorganisms from halophytic plants and their utilization in cultivated plants. With this aim, in the presen...

Halotolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial microorganisms utilized to mitigate the biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. The areas of Sundarban mangroves of West Bengal, India have been reported to be rich in halotolerant microflora, yet major area remains unexplored. The present study, therefore, aims to map down the...

The agricultural industry has serious economic concerns globally because soil-borne plant diseases can result in catastrophic losses in crop yields, both in terms of quantity and quality. If a suitable and precise management approach is to be optimized, early, quick, and reliable pathogen identification is crucial. Historically, the most popular te...

Globally, the production of bananas (Musa sp. L.) often suffers from various environmental challenges. Among them, biotic stress-induced disease caused by phytopathogenic soil microorganisms is the most threatening factor. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Foc Tropical Race 4 (Foc-TR4) is an important soil-borne fungus triggering the severe disease...

Increased soil salinity poses serious limitations in crop yield and quality; thus, an attempt was made to explore microbial agents to mitigate the ill effects of salinity in rice. The hypothesis was mapping of microbial induction of stress tolerance in rice. Since the rhizosphere and endosphere are two different functional niches directly affected...

The present study deals with whole genome analysis of Fusarium udum, a wilt causing pathogen of pigeon pea. The de novo assembly identified a total of 16,179 protein-coding genes, of which 11,892 genes (73.50%) were annotated using BlastP and 8,928 genes (55.18%) from KOG annotation. In addition, 5,134 unique InterPro domains were detected in the a...

Salinity is one of the major challenges for cultivation of crops in a sustainable way because it severely affects plant growth and yield. Keeping this challenge in view, in the current study, a salt-tolerant Halomonas MV-19 was isolated from an extreme niche of mud volcano of Andaman Nicobar Island, India and identified on the basis of standard mor...

In this study, rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria were tested for the alleviation of salinity stress in rice. Endophytic isolates were taken from previous studies based on their salt stress-alleviating traits. The rhizospheric bacteria were isolated from rice and screened based on salt tolerance and plant growth-promoting traits. Molecular identi...

The present study aimed to identify potential endophytic bacteria antagonistic against three soil-borne fungal pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri causing root rot, collar rot, and fungal wilt diseases in chickpea plants, respectively. A total of 255 bacterial endophytes were isolated from the leav...

For sustainable food production and food security at global level in the line of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), food supplies must keep pace with increasing population that can partially be accomplished by reducing the yield losses caused by the devastating pest and pathogens. Doubling in global food demand by 2050, changing climatic conditi...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) prevail in most natural terrestrial ecosystems and are widespread geographically having a very extensive host range. AMF form symbiotic relationships with the majority of plant species and play an essential role in ecosystem services, especially plant growth, disease protection and overall soil quality. AMF symbio...

Aerobic living is thought to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are an inevitable chemical component. They are produced exclusively in cellular compartments in aerobic metabolism involving significant energy transfer and are regarded as by-products. ROS have a significant role in plant response to pathogenic stress, but the pattern varie...

Soil-borne pathogens pose a serious threat in crop production worldwide due to the occurrence of wide pathogenic variability, loss of resistance in cultivars, and survivability of these pathogens in soil for longer periods. The important soil-borne pathogens having economic importance that cause root and stem rot and wilt in a wide range of host pl...

Plants are exposed to a natural habitat where the plants interact in diverse ways with their natural environment. To study the mechanisms of defense in the plants, microbes and their communities are given positive responses on the host. These beneficial responses include nutrient acquisition, resistance against plant pathogens, abiotic stress like...

The genus Burkholderia has proven potential in improving plant performance. In recent decades, a huge diversity of Burkholderia spp. have been reported with diverse capabilities of plant symbiosis which could be harnessed to enhance plant growth and development. Colonization of endophytic Burkholderia spp. have been extensively studied through tech...

In this study, a fungal plant growth promoter Penicillium oxalicum T4 isolated from non‐rhizosphere soil of Arunachal Pradesh, India, was screened for different plant growth promoting traits in a gnotobiotic study. Though inoculation improved the overall growth of the plants, critical differences were observed in root architecture. Confocal Laser S...

Medicinal plants are rich source of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites, which find wide applications in food, medicine and cosmetic industries. Besides, medicinal plants have been reported to harbour a rich diversity of microbiota with plant growth promoting potential, and source of novel and economically important compounds. In this st...

