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Imbalance in SOD/CAT activities in rat skeletal muscles submitted to treadmill training exercise
Abstract
The association between physical exercise and oxidative damage in the skeletal musculature has been the focus of many studies in literature, but the balance between superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and its relation to oxidative damage is not well established. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between regular treadmill physical exercise, oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in skeletal muscle of rats. Fifteen male Wistar rats (8-12 months) were randomly separated into two groups (trained n=9 and untrained n=6). Trained rats were treadmill-trained for 12 weeks in progressive exercise (velocity, time, and inclination). Training program consisted in a progressive exercise (10 m/min without inclination for 10 min/day). After 1 week the speed, time and inclination were gradually increased until 17 m/min at 10% for 50 min/day. After the training period animals were killed, and gastrocnemius and quadriceps were surgically removed to the determination of biochemical parameters. Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage, catalase, superoxide dismutase and citrate synthase activities, and muscular glycogen content were measured in the isolated muscles. We demonstrated that there is a different modulation of CAT and SOD in skeletal muscle in trained rats when compared to untrained rats (increased SOD/CAT ratio). TBARS levels were significantly decreased and, in contrast, a significant increase in protein carbonylation was observed. These results suggest a non-described adaptation of skeletal muscle against exercise-induced oxidative stress.
... High levels of physical activity are related to higher antioxidant capacity in several tissues [22]. In our study, plasma SOD activity was higher in group C compared to group A, but it was not different from group B. It is well established that physical activity levels are related with increases in SOD gene and protein levels, as well with its activity, thus decreasing ROS availability [23] [24]. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes can be selectively activated by physical demand according to the intensity and duration of the physical activity, depending on the amount of ROS produced by tissues and the antioxidant defence capacity of the tissue [23] [24]. ...
... In our study, plasma SOD activity was higher in group C compared to group A, but it was not different from group B. It is well established that physical activity levels are related with increases in SOD gene and protein levels, as well with its activity, thus decreasing ROS availability [23] [24]. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes can be selectively activated by physical demand according to the intensity and duration of the physical activity, depending on the amount of ROS produced by tissues and the antioxidant defence capacity of the tissue [23] [24]. ...
Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are related to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM), involved in developing micro-and macrovascular complications. Physical activity is beneficial for DM patients, but little is known about the relationship between redox and inflammation biomarkers and the level of physical activity in these patients. Based on this, this research aims to evaluate the effects of physical activity level on redox stress parameters and inflammatory markers in T2DM patients. Methods: Eighty-four patients with T2DM were divided according to their physical activity level: group A (n = 48), sedentary; Group B (n = 11) active (3 times a week, 150 min) and Group C (n = 25), highly active (5 times a week, 150-300 mins, at least). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, super-oxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as GSH, sRAGE, and ICAM-1 levels were assessed. Results: Glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels were lower in the highly active group than in other groups. Plasma SOD activity was higher in
... However, studies conducted on cigaretteexposure-induced abnormalities in the skeletal muscle results are inconclusive because of the characteristics of physical exercise and the type of cigarette promote different responses. The effects of exercise are directly dependent on the frequency, intensity, duration, and period of training (Pinho et al., 2006), whereas the type of cigarette and the form of consumption lead possibly to different changes in cardiorespiratory and muscular functions (Camera et al., 2019). In this scenario, this is the first study to show the effects of combined exercise (aerobic plus resistance exercise) on animals' skeletal muscle exposed to HRCC smoke. ...
... After a combined physical training program, a reduced level of nitrate was observed as well as an increase in SOD activity without changing the DCF levels. This response from exercise is possibly associated with the effects of exercise on the activity of enzymes that catalyze hydrogen peroxide (Pinho et al., 2006;Scheffer et al., 2012;Tromm et al., 2016). ...
Consumption of non-traditional cigarettes has increased considerably worldwide, and they can induce skeletal muscle dysfunction. Physical exercise has been demonstrated to be important for prevention and treatment of smoking-related diseases. Therfore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined physical exercise (aerobic plus resistance exercise) on muscle histoarchitecture and oxidative stress in the animals exposed chronically to smoke from hand-rolled cornhusk cigarette (HRCC). Male Swiss mice were exposed to ambient air or passively to the smoke of 12 cigarettes over three daily sessions (four cigarettes per session) for 30 consecutive days with or without combined physical training. 48 h after the last training session, total leukocyte count was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the quadriceps were removed for histological/immunohistochemical analysis and measurement of oxidative stress parameters. The effects of HRCC on the number of leukocytes in BALF, muscle fiber diameter, central nuclei, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were reverted after combined physical training. In addition, increased myogenic factor 5, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), reduced transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and nitrate levels were observed after physical training. However, the reduction in superoxide dismutase and glutathione/glutathione oxidized ratio induced by HRCC was not affected by the training program. These results suggest the important changes in the skeletal muscle brought about by HRCC-induced alteration in the muscle redox profile. In addition, combined physical exercise contributes to remodeling without disrupting muscle morphology.
