Review of ICT usage in disaster management

Abstract

Disaster management demands a near real-time information dissemination so that emergency services can be provided to the people immediately. Real time information can be easily collected with the various sources with rapid advancement of information and communication technologies. Use of ICT in different stages of disaster management is studied. Existing solutions are explored and also the study of integrated emerging ICT networks, services and applications are explored. Different techniques during evacuation s are studied. The evacuation model is proposed after comparative analysis of different ICT based technologies.

Full text

ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Review of ICT usage in disaster management
Pooja Mohan
1
•Himani Mittal
1
Received: 19 May 2019 / Accepted: 4 May 2020 / Published online: 15 May 2020
ÓBharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management 2020
Abstract Disaster management demands a near real-time
information dissemination so that emergency services can
be provided to the people immediately. Real time infor-
mation can be easily collected with the various sources
with rapid advancement of information and communication
technologies. Use of ICT in different stages of disaster
management is studied. Existing solutions are explored and
also the study of integrated emerging ICT networks, ser-
vices and applications are explored. Different techniques
during evacuation s are studied. The evacuation model is
proposed after comparative analysis of different ICT based
technologies.
Keywords Disaster Risk ICT Early warning systems 
Remote sensing
1 Introduction
A disaster is a situation that may cause damage to a
community through loss of life, damage to our environ-
mental, or loss of economy that is beyond the capability of
the community to respond [1] (UNISDR 2017). According
to Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters,
the economic loss faced by disaster-hit countries from 1998
to 2017 was $2.9 trillion. United States is at the top with
losses of nearly $1 trillion, followed by China, Japan, India
and Puerto Rico. The UN Refugee Agency stated that the
number of disasters has almost doubled in the last 20 years.
Most risk prone area since 1995 was Asia–Pacific region.
Most earth-quake prone countries are China, Indonesia,
Iran and Pakistan. Most of the threats from sea are faced by
small island states in the Pacific region and countries like
the Maldives. Floods are faced by Bangladesh and parts of
China and India each year.
Disaster Management refers to the protection of the lives
and property in huge amount whenever some kind of dis-
aster take place whether man made or through natural
phenomenon. There is a long list of disasters in India such
as earth quakes, fire, floods, drought, epidemics cyclones,
land sliding and hurricanes and many more. It’s due to geo-
climatic condition. Some of these are unavoidable. So
some kind of risk management is required which includes
various methods to be adopted during different stages of
disaster management cycle.
There are three main stages in disaster management
cycle. Pre-disaster preparedness which involves Disaster
monitoring via some kind of sensors or Early warning
systems to prevent it, during disaster to the reduce the
damage and post-disaster that includes Recovery and
Reconstruction after huge losses [2]. It’s impossible to
avoid hazards but these impacts can be minimized using
communication based on Information technology, an inte-
gration of telecommunications, computers, software and
storage for accessing and transmitting information. ICT
helps in disintermediation, flow of information directly
from person to person. Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), 2015 the main goal was to ensure proper disaster
management with can be achieved with the help of infor-
mation and communications technology for development
(ICT4D) The technology helps to strengthen the relief
efforts so that it can reach maximum people faster. The
&Pooja Mohan
poojamohan123@gmail.com
Himani Mittal
research.himani@gmail.com
1
Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College,
Chandigarh, India
123
Int. j. inf. tecnol. (September 2020) 12(3):955–962
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-020-00468-y

awareness training can be provided with ICT tools for the
preparedness stage. ICT in the form of internet, data
warehousing, data mining etc. are very useful to develop
knowledge warehouse, and this can play a vital role using
GIS and satellite based communication in the Disaster risk
reduction measures at all levels.
The organization of the study is as follows: Sect. 2
presents ICT in different stages of disasters, Technologies
used till now will be discussed in Sect. 3, Integrated
emerging ICT networks, services and applications will be
explored in Sect. 4, and Sect. 5will cover the conclusion.
2 ICT in different phases of disaster management
There are two main areas of disaster management where
ICTs can be applied. The first deals with the knowledge
about the risks, awareness about them and having infor-
mation about risks so as to minimize these risks in no time.