Degradable waste generated from food processing industries has immense potential for producing valuable products. Apples constitute among the most widely consumed fruits in the food processing industry, but their peels remain unutilized. We explored the possibility of using apple peel as feedstock for production of alpha-amylase- a commercially imp...

False smut of rice was initially considered as one of the minor and sporadic diseases worldwide. However, in recent days this minor disease is becoming a major concern causing huge yield loss along with reducing the quality of the grains. The major reasons are changes in cultivar profile, including large-scale cultivation of high-yielding and hybri...

Due to low agricultural production, degradation of natural resources, significant post-harvest losses, little or no value addition, and population surge, ensuring food security in developing nations is extremely difficult. Researchers are attempting to incorporate modern technology in order to boost supply and minimize the gap between production an...

Agriculture is a multifarious interface between plants and associated microorganisms. In contemporary agriculture, emphasis is being given to environmentally friendly approaches, particularly in developing countries, to enhance sustainability of the system with the least negative effects on produce quality and quantity. Modern agricultural practice...

Endophytic microbiota opens a magnificent arena of metabolites that served as a potential source of medicines for treating a variety of ailments and having prospective uses in agriculture, food, cosmetics, and many more. There are umpteen reports of endophytes improving the growth and tolerance of plants. In addition, endophytes from lifesaving dru...

Seed transmission of endophytic microorganisms is a growing research area in plant biology and microbiology. We employed cultivation versus cultivation-independent approaches on excised embryos from watermelon seeds (6–12 months in storage) and on embryo-derived in vitro seedlings (EIVS) to assess the vertical transmission of endophytic bacteria. S...

Endophytic bacilli of ethano-botanical plant Ocimum tenuiflorum were screened for salt stress-alleviating traits in tomato. Four promising O. tenuiflorum endophytes (Bacillus safensis BTL5, Bacillus haynesii GTR8, Bacillus paralicheniformis GTR11, and Bacillus altitudinis GTS16) were used in this study. Confocal scanning laser microscopic studies r...

Endophytic bacilli of ethano-botanical plant Ocimum tenuiflorum were screened for salt stress-alleviating traits in tomato. Four promising O. tenuiflorum endophytes (Bacillus safensis BTL5, Bacillus haynesii GTR8, Bacillus paralicheniformis GTR11, and Bacillus altitudinis GTS16) were used in this study. Confocal scanning laser microscopic studies r...

The acreage under salinity is increasing, and the stress thus generated in the plants causes severe damage to the quality and quantity of the produce. Salinity stress also increases the susceptibility of the plants against pests and diseases. Since the requirement to feed billions of mouths is ever-increasing, shortening of the arable lands is not...

Plant secondary metabolites have significant potential applications in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries by providing new chemistries and compounds. However, direct isolation of such compounds from plants has resulted in over-harvesting and loss of biodiversity, currently threatening several medicinal plant species to ex...

Plants associate with communities of microbes (bacteria and fungi) that play critical roles in plant development, nutrient acquisition, and oxidative stress tolerance. The major share of plant microbiota is endophytes which inhabit plant tissues and help them in various capacities. In this article, we have reviewed what is presently known with rega...

In this era of dwindling natural resources and climate change, the target of increasing crop production for feeding 10 billion people by the year 2050 has mounted huge pressure on the scientific community. The cultivation of hybrid varieties has contributed immensely towards food security and made it possible to meet the requirements of the rapidly...

Nanotechnology has a wide range of applications in the stream of agriculture, medicine, pharmaceuticals, etc. In recent decades, it has become one of the most important technological interventions, especially in agriculture. The present-day agriculture is facing several bottlenecks in maintaining productivity in shrinking resources. On the other ha...

Plants create a dynamic micro-biosphere in the soil, around the roots, called as ‘rhizosphere’, which harbors diverse number of microorganisms for sustaining their growth and development. A soil with diverse and multi-traits microbial communities is considered healthy to enhance crop productivity. In the last decades, rhizosphere biology has gained...

Salt stress hampers plant growth and development. It is now becoming one of the most important threats to agricultural productivity. Rhizosphere microorganisms play key roles in modulating cellular responses and enable plant tolerant to salt stress, but the detailed mechanisms of how this occurs need in-depth investigation. The present study elucid...