... Estimation of catalase (CAT) was done as per Pinho et al. method, and the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was measured spectrophotometrically at 240 nm. [26] Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) estimation was carried out using conversion technique (NADPH to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), and the respective absorption changes were noted at 340 nm wavelength scale. [27] Glutathione reductase enzyme threshold was projected in unit of nanomoles of NADPH oxidized per minute by spectroscopic measurement at 340 nm. ...
... Step-down inhibitory avoidance task ascertains the conditioned learning pattern by activation of hippocampus and amygdala that potentiate two distinct types of memory (short-term memory and long-term memory) in rodents. [38] ICV injection of Aβ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) causes severe cognitive impairment evident by marked decrease in SDL latency time of mice exposed to passive avoidance test. EEMT-and donepezil-treated mice have shown significant increase in SDL latency time, an index of both short-term and long-term memory retention. ...
... Several studies have investigated alterations of the biochemical responses in athletes involved in ultraendurance exercise, focusing the interest on exercise-induced muscle damage accompanied by the presence of inflammatory mediators and how their modulation can be affected by the intensity, mode, and duration of the exercise challenge [28][29][30]. ...
... Some of these have in particular determined the cytokine responses to ultraendurance exercise, where the immune response can be affected by ROS [30] that are, in turn, able to modulate the acute phase of inflammatory responses as well [31]. ...
The response to strenuous exercise was investigated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative damage, thiol redox status, and inflammation assessments in 32 enrolled triathlon athletes (41.9±7.9 yrs) during Ironman® (IR), or half Ironman® (HIR) competition. In biological samples, inflammatory cytokines, aminothiols (glutathione (GSH), homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), and cysteinylglycine (CysGly)), creatinine and neopterin, oxidative stress (OxS) biomarkers (protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)), and ROS were assessed. Thirteen HIR and fourteen IR athletes finished the race. Postrace, ROS (HIR +20%; IR +28%; p
... Mitochondrial oxygen flux enhances the ATP production in the skeletal muscle during physical exercise. 1,2,3 It is well known that muscle adaptation to regular exercise involves mitochondrial biogenesis and regulate respiratory chain activities to compensate for energy demands. 4 The beneficial effects of regular moderate exercise have been consistently reported in human and animal studies. ...
... Several studies have been carried out in the skeletal muscles of rats to determine the influence of exercise on the mitochondrial enzyme adaptation. 2,3,5,6 In addition, contradictory concepts exist about the rate of electron transfer in the mitochondrial complexes (I, II, III, and IV) during muscle adaptations induced by exercise. Regular moderate exercise exhibited a beneficial effect in preventing the age-associated decline by a maintenance of the activities of mitochondrial complexes IV and I. 7 Exhaustive exercise decreases mitochondrial respiratory control, causing an increase in free radicals. ...
Aims:
The present study investigated the effect of different frequencies (three and five times a week) on electron transport chain and oxidative stress after 8 weeks of run training.
Methods:
Eighteen male mice (CF1, 30-35g) were distributed into the following groups (n=6): untrained (UT); trained three-time per week (T3) and trained five- time per week (T5). All training sessions were at the same intensity and duration (45min/day) in a treadmill for small animals. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the animals were killed by decapitation and quadriceps (red portion) was removed and stored at -70ºC. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), complexes I, II, II-III, IV and hydroperoxides were measured.
Results:
Training sessions for five times per week were more effective in increasing the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities (SDH, complexes I, II, II-III, IV) as well as in decreasing the formation hydroperoxides than sessions performed for three times training per week (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
Our findings clearly showed that a higher the frequency of training session promotes a greater activity of the electron transport chain and consequently reduces the oxidative stress in healthy animals.
... The increase in SOD activity associated with increased CAT observed in AT1, becomes important. Similarly, has been observed in rat skeletal muscle after the completion of exercise (Pinho et al., 2006). However, even though SOD is an important enzyme in the protection against oxidative stress, it is known that this enzyme is able to accelerate the formation of hydrogen peroxide and in the presence of transcription metals it could contribute to the formation of hydroxyl radical and increase oxidative stress. ...