ICT applications are used to enhance the forecasting.
The second area focuses on using ICT tools, including
the Internet, phones, television and radio, in alerting about
disasters, in response and rescue operation’s coordination,
and in managing mitigation projects.
2.1 Risk assessment and preparedness
Disaster can be managed by locating and identifying
emergency problems with the help of GIS.
2.1.1 Early warning systems (EWS)
They have been used from past for predicting emergency
situation. They use the technology EMIS (Emergency
Management Information System), a computer database for
disaster response that provides real-time information
graphically to responders. Emergency situations demand
fast response and reliable access to existing data. They
require up-to-date information, its integration and distri-
bution between rescue teams, citizens, etc. Such warning
systems have proven to be successful in prediction except
in case of earth quakes. These warning systems were pro-
ven to be useful for detection of only one particular type of
disaster. Earlier the media through which warnings were
disseminated were sirens, radio, loudspeakers etc. The
national weather service used the TAR (Tone Alert Radio)
as a very reliable method for warning disseminations. TAR
was replaced by EAS (Emergency Alert Service in 1994.
They are least prone to disruption during disasters and
emergencies while conveying the information [2].
Broadcast technologies such as Audio Public Address
Systems, Wireless Mobile Telephony (WMT) PA Systems,
L.E.D. Electronic Signs, Digital Signage such as plasma
TV and other flat-panel LCD TV and monitors that depend
on man-made infrastructure are prone to disruption if any
part of that infrastructure is overloaded or destroyed.
Satellite radio can play a major role during both warning
and recovery phases. They receive signals broadcasted by
communications satellite. These signals cover a much
wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals.
Common Alerting Protocol (CAP), an international
standard is required to avoid delay and disturbance in the
process as the information such as alerts and warnings from
different technologies are to be shared. The format includes
information such as the area, urgency, severity and
certainty.
To provide early warning information the communica-
tion and cooperation at regional, national and global level
is required. This can be facilitated with ICT based appli-
cations. Different organization such as World Meteoro-
logical Organization, WHO, UN/ISDR, etc. help in
providing the early warning information.
2.1.2 Awareness programmes
In era of electronic communication, the Internet, email and
instant messages helps to facilitates disaster mitigation
communications. These facilitate to spread awareness and
risk management practices before, during, and following
the emergencies. Internet sites also provide information
related to various hazards.
ICT based technologies helps in spreading educational
and public awareness programmes at the local level and
prepares the country for facing the disaster. Awareness is
educating the people with the right amount of information
about the various hazards and risks as widely as possible so
that people act appropriately when a disaster happens.
2.2 Mitigation
It is the activity that minimizes the probability of disaster
occurrences using preventive measures. Mitigation may
include the strategies to avoid or to reduce the effects of
disaster. It can be done by implementing the strict policies.
It makes use of factors such as magnitude of an earthquake,
vegetation and weather, etc. in different areas. GIS helps in
mapping safe Zones so people can shift to safe place.
In the preparedness phase, the damage from disaster is
minimized by developing plans by Government to save
lives. GIS helps in determining the escape routes for
evacuation or for locating vulnerable infrastructures and
vital lifelines so that the damage can be reduced.
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2.2.1 Mitigation tools and strategies
Mitigation policies stressed upon the methods used to
minimize the adverse impacts of hazards and various dis-
asters. It requires creation of Databases for Policymaking
and Planning. Various online databases about disaster are
available publically. EM-DAT, globally available database
provide important data of more than 17,000 disasters from
the time period of 1900 to the present. The database is
maintained by the Centre for Research on Epidemiology of
Disasters (CRED). But there are many limitations and
challenges in maintaining them. Major limitation is lack of
standard approach in collecting and classifying the disas-
ters. Another limitation is the availability of data in many
countries.
Development Assistance Database (DAD), a web based
information management tool developed by UNDP which
track the use of aid received for response and recovery.
This tool was used after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
and is used by various countries such as the Governments
of Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Regional
information portals provide communication at the regional
level.
