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Int J Health Life Sci. In Press(In Press):e100324.
Published online 2020 January 14.
doi: 10.5812/ijhls.100324.
Research Article
Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of Spring Water Sources
in Amediye District, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Payman Abduljabar 1, Najmaldin Hassan 1and Hazhir Karimi2, *
1Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Sciences, Zakho University, Zakho, Iraq
2Zakho University,Zakho, Iraq
*Corresponding author: Zakho University, Zakho, Iraq. Email: hazhir.karimi25@gmail.com
Received 2019 December 19; Revised 2019 December 29; Accepted 2019 December 31.
Abstract
Nowadays, the growing population is demanding freshwater resources, and the availability of water influence the population distri-
bution and its activities. Groundwater sources such as springs and wells are the major source of water for drinking, agricultural, and
industrial consumptions. However, water resources are always exposed to industrial, agricultural, and residential pollutions. In the
current study, water samples were collected from twenty-two springs sources from February to October 2017 in Amadiya districts,
in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The physicochemical characteristics including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological
oxygen demand (BOD5), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (Ca2), mag-
nesium hardness (Mg2), turbidity (NTU), total alkalinity (TA), and nitrate (NO3-) of the samples were analyzed. The findings showed
that most of the water samples were within the permissible limits for drinking usage according to WHO (World Health Organiza-
tion) standards, while few samples were without the permissible level for TDS and EC. Also, higher concentrations of TDS and EC
reported for some samples attributed to agricultural and residential contamination, which require water treatment for drinking
purposes. The statistical analysis illustrated an acceptable correlation between analysis.
Keywords: Springwater, Physio-Chemical Parameters, Water Quality, Amediye District
1. Background
Water is an essential component of the environment
that can determine the pattern of population distribution.
Water resources, in particular, groundwater sources are be-
ing used for drinking, industrial, agricultural, and recre-
ational desires (1). However, human-made activities such
as industry, agriculture, and household influence the qual-
ity of groundwater sources (2). Analyzing the quality of wa-
ter sampling will carry a range of water sample tests out
in compliance with water quality requirements to assess
the concentration of component properties from sources
(3). Also, legislation has controlled the standards of con-
centration of different water quality parameters through-
out the world (4,5). In the last decades, the use of freshwa-
ter resources has been risen due to population growth, eco-
nomic growth, changing lifestyles and changing the pat-
terns of consumption (1,6).
Contamination can be entered into the water sources
from agricultural activities, livestock, rural industrial
units, and urbanization (7,8). Specific sources for aquifer
contamination include agricultural fertilizers and pesti-
cides, industry, domestic waste, landfill leaks, and pit
latrines (9). Such fecal pathogens as Cryptosporidium
parvum, Campylobacter spp., and rotavirus can grow in
water distribution systems and can be harmful to water
drinking (10). The potential consequences of being con-
taminated with pathogenic microorganisms by a drink-
ing water source make such an occurrence critical to pre-
vention (11). In developing countries, most of these in-
fectious diarrheal diseases affect children. These entero-
toxin pathogens mainly are Campylobacter jejuni, entero-
toxic E. coli, the spp of ShigellaV. O1 cholerae, and perhaps
enteropathogenic E. coli, spp of Aeromonas, and entero-
toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (11,12). Water consumption
for purposes such as drinking, food, and beverage prepa-
ration, or personal hygiene should not contain human-
pathogenic agents (13,14). Various microorganisms such
as bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses have a great potential
role in water pollution, resulting in a variety of discharge
and death outbreaks (8). Existence of Fecal Coliforms in
drinking water sources, as an indicator of pathogenic mi-
croorganisms, could contribute to waterborne diseases
Copyright © 2020, International Journal of Health and Life Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in
noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abduljabar P et al.
(15).
Amadiya district, located in the north of Iraq, has
plenty of water sources such as rivers, springs, and wells.
Peoples living in this district always use spring sources
for drinking and agricultural desires. Comprehensive
and good information about the qualities of spring wa-
ter is necessary for the suitability of these sources for use.
Various characteristics of water sources such as physical,
chemical and biological are vital for monitoring param-
eters and determine the degree of suitability of a water
resource. Therefore, the present study has attempted to
test and analyze the quality of spring water sources in the
Amediye district. This study analyzes the physicochemi-
cal indicators such as pH, turbidity, EC, TDS, hardness, cal-
cium, magnesium, nitrate, etc. It also provides data on the
sources of spring water by comparing it in order to show
the suitability for drinking.