Rhizosphere is a hot spot where specific kinds of diverse microbial communities develop under the influence of exudates from plant roots and in turn modulate growth and development of the plant. Such communities with or without interactions perform an array of functions, including nitrogen fixation, P, Zn, Si and K-solubilization, siderophore produ...

Sorghum anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum graminicola, is a destructive disease, and increasing dependency on chemical fungicides for its control has serious environmental concerns since sorghum is fed to cattle. Thus there is a need to develop effective bio-pesticide for biological control of C. graminicola. Since Trichoderma is a proven bioco...

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of rice bacterial blight is a common reason for severe economic yield losses in rice. Plant response to one type of stress can be affected by simultaneous exposure to a second stress, for example when abiotic and biotic stresses occur together. In this study, two genotypically contrasting genoty...

Background: Ralstonia solanacearum has the problem of losing the virulence in laboratory conditions, during prolonged experimentation. Since pure colonies of R. solanacearum contain cell fractions differing in virulence, it was considered worthwhile to find a way of selecting the cells with lower attenuation. Therefore, a methodology for inducing...

Among the twenty-one bacterial endophytes isolated from Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), eight were potentially inhibiting the growth of five plant pathogens. Percent suppression of Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria alternata, Microphomina phaseolina, and Bipolaris sorokiniana radial growth was significantly higher by isolates BTL-...

Stage-dependent concomitant fortification of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties PB1612 and CO51 with microbial inoculants Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens as the seed coating, seedling root inoculation and soil application enhanced growth, activated antioxidant enzymes and modulated defence-related genes in plants. Microbial inocula...

The study was conducted to comprehend the facets of culturable endophytic diversity correlating with the fitness of cultivar. Tomato bacterial endophytes from cultivars Arka Rakshak (AR; multi-disease tolerant hybrid) and Pusa Ruby (PR; susceptible check) were isolated. Molecular identification quantified that only two genera Rhizobium and Bacillus...

Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is an ethano-medicinal plant grown since centuries for its extraordinary medicinal importance. Since the microbes associated with it also exhibit similar antimicrobial potential, exploring the endosphere microbes for biocontrol traits can thus be of great worth. Therefore, in the present study, the endophytes from O....

: Microorganisms area treasure in terms of theproduction of various bioactive compounds which are being explored in different arenas of applied sciences. In agriculture, microbes and their bioactive compounds are being utilized in growth promotion and health promotion withnutrient fortification and its acquisition. Exhaustive explorations are unrav...

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MF-30 isolated from maize rhizosphere was characterized for several plant growth stimulating attributes. The strain MF-30 was also evaluated for antifungal properties against Rhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize (Zea mays L.) under in vitro conditions an...

A protocol for inducing virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum for biocontrol studies was developed considering the problem of losing its virulence in laboratory conditions abruptly which causes inconsistency in results during prolonged experimentation. In our study, we observed that some of the factors enhance the occurrence of virulence colony type...

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to study Drechslerella dactyloides NDAd-05 and Dactylaria brochopaga NDDb-15 mediated induction of structural defense responses leading to lower disease development and promoting growth in tomato pre-challenged with Meloidogyne incognita. The potential strains D. dactyloides NDAd-05 and D. brocho...

Under changing climate, soil salinity and sodicity is a limiting factor to crop production and are considered a threat to sustainability in agriculture. A number of attempts are being made to develop microbe-based technologies for alleviation of toxic e�ects of salts. However, the mechanisms of salt tolerance in agriculturally important crops are n...

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501- and methyl jasmonate-induced systemic resistance and their integration on the spot blotch pathogen, Bipolaris sorokiniana through enhanced phenylpropanoid activities in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It was found that the application of MeJA (>100 mg L–...

A diverse pool of 310 bacterial endophytes isolated from tomato plants growing in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India was evaluated for their antagonistic potential against three soil-borne fungal pathogens causing root rot (Rhizoctonia solani), collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and, fungal wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici). Preliminary scre...

The present investigation was aimed to isolate and characterize the strains of Drechslerella dactyloides and Dactylaria brochopaga from decaying root galls of tomato in order to investigate their role in reprogramming of root apoplast that enhance defence responses in tomato pre-challenged with Meloidogyne incognita. Out of 23 strains of D. brochop...