RNSS [3] is an independent satellite system used for
navigation purpose regionally. It is developed by India to
provide accurate location information to users within
1500 km. Ushahidi [4], crisis-mapping software available
open source to create database of reports gathered via
email, SMS, or tweets. From this information, it builds a
real-time picture of happening. Research Centre based in
German for Geosciences developed the Tsunami Early
Warning System (InaTEWS) [5] for the government of
Indonesia. The system broadcasts an alert within 5 min of
an occurrence of an earthquake. It determines immediately
about the occurrence of tsunami through public broadcast
systems television, radio, and sirens. This study [6] focused
on multiple satellite image processing and analysis for
managing disasters. It’s not feasible for just a single
satellite system to provide reliable image access. It requires
lots of coordination among various systems to provide best
protection services. This study [7] proposed the context
aware architecture in Smartphone for generating early
warning in case of crowd disaster to avoid stampede. The
system is also implemented and tested for prediction of
stampede.
2.3 Response and recovery
ICT provides real-time communication for life-saving
efforts like search and rescue operations. Primarily ICT
helps to confirm the safety and security of family, friends,
personnel, and assets. It then helps to provide restoration
services.
ICT based system developed for response and recovery
are DUMBO, OpenCARE and Sahana. DUMBO, a col-
lection of technologies deployed after disaster for com-
munication with a distant headquarters in the absence of
fixed infrastructure. OpenCARE, an information middle-
ware for providing compatibility between heterogeneous
systems as well as it works as an information dissemination
system. Sahana, developed after Indian Ocean Tsunami by
Lanka Software Foundation in 2014.
2.3.1 Recovery and relief tools
Relief services are also supported by private companies
such as Motorola and Qualcomm and Ericsson by provid-
ing their communication equipment in case of damage of
infrastructure. Ericsson response programme responsible
for providing communication solutions and spreading
awareness is implemented by Ericsson. One such system
developed by them is IFRC’s Disaster Management
Information System. Partnership with private companies is
essential during the response planning for better coopera-
tion during emergencies.
NetHope [8] provides recovery services by NGO
members with the use of ICTs. DistressNet [9] presents an
architecture to support response services with the use of
collaborative sensing. This [10] proposes that the impact of
damage can be controlled by saving ‘‘the last snapshot’’ of
the network and shifting data to a safe zone. The study [11]
proposed a framework for efficient collaboration and
management of task in case of disaster response. This
model allows compatibility among various heterogeneous
devices using data through various mobile sensors and also
using the context information. An organized platform
IDRN [12], a web abased application is developed in India
where all information about all the resources are made
available instantly. UAVs [13] help in surveying the dis-
aster affected region and also support in setting up of the
communication network between the rescue teams and
available cellular infrastructure. The study [14] focused on
disaster damage assessment of Indian Ocean tsunami
(2004) and central java earthquake (2006) using remote
sensing technologies such as Synthetic Aperture Radar
(SAR) and VIEWS. This paper [15], proposes data dis-
semination, location estimation and reliable transfer
specifically for SENDROM.
3 Overview of the existing ICT services,
technologies and applications
Continuity of operations is the main requirement in disaster
communications management. To facilitate the restoration
of connectivity after a disaster a variety of systems are
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required to ensure resiliency and redundancy. Smart Sus-
tainable Development Model (SSDM) framework launched
in 2013 by ITU BDT for optimization of ICT resources for
both development (ICT4D) and disaster management
(ICT4DM). Disaster communications frameworks and
policies help guide activities, roles and responsibilities
throughout a disaster event and help ensure continuity of
ICT operations following a disaster. Development of
licensing procedures is required to address barriers to entry
of emergency communications equipment.
ICT policy and regulatory considerations for disaster
response frameworks may include use of multiple modes of
communication to provide information before, during, and
after disasters, Accessible websites and mobile apps
designed as per the current WCAG guidelines, Radio and
television public service announcements (using measures
for accessibility such as audio, text, captions, and sign
language interpretation); SMS, aid and relief agencies.
Governments as well as disaster response firms to have
dedicated social media accounts such as Facebook pages
and Twitter accounts etc.