2. Methods
2.1. Case Study
Amadiya is a district in northern central Dohuk Gover-
norate within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The adminis-
trative center is the city of Amadiya with the latitude of 37°
05’ 33”N and longitude 43° 29’ 14” E. The location of the
study area and water sample sites are shown in Figure 1.
Also, Figure 2 shows the land use/land cover types of the
study area. Forest is the most dominant land-use type in
the study area where most of the district is covered by for-
est. Mountain and rock have the second portion of land-
use type in this region. The population of the district is
approximately 130000 inhabitants. The climate of the re-
gion is hot and dry in summers and pretty cold in winter.
Amadiya has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with
long, hot summers and cold, wet winters. The annual aver-
ages rainfall is about 600 mm per year, where most of the
precipitation is in winter months. The annual temperature
varies from 5°C to 30°C.
2.2. Sample Collection
The monthly variations of physicochemical character-
istics of water were studied from February to October
in 2017. The spring water samples were collected from
twenty-two springs across the study area. The water sam-
ples were collected in clean plastic containers of two liters
capacity, which were pre-cleaned with concentrated hy-
drochloric acid and distilled water. Before sampling, the
bottles three times with sample water before being filled
with the sample were rinsed; then, water from each spring
and labeled in the field at the time of sample collection
were taken.
2.3. Measuring and Analyzing Parameters
The temperatures and pH of the samples were mea-
sured in the field. In a fridge, we stored all water samples
to exclude bacterial activity and an unnecessary chemical
reaction until we did the test within four days. Determi-
nations of other physicochemical properties of water sam-
ples such as conductivity, total solid, dissolved oxygen, to-
tal alkalinity, total hardness, CaCO3, Ca, Mg have been per-
formed in the laboratory and by using the electrometric
method.
Recorded data were analyzed using a Past3 software
program (PAleontological Statistics,), version 3.17. Addi-
tionally, we got the summary statistics from the software
program Past3 (16). Residual plots confirmed by a normal-
ity test of the Shapiro-Wilk showed that all data were para-
metric.
3. Results and Discussion
Statistical summary of minimum, maximum, and
mean of 12 water quality parameters including tempera-
ture, pH, DO, BOD, electrical conductivity, EC, TDS, total
hardness, calcium, magnesium, turbidity, Total Alkalinity,
and nitrate is provided in the Table 1.
3.1. Temperature
Temperature is an important factor and affects the
function of all organisms in the environment. Tempera-
ture not only influences the solubility of gases and salts
in water, but also affects the chemical equilibria such as
ionized and unionized, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen
sulfide (17). The average temperature of drinking water is
usually between 5 and 15°C. However, groundwater sources
have a lower temperature than surface water. Here, the wa-
ter temperature of the groundwater recorded 11.8 to 24.1°C.
While meat temperature is acceptable, the recorded tem-
perature in some samples was higher than an acceptable
rate.
3.2. pH
Measurement of pH is one of the most essential tests
in water quality. pH determines the rate of acidity of the
water resources and matter in the chemical and biologi-
cal properties of water. pH can affect the chemical sub-
stances in water and influence volatility and toxicity to an
aquatic environment (17). The analysis showed that the pH
2Int J Health Life Sci. In Press(In Press):e100324.
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Abduljabar P et al.
Figure 1. Location of the study area
of groundwater resources (springs) in the study area was
neutral with an average pH of 6.81 and did not exceed the
limit of WHO standard (6.5 - 8.5) (18,19). Increasing pH
also led by organic pollution and the discharged domestic
wastewater into the water resources.
3.3. TDS
The total dissolved solids (TDS) is another import fac-
tor in order to determine the quality of the water resources
and can be attributed to the trend of the surface quality or
salinity of the water bodies. Urban runoffs are the poten-
tial sources for changing TDS (20). In this study, the mini-
mum and maximum values of TDS were recorded 290 and
731 respectively. The average rate of the TDS in the study was
389.86 that is an acceptable rate.
3.4. Hardness, Calcium, and Magnesium (Ca2+ , Mg2+)
Dissolved calcium, magnesium and other mineral salt
such as iron and aluminum determine the hardness of the
water. Hard water is water that contains higher levels of
these components. Higher levels of drinking water hard-
ness will cause digestive disorders, kidney stones, and car-
diovascular disease (17). The analysis showed that the total
Hardness ranged from 346 to 574 mg/L, with the Mean rate
of 394. The hardness rate in the study area is higher than
standards and it might be for the dissolution of the land-
derived carbonates and bicarbonates in the water. The con-
centration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ is changed from 260 to 485 and
75 to 120 mg/L, which exceed the standard limit of 75 and 50
mg/L for the groundwater resources, respectively.