Purpose Agricultural chemicals either used as nutrient inputs for soil fertility or pesticides are creating physicochemical and biological deterioration of the soils and disturbing the agro-ecosystems worldwide. Alarming concerns towards integrated agroecology demand for renewed interest in low-external input-based farming practices. These practice...

The world has been fascinated with the new technology called as CRISPER/CAS9. Many molecular biologist, microbiologist and geneticist are attracted towards this technology and looking forward for its potential applications in human health to cure various devastating diseases challenging for humans for several decades. It has also got wider applicat...

Bacterial endophytes from two varieties of tomato, Pusa Ruby (susceptible to wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum) and Arka Rakshak (multiple disease tolerant hybrid) were isolated. A sum of eleven isolates was isolated from Pusa Ruby and twelve from Arka Rakshak. Cultures were identified on the basis of 16s rRNA sequence similarity. These endophyt...

Bacterial endophytes have been reported to have protective effects against different plant pathogens in various crops. The vast diversity of endophytes can be screened for isolating potential endophytes giving higher degree of plant protection. In this study, bacterial endophytes from different cultivars of tomato were isolated and screened for bio...

This study was undertaken for deciphering biocontrol mechanisms of bacterial endophytes against three soil borne pathogens of tomato viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. A total of 310 bacterial endophytes were isolated from four districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Preliminary screening led t...

Bacterial endophytes are reported to have protective effects against different plant pathogens. The vast diversity can be screened for isolating potential endophytes giving higher degree of protection. In this study, bacterial endophytes from different cultivars of tomato were isolated and screened for biocontrol. In these, 15 were found having goo...

Rhizosphere bacterial communities of kodo millet plant was analyzed from a large metagenome sequence dataset. Plant rhizosphere samples of kodo millet was collected in replicates and the metagenomic sequence data were obtained through shotgun sequencing. Overall sequences in the dataset were 476,649 comprising total read length of 179,349,372 base...

Scientific inventions in the field of microbiology and biotechnology are the most happening in today’s world. There has also been great awareness in protection and promotion of economic and commercial interests. Besides, there has been a quantum jump in research and development (R&D) costs in various sectors, including biotechnology and microbiolog...

Microorganisms are the key players in every agro-ecosystem. They are the natural inhabitants of all the soil and plant systems, in which they represent dominant presence in terms of their vast diversity and multipronged functional capabilities. Multifarious physical, chemical and biological factors usually represent good soil fertility status as a...

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a technique which gives more emphasis on local knowledge end enable locals to do their own appraisal, analysis and planning on the participatory basis. In this study, a transect survey was conducted at Amba village of Ajmer, India to understand the factual needs of the farming community. The rank-based quotien...

In modified methodology of liquid dual culture assay, endophyte bacteria and pathogen are inoculated in bottles broth containing 1:1 ratio of PDB and nutrient broth with sufficient head space and allowed to interact actively for 7 days in the presence of host tissue extract. At the end, inhibition was measured based on biomass accumulated by fungus...

Biofertilizers are now a popular term among agriculturists. Many improvements have been done in existing techniques, and many new techniques had evolved as well to enhance its effects on plant system. It is being used extensively for biocontrol and plant growth promotion. Bioformulation is one of the areas of prime research importance as it affects...

Microbes are ubiquitous entities with a high potential of survivability which has been encrypted in their genome through the time. There are various types of chemical substances known for different purposes in microbial life, among which volatile compounds are special ones. These are light molecular weight, low vapor pressure compounds that easily...

The rhizosphere is part of the soil surrounding the plant roots or being influenced by the plant roots. The exudates released from roots make it a site for complex biochemical activity. Microorganisms make up one of the dynamic parts of this rhizosphere, and affect soil and plant growth by various means. However, our absolute dependency on chemical...

Decreasing resources and enhancing needs have made the situation imperative to boost the agricultural productivity. Agrochemical mediated improvement in productivity has reached to a phase where it has more disadvantages than benefits. Degrading soil quality, water quality, polluting food chain, etc. has driven the interest for the minimal use of t...

Bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum causes catastrophic loss in different plants across the genera and climatic conditions. It has a huge genetic diversity which affects tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate region. Apart from solanaceous plants, it affects a vast array of many other plant species. Wide host range and its survival ca...