3.1 Existing services
Services implemented internationally to help in reduction
of the vulnerability to disasters thereby saving the human
lives and infrastructure.
3.1.1 The international charter ‘space and major
disasters’
It provides the information about disastrous areas in case of
disaster such as earthquakes and tsunamis etc. with Earth
Observation (EO) and remote sensing satellite. They col-
laborate with other agencies for analysis of images and
interpretation for rapid assessment and management of the
disaster.
3.1.2 The national oceanic and atmospheric
administration (NOAA)
It is the collection of EO satellites that helps in weather
forecasting by providing data on time. NOAA advises on
the occurrences of tsunamis following earthquakes in
oceans through its Early Warning System.
3.1.3 The United Nations platform for disaster
management and emergency response (UNSPIDER)
This facilitates free access to remote sensing satellite data,
all the related software, and precautionary information
throughout the disaster management cycle.
3.1.4 The United States geological survey (USGS)
It is based in USA that monitors natural hazards and supply
data for earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides etc.
3.2 Technologies
Remote Sensing, measures information by a device that is
not actually in direct contact with the object. It is the use of
remote device for collecting information about the envi-
ronmental parameters. [6,14]
Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) based communica-
tion systems have used mostly due to their network dis-
ruption and disconnection resilience. DTN may be linked
to mobile terminals or nomad stations and describes pro-
tocol architecture that overcomes technical issues in
heterogeneous net-works that can lack continuous
connectivity.
Portable Emergency Communication Systems (PECS)
can be used during a recovery and restoration period.
Wireless Ad hoc Mesh Networks with GPS These tech-
nologies can work in different terrains and are relatively
cheaper. In case of disaster the deployment of satellite
communication equipment, cellular and microwave links
improves the reliability.
Mobile Technology The World Food Programme
(WFP)’s Mobile Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping
(mVAM) uses this technique for conducting 20,000 sur-
veys in more than 30 countries. This has helped to achieve
$5 million annual saving of cost and also the time saving
by 75%.
GIS is a collection of hardware and software used for
storing and accessing the geographic data. The mapping
and analysis of data is facilitated through GIS. It serves as a
platform to update data automatically in no time instead of
visiting the field and updating it manually. GIS creates
decision support system after integrated with other enter-
prise solutions.
Data mining, a type of GIS-based decision making
provides searching for hidden patterns automatically in
huge databases.
ArcGIS, an analytics that uses contextual tools for
analysis and visualization of data. It helps in collaboration
and sharing using maps, reports and various other
applications.
Free GIS based Apps
ArcGIS, Juniper Systems partner, SW Maps,Maps Pro,
Avenza Maps and MapIT GIS are data collection software
that allows to add images and also update the existing
maps. MapIT is application software used for environ-
mental surveys, survey of construction work in case of
roads, land and sites. It is used mostly for Woodland sur-
veys and tree surveys.
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4 Integrated emerging ICT networks, services
and applications
There is a need for communication and information system
standardized by the IPTV Forum Japan and enhances
broadcasting services with broadband. Broadcasting pro-
vides high-quality content and broadband offers flexible
responses to users’ personal requests. Hybridcast provides
advanced broadcasting services during disasters. Simula-
tion can be done for both analysis and recovery in emer-
gency scenarios to train operators in better facing a crisis.
4.1 Integrated technologies during disaster
Ground based communications infrastructures are more
vulnerable during disasters. Space based PNT (Position
Navigation Timing) services can be used for this.
4.1.1 Vehicle-mounted MI-wave
It is a wireless access broadcast technology that can pro-
vide infrastructure which is of high-quality for communi-
cations within range of 15 km. To restore the
communication in emergency, this system can be vehicle-
mounted. The sensors can be deployed rapidly in the
affected regions [16]. The measurement of damage can be
facilitated by using High-resolution surface models and
maps [17].
4.1.2 Stratospheric balloons
Shibata [18] proposed a new balloon wireless network. It is
basically used to forecast for any kind of disasters. These
balloons work in the range of around 40–100 m. The
internet connectivity of mobile nodes to the ground is
provided with these balloons. Cellular services are widened
with these balloons with transceivers in the stratosphere.