3.5. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) matter in the assessment of wa-
ter quality since it leads to guar and palate. All living
organisms require oxygen in different ways to perform
metabolism and provide energy for growth and reproduc-
tion. The DO mainly depends on the temperature, a surface
is exposed, and the pressure. The degradation of organic
Int J Health Life Sci. In Press(In Press):e100324. 3
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Abduljabar P et al.
Figure 2. Land use map of the study area
matter can consume dissolved oxygen in water (21). The
amount of DO in pure water varies from 6.14 mg/L at to 7
mg/L under atmospheric conditions. In the present study,
the mean value of DO was 5.51 and fluctuated from 4.1 mg/L
to 7.8 mg/L.
BOD is an indicator of the water resources that organic
pollution in aquatic systems. The water bodies are unpol-
luted if BOD5has 2 mg/L or less (22). The average recorded
biochemical oxygen demand is 14.8 mg/L and varied from
11.9 to 18.7 mg/L in the underground water resources of the
study area.
3.6. Nitrate (NO3-)
Nitrate is often present in drinking water because of
human activities such as overuse of fertilizers (potassium,
ammonium nitrate, and nitrate), inadequate septic sys-
tems, and inappropriate disposal of solid waste. Nitrate
is soluble in water and enters drinking groundwater. A
higher rate of nitrate in water is a causative factor in can-
cers (23). The analysis of the current study showed that the
maximum concentration of NO3-was 6.8 acceptable.
In order to quantitatively analyze and confirm the re-
lationship among physicochemical parameter contents in
groundwater samples, we applied statistical analysis for
physicochemical parameters. Based on Tables 2 and 3, the
P value was calculated as a means to present the significant
findings at three levels of 0.05, 0.01 and no significant. The
result illustrates that DO, hardness, Ca2+ hardness, and ni-
trate have no significant correlation, while other parame-
ters were significant at the levels of 0.05, 0.01.
3.7. Conclusions
The analysis of the physicochemical parameters of
drinking springs water showed that most of the springs
were within the permissible limits for drinking usage ac-
cording to WHO standards, total hardness (TH), calcium
(Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) in the study area were
higher than those determined by the WHO. Reporting the
higher level of these parameters might be because of the
dissolution of carbonates and bicarbonates in the water
4Int J Health Life Sci. In Press(In Press):e100324.
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Abduljabar P et al.
Table1. Statistical of Minimum, Maximum, and Mean of Water Quality Parameters in the Study Area
Parameter Minimum Maximum Average WHO Standard
Temperature(°C) 11.8 24.1 16.7 -
pH 6.8 7.8 6.81 6.5 - 8.5
DO (mg/L) 4.1 7.8 5.51 -
BOD5(mg/L) 11.9 18.7 14.8 -
EC (µs/cm) 454 1504 635 -
TDS (ppm) 290 731 389.9 500
Totalhardness (mg/L) 346 574 393.9 200
Ca hardness (mg/L) 260 485 308.4 75
Mg hardness (mg/L) 75 120 82.5 50
Turbidity(NTU) 4.7 12.8 7.3 1
Totalalkalinity (mg/L) 87 268 142 -
Nitrate (mg/L) 3 6.8 4.01 10
Table2. Mean ±SEM Values of the Physio-Chemical Analysis of Springs in the Study Area
Data
Time (Months)
P Value
Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct.