Bioformulation is the form in which the microbe is applied to the crop field for beneficial effects. Impact of microorganisms is also depends on kind of formulation used. Azospirillum confers several benefits apart from fixing dinitrogen to the host plant like enhanced plant growth by phytohormone production, tolerance from diseases by induced syst...

Abiotic stresses are the foremost limiting factors for agricultural productivity. Crop plants need to cope up adverse external pressure created by environmental and edaphic conditions with their intrinsic biological mechanisms, failing which their growth, development, and productivity suffer. Microorganisms, the most natural inhabitants of diverse...

Agriculture practices are now driving towards sustainability. Excessive agrochemical use is now getting criticism from all corners. The great deal here is to provide suitable agents to be used as alternatives in order to replace some part of agrochemicals. One such area of research is improving performance of microbial bioinoculants as huge potenti...

Soil and plant samples from black rot infected fields were processed to isolate wild type Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) bacteriophages by overlay agar method. Various Xcc strains were employed as indicator hosts. The aim of this study was to isolate and purify potential bacteriophages for their ability to lyse plant pathogenic strains...

L-Glutaminase (L-Glutamine Amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.2) is the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of L-Glutamine into L-Glutamic acid and produce ammonia as by-product.Microbial Glutaminases have found applications in several fields. L-Glu-taminase has received significant attention recently owing to its potential applications in medicine as an ant...

Risk in agriculture has been extended manifolds due to climate change. Small and medium scale farming are much affected by unpredictable weather conditions arising from climate change. Various strategies are being developed to face this challenge such as developing varieties with flexible sowing time, short duration crops, anti-transpirants, new to...

Azospirillum is one of the successful inoculants for di-nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion in non-legume crops. It is micro-aerophillic microorganisms found mainly with cereals and grasses. Apart from dinitrogen fixation, it confers many other benefits to crop plants like improve seed germination, enhance seedling growth, enhancing proton...

The ecological success of microbes in consortium which was otherwise compatible in plate assay was evaluated in mung bean in this study. It was found that even though they show compatibility in plate assay, they may not always have synergistic effects when applied as consortium in the crop. Three isolates from rice rhizosphere (RI-3, RII-4 and RIII...

Rhizospheric and Endophytic Beneficial Microorganisms: Treasure For Biological Control of Plant Pathogens- This chapter essentially explains the microbes, especially rhizospheric and endophytic, for their biocontrol activities. Readers would find it useful while learning the basic aspects of endophytes and biocontrol microbes.

The use of microorganisms in agriculture as bioinoculant is a very important practice and a growing need too. In spite of countless research, the rate of success is remarkably low. To get success, there is a need to examine this aspect from various differ angles apart from conventional approaches. This chapter focuses on a few of these aspects of b...

Fluid Bed Dried Microbial Consortium for Enhanced Plant Growth: A Step towards Next Generation Bio Formulation A new type of biofertilizer formulation containing microbial consortium was constituted using fluid bed dryer (FBD) with a vision of reducing contamination and enhancing performance of bioinoculants. Three agriculturally beneficial microor...

In the present study 101 bacterial isolates were obtained from rhizosphere of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) cv PR-118 and PRH-10 cultivated in a field at ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India at different stages of growth {seedling stage [37 days old after transplantation (RI stage)], booting stage [80 days o...

It is about a novel biofertilizer formulation "fluid bed dried formulation" in comparison with lignite formulation of microbial consortium on finger millet (Eleucine coracana Gaertn.)

Antimicrobial activity of compounds from selected medicinal plants

In vitro study of antimicrobial compounds for plant extracts against soil borne plant pathogens

Reduction of contamination and enhancing survival of inoculants in the formulation are two major aspects in biofertilizer production. With this background, a novel type of biofertilizer formulation containing microbial consortium was prepared using fluid bed dryer (FBD). The consortium was prepared using three microorganisms viz. Pseudomonas fluore...

An investigation was carried out to prepare a novel fluid bed dried (FBD) inoculant formulation containing microbial consortium and study survival of constituent microorganisms Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter sp. and Azotobacter chroococcum in different consortial combinations up to 180 days. Growth curves determined revealed that stationary...

Biofertilizers are gaining importance in sustainable agriculture. Various complementing combinations of microbial inoculants for management of major nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are necessary for sustainability. A broad canvas of biofertilizers that enhance nitrogen and specific to legumes and non legumes along with inoculants that enh...