4.1.3 Satellites
Satellite use remote sensing technique for assessing the
damages caused by a disaster in any area. The rescue
activities can be speed up by improving the decision
making in case of disastrous situation [19].
4.1.4 Web based GIS decision support system
These services provide easy accessibility to geographical
data. The study proposed a conceptual framework of spatial
decision support system designed to minimize risk of
floods in Brazil by combining WSN and VGI data. It was
implemented based on interoperability standards [20–22].
4.1.5 GSI simulation
It helps to design the decision support system by a
graphical simulator. The system can be tested by experi-
mentation before it is actually implemented.
4.1.6 SensorWebs, grids and computation clouds
The study focused on using SensorWebs, Grids and
Computation Clouds to forecast flood in South African
region. Such an emerging technology helped to achieve
parallel data processing to improve the speed of response.
4.1.7 Multiagents
To use unorganized, heterogeneous and distributed infor-
mation, Intelligent agents are used which helps to integrate
information using data mining for risk analysis. The dif-
ferent disaster scenarios are simulated to train the rescue
teams for emergency [23].
4.2 Integrated technologies during evacuation
Crowdsourcing, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intel-
ligence, Cloud computing and bigdata and deep learning
are techniques of data collection who provide real time
data to convey the safest route instantly.
Crowdsourcing helps to manage disasters by using
techniques which can improve response in the real-time.
These techniques enable citizens to share images, video
and audios from disaster sites through their smart devices.
Some applications based on these techniques provide
multi-layered maps of obstacles and traffic congestions etc.
This study suggested how the integration of crowd
sensing in smartphones and social media helps in faster
dissemination of information [24]. This study [25] used
Fog computing with its data offloading mechanism to
detect real-time disasters and disseminate early information
for public safety as compared to the conventional cloud
computing based disaster management. In this paper [26],
various aspects such as data sharing, context awareness,
analysis, aggregation and cooperation in case of disaster
are studied. Real time information can be disseminated
with the help of context-awareness and integrated it with
fog computing.
The Internet of Things (IoT) based technologies helps in
improving the preparedness services such as early predi-
cation of disaster. It makes use of intelligence embedded in
Internet-connected objects for exchange information and
deciding the course of action [27].
Earth quake detection can be enhanced by Microwave
sensors which measure the movements of the Earth’s sur-
face, floods can be predicted by infrared sensors which
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detect the movements of individuals. IoT sensor informa-
tion aggregated, analyzed and submitted to the authorities
to take precautionary actions.
The study [28] used Intelligent IOT based Technology
which the concept of crowd optimization for finding the
best escape. It used the Grid based floor plan simulation in
minimizing the time for escape.
The technique of Network flow model is used in [29]
where the infrastructure based on IOT is adapting itself to
work even in case of dynamic environments. The behavior
of human in panic situations is yet to be taken into account
by this study. This study [30] proposed an evacuation
system with improved efficiency by integrating n IOT
based technology with GIS. The effect of smoke on evac-
uation system is studied by this paper.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is ‘‘an area of computer sci-
ence that aims to implement human intelligence in com-
puters’’. In disaster response, AI helps in predicting the
messages on social media platform and tries to classify
them during a philanthropic crisis. Artificial Intelligence
for Disaster Response (AIDR) collected messages posted
by public on social network in real-time and apply algo-
rithmic techniques to process it by using various classifi-
cation techniques. This technique helps to classified
Table 1 Detail of existing software in pre-disaster phase
Software Technology used Purpose
IRNSS [3] Regional navigation satellite system (India) Monitoring
Ushahidi [4] Cloud (Open Source Software) (CrowdMap) Preparedness
InaTEWS [5] Broadcast using text messages, Internet, television, radio, and sirens the Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System
Voigt [6] Satellite (Image processing and Analysis) Risk Assessment
Ramesh [7] Context Aware Adhoc network Mitigation for Crowd Disasters