Temperature(°C) 13.2 ±0.3a14.8 ±0.4b15.9 ±0.6b17.5 ±0.7c18.6 ±0.8c19.7 ±0.8cd 20.3 ±0.9d20.1 ±0.9d19.7 ±0.8d**
pH 7.7 ±0.1a7.6 ±0.1ab 7.6 ±0.1ab 7.5 ±0.1ab 7.5 ±0.1ab 7.4 ±0.1b7.4 ±0.1b7.4 ±0.1b7.4 ±0.1b*
DO (mg/L) 6.1 ±0.2a6.1 ±0.2a6.1 ±0.2a5.9 ±0.2a5.8 ±0.2a5.6 ±0.2a5.7 ±0.2a5.7 ±0.3a5.9 ±0.2an.s
BOD5(mg/L) 14.4 ±0.4a15.0 ±0.4a15.8 ±0.4a16.1 ±0.4ab 16.8 ±0.4b17.2 ±0.4b16.8 ±0.4b16.3 ±0.3b15.6 ±0.3b**
EC (µs/cm) 575 ±30a601 ±33a650 ±42a655 ±43a875 ±102b684 ±47a891 ±90b679 ±46a659 ±44a*
TDS (ppm) 368 ±19a385 ±21a416 ±27b419 ±27b429 ±29b437 ±30b439 ±30b435 ±29b422 ±28b**
Totalhardness (mg/L) 410 ±15a417 ±15a420 ±14a426 ±13a427 ±14a435 ±14a434 ±13a436 ±13a429 ±12an.s
Ca hardness (mg/L) 319 ±15a332 ±14a327 ±14a333 ±14a334 ±13a332 ±14a336 ±14a338 ±14a345 ±13an.s
Mg hardness (mg/L) 91 ±2a85 ±3ab 93 ±3a93 ±3a93 ±3a104 ±3c98 ±3a98 ±3a84 ±3ab *
Turbidity(NTU) 6.6 ±0.2a7.0 ±0.2ab 7.3 ±0.2ab 7.5 ±0.3ab 8.0 ±0.3ab 8.2 ±0.2bc 8.4 ±0.5bc 8.2 ±0.4bc 8.9 ±0.5c**
Totalalkalinity (mg/L) 141 ±10a146 ±9b147 ±8b153 ±10c149 ±9bc 146 ±9bc 153 ±9c160 ±10d167 ±10d**
Nitrate (mg/L) 4.1 ±0.2a4.2 ±0.2a4.3 ±0.2a4.2 ±0.2a4.1 ±0.2a4.1 ±0.2a4.0 ±0.2a4.0 ±0.2a4.3 ±0.2an.s
Abbreviations: n.s, no significant; *, significant at level 0.05; **, significant at level 0.01.
springes emitted from the surrounding areas. The way
may conclude that preserving the water sources in our
study area is necessary by considering the dry continental
situation of Iraq and especially the amount of rainfall in
this area.
This study was carried out to analyze the quality of the
physical and chemical parameters of spring sources drink-
ing in Amadiya district. Although various parameters were
analyzed that led to a comprehensive investigation of the
suitability of spring sources, it is also important to analysis
other potential water contaminations such as chemicals,
microbial and radiological materials for a more extended
period, in order to assess the overall of the spring water
quality. Also, more detailed studies for measuring other pa-
rameters such as heavy metals and toxins are necessary to
provide a management plan to improve the groundwater
sources of the study area.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the non-financial support
of the University of Zakho.
Footnotes
Authors’ Contribution: All authors contributed to the
collection analyzing data. Najmaldin Hassan wrote the in-
troduction and method. Hazhir Karimi wrote results, dis-
cussion, and conclusion.
Conflict of Interests: The authors have no conflict of in-
terests.
Funding/Support: It is not declared by the authors.
Int J Health Life Sci. In Press(In Press):e100324. 5
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Abduljabar P et al.
Table3. The Mean Monthly of the Physio-Chemical Parameters of Springs in the Study Area
Places Temperature
(°C)
pH DO (mg/L) BOD5
(mg/L)