... However, even though SOD is an important enzyme in the protection against oxidative stress, it is known that this enzyme is able to accelerate the formation of hydrogen peroxide and in the presence of transcription metals it could contribute to the formation of hydroxyl radical and increase oxidative stress. Therefore, it is extremely important to increase CAT activity in order to avoid the formation of the hydroxyl radical (Pinho et al., 2006;Radak et al., 2007). ...
Introduction: Obesity is associated with health damages related to increased oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise can be an ally in reducing the prevalence of obesity and its consequences. This study evaluated the effect of deep water running in two frequencies, with the same intensity, in anthropometric parameters, oxidative profile and insulin resistance in obese and sedentary women. Methods: The study included 24 women with ages ranging from 47.33 ± 2.98 years old and body mass index of 33.39 ± 0.77 kg/m2. They were divided into two groups: aerobic training 1 (AT1) (5 days/week) and aerobic training 2 (AT2) (3 day/week), both with moderate intensity (50-75% VO2max - Borg Scale), for 60 min each session. Anthropometric measurements, oxidative stress and insulin resistance were evaluated before and after the 26 training sessions. Results: AT1 training provoke a significant reduction in anthropometric parameters, lipids peroxidation (TBARS) and protein oxidation (carbonyl), and increased enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (p < 0.05). On the other hand, AT2 reduced waist circumference, sulfhydryl levels and GPx activity; however, this training did not alter insulin resistance parameters. Conclusions: The data suggest that the deep water running performed 5 days per week (AT1) proved to be more effective in reducing obesity rates. For this reason, this training could be an important choice to help reduce the anthropometric parameters and oxidative damage, and increase antioxidant defenses in obese women.
... Exercise training has been reported to increase antioxidant defenses under chronic conditions (30,31,33,34). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the major defense upon superoxide radicals, and is the first defense line against oxidative stress. ...
... The results of the present investigation demonstrate that SOD/CAT activity increased similarly in both programs (LTV and MTV). Chronic contractile activity also appears to influence the ability of muscle to detoxify superoxide and peroxide hydrogen, with increases in skeletal muscle total activity SOD/CAT (28,33). Depending on the characteristics of the training program, it is possible that alterations in SOD/CAT activity occur due to an increase in mRNA levels (25). ...
The purpose of this study was to compare the adaptations induced by moderate and low volume aerobic exercise programs on mitochondrial enzyme activity oxidative stress markers in skeletal muscle of mice. Eighteen male mice (CF1) weighing 30 to 35 g were randomly distributed into three groups (n=6): (a) untrained (UT); (b) moderate training volume (MTV); and (c) low training volume (LTV). Animals were submitted to an 8-wk training program. Forty-eight hours after the last training session the animals were killed by decapitation and the quadriceps muscles were removed and stored at -70° C. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities (complex I-II), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured. Results indicate that MTV program increase SDH (19%) activity, complex I (56%) and II (67%) more than the LTV, when compared to untrained mice. However, the LTV program decreased oxidative damage (TBARS by 32% and CP by 22%) more than MTV, against UT. Antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD 71%/CAT 73%) increased similarly in both programs. In conclusion, MTV caused greater increases in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity as compared to LTV, while LTV caused a sharper decrease in oxidative stress in comparison to MTV.
... Mounting evidence substantiates the modulating effect of physical exercise on oxidative damage to DNA as well as both antioxidative and peroxidative biomarkers (Fehrenbach et al., 2003;Pinho et al., 2006;Tartibian & Hajizadeh Maleki, 2012a, 2012bWhite et al., 2001). While regular mild exercise training is known to increase the resistance against ROS induced lipid peroxidation, and to decrease the accumulation of oxidative protein and DNA damage (Fehrenbach et al., 2003;Radak et al., 2001a;Radak, Taylor, Ohno, & Goto, 2001b;Tartibian & Hajizadeh Maleki, 2012a, 2012b, there is consistent evidence that high intensity training or repetitive bouts of exhausting exercise overwhelm the antioxidant defense of several tissues by excess of ROS resulting in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA (Gebreegziabher, Marcos, McKinnon, & Rogers, 2004;Moller, Loft, Lundby, & Olsen, 2001). ...
... The novel findings of the present investigation are: 1) 16 weeks of low-to-intensive cycling training increases percentage of DNA-fragmented spermatozoa and peroxidative biomarkers (ROS, TBARS, and 8-Isoprostane) in seminal plasma, decreases seminal antioxidants (SOD, Catalase, and TAC), and deteriorates conventional semen parameters (semen volume, sperm motility, sperm morphology, sperm concentration, and number of spermatozoa