Table 2 Detail of existing software in post-disaster phase
Software Technology used Purpose
NetHope [8] Facebook (Social Media) Data Analytics Response
DistressNet [9] Wireless sensor network for situation management Response
Liu [10] Data Evacuation (Sensor Network) Response
Luqman [11] Sensor Network (Context Aware Collaboration) Response
IDRN [12] Web abased application (India) Response
Erdelj [13] UAV-assisted Response
Ghosh [14] VIEWS reconnaissance system Tsunami urban damage survey in Thailand
SENDROM [15] Simulation of Sensor Network Relief
Table 3 ICT based technology during evacuation
Different technology used during evacuation
AI IOT Crowd
sourcing
Big data Deep learning
Djkshtra [31,32] Crowd
optimisation
[28]
Crowd
sensing
[24]
Simulation tools based on
pedestrian navigation [35]
Lexicographically Quickest Flow (LQF) with deep
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [38]
Ant Colony
Optmisation
[33,34]
Self Adaptive
infrastructure
[29]
Fog
Computing
[25]
Spatiotemporal analytics [36] Deep learning algorithms with GPUs [39]
IOT with GIS [30] Context
Awareness
[26]
Network flow and deep learning [37]
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informative and non-informative tweets during Pakistan
Earthquake in the year 2013. Various studies worked on the
shortest path algorithms during evacuation. The studies
[31,32] used dijkshtra algorithms for best evacuation plan.
They have suggested the solutions which work in static
environment and also there is no automatic congestion
management. The [33,34] suggested the Ant colony opti-
mization techniques for finding the safe escape. These
Technologies such as ‘big data’, provide the manage-
ment of disasters efficiently by speeding up response
activities thereby saving human lives. This [35] investi-
gated pedestrian navigation in indoor open spaces using
naturalistic walking big data collected through video
recordings. Simulation tools based on such enhanced
models can facilitate practitioners, such as public building
designers, to optimize designs considering naturalistic
pedestrian behaviours in open spaces. This [36] studied the
social media spatiotemporal analytics to explore the
evacuation travel patterns during Hurricane Matthew. Due
to limitation on survey data during evacuation, social
media provide very useful information for real-time dis-
aster management (Tables 1,2).
Deep Learning technology is a highly effective learning
approach, and it has shown performance in various
domains such as vision, speech, text etc. It uses learning
approach during evacuation to study human mobility and
modeling. [37]. A simulator is being used to predict
behavior in different disastrous situations.
This paper [38] proposed evacuation plan using network
flow and deep learning algorithms with precise ECT and an
average regression error of about 2%. In this paper [39],
deep learning algorithms with GPUs are used to predict
urban traffic behavior during evacuation. This suggested
the use of big data technologies for planning an effective
traffic management to deal with real time data.
The overview of different technologies using during
evacuation are discussed in Table 3.
The various optimizations algorithms have been sug-
gested by the studies. Since most of the studies have
offered solutions which can work in static environments
[31,32]. Dynamic solutions are required which can be
made possible by introducing algorithms in [26,33,34].
Dynamic risk and human behavior in panic situations are
required to be studied. Various learning mechanism using
deep learning [37–39] helps in facilitating the improved
evacuation plans.
5 Conclusions
Technology is vital for livewire communication channels
to enable rescue and aid services in a crisis situation. The
focus of new-age ICT tools is to rule out breakdown when
even essential services collapse. Victims of disaster need
vital resources for survival in a disaster and ICT con-
tributes to it. It helps us to become ready to face the
problem for the next disaster. ICT tools when used effec-
tively can enhance Risk reduction, but they require the
support from everyone in the organizations in order to be
fully effective. Use of ICT in different stages of disaster
management is studied. Existing solutions are explored and
also the study of integrated emerging ICT networks, ser-
vices and applications are explored. Different ICT based
techniques during evacuation are studied by comparative
analysis. Evacuation plans can be improved by collection
of real time data from social networking sites such as
twitter. An enhanced evacuation model is required to be
simulated by considering the dynamicity into account
through temporal deep learning techniques with introduc-
tion of context awareness into account.
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