EC (µs/cm) TDS (ppm) Total
Hardness
(mg/L)
Ca
Hardness
(mg/L)
Mg
Hardness
(mg/L)
Turbidity
(NTU)
Total
Alkalinity
(mg/L)
Nitrate
(mg/L)
Enishke 17.4 ±1.1a7.8 ±0.1a7.8 ±0.1a13.8 ±0.6a560 ±5b358 ±3a458 ±3a337 ±2a120 ±3a6.7 ±0.1a87 ±1a3.3 ±0.1a
Ashke dere 18.4 ±1.4ac 7.1 ±0.1b5.5 ±0.2c15.0 ±0.4a473 ±4c302 ±5ab 399 ±3b305 ±2b93 ±3b6.8 ±0.3a113 ±2b4.5 ±0.3b
Chapa
ghishke
19.3 ±1.3ac 7.4 ±0.1a4.9 ±0.2c16.5 ±0.2b460 ±7c295 ±5b384 ±4b295 ±3b89 ±4b7.6 ±0.2ab 117 ±3b3.0 ±0.1a
Baroshki 20.8 ±1.7ac 7.5 ±0.1a5.9 ±0.2bc 15.6 ±0.3b647 ±12h413 ±8a466 ±3a358 ±2a108 ±3a7.3 ±0.2ab 137 ±2b3.5 ±0.1a
Moghbara
deralok
24.1 ±1.8b6.8 ±0.1b4.8 ±0.3c18.7 ±0.5d1142 ±43e731 ±27c547 ±3c464 ±2c83 ±4 12.8 ±0.9b268 ±4c5.8 ±0.2c
Ashghale 23.4 ±1.5b7.5 ±0.1a6.1 ±0.1b15.7 ±0.3b964 ±30f616 ±19d497 ±3c412 ±5c84 ±5b6.7 ±0.1a160 ±3d3.8 ±0.1b
Galak 12.9 ±
0.3ab
7.5 ±0.1a7.3 ±0.1b15.5 ±0.3b599 ±24a383 ±15a375 ±3b283 ±11b92 ±11b4.7 ±0.1c102 ±3b5.0 ±0.1bc
Gira 16.5 ±
0.9abc
7.7 ±0.1a7.3 ±0.1b11.9 ±0.2c546 ±9b349 ±6a376 ±2b287 ±3b89 ±3b5.9 ±0.4c222 ±4c6.7 ±0.1d
Mahide 14.7 ±
0.5abc
7.5 ±0.1a6.6 ±0.1b16.4 ±0.2b729 ±10d467 ±7e452 ±2a375 ±3d76 ±4b7.8 ±0.2ab 178 ±4d4.1 ±0.1b
Chalke 18.7 ±1.1ac 7.5 ±0.1a7.1 ±0.1b18.6 ±0.2d580 ±10ab 371 ±6a397 ±3b301 ±2b95 ±3b8.3 ±0.2ab 160 ±3d3.9 ±0.1ab
Gali
rashava
rojava
17.0 ±
0.9ac 7.7 ±0.1a6.2 ±0.1b15.5 ±0.3b1504 ±63g322 ±3a357 ±2be 282b75 ±3b8.0 ±0.3ab 129 ±4b3.5 ±0.1a
Shiv
chnark
17.8 ±
0.8ac 7.5 ±0.1a4.5 ±0.1c17.6 ±
0.4bd
767 ±13d491 ±8e466 ±2a382 ±2d83 ±2b7.9 ±0.3ab 141 ±3b3.9 ±0.1ab
Banistan 19.9 ±
0.8ac 7.5 ±0.1a5.9 ±0.1bc 17.0 ±0.3b688 ±15dh 440 ±10ae 449 ±5a355 ±3ad 93 ±3b8.4 ±0.3ab 147 ±3b3.7 ±0.1ab
Kolan 19.9 ±
1.1abc
7.6 ±0.1a7.2 ±0.1b18.3 ±0.2d615 ±12a394 ±8a417 ±5ad 326 ±3ab 91 ±3b8.1 ±0.3ab 149 ±2b3.9 ±0.1ab
Kaniya
betle
16.2 ±
0.3ac 7.5 ±0.1a5.6 ±0.1c17.5 ±0.3b611 ±15a391 ±10a414 ±5ad 311 ±2ab 103 ±4ab 8.6 ±0.4b183 ±4d4.2 ±0.1b
Gizka 19.2 ±
0.9ac 7.2 ±0.1ab 5.1 ±0.1c16.0 ±0.3b704 ±9d450 ±6ae 495 ±4c398 ±3d98 ±2b7.8 ±0.3a 223±5c4.7 ±0.1b
Gali
rashava
rojhalat
16.9 ±
0.6ac 7.7 ±0.1a7.0 ±0.1b16.0 ±0.2b454 ±6c290 ±4b357 ±6be 253 ±4e104 ±3ab 7.9 ±0.2a126 ±2b3.7 ±0.1ab
Shiv
chinark
sheladize
19.7 ±0.7ac 7.5 ±0.1a5.8 ±0.1b15.9 ±0.3b651 ±10h416 ±6a411 ±5ab 313 ±3a98 ±3 7.7±0.2a138 ±3b4.3 ±0.1b
Biawe 11.8 ±0.2d7.8 ±0.1a4.1 ±0.1d13.2 ±0.4a525 ±8b336 ±5b374 ±6b263 ±6e111 ±4a8.1 ±0.2a117 ±3 3.7 ±0.1ab
Aqidi 16.9 ±
0.5ac 7.5 ±0.1a4.6 ±0.1c17.7 ±0.3b1110 ±39e710 ±25d574 ±3c485 ±2c89 ±5b8.4 ±0.3ab 182 ±4d4.7 ±0.1b
Silav 15.3 ±
0.6ac 7.4 ±0.1a5.0 ±0.1c15.0 ±
0.3ab
534 ±11b342 ±7ab 352 ±6be 267 ±5b85 ±3b7.4 ±0.2ab 127 ±3b3.5 ±0.1a
Sarokani 14.4 ±
0.5ac 7.8 ±0.1a5.5 ±0.1c14.3 ±0.2a457 ±5c293 ±3b346 ±6e260 ±4b86 ±3b8.3 ±0.2ab 116 ±3b3.7 ±0.1ab
P value ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** * * * *
Abbreviations: *, significant at level 0.05; **, significant at level 0.01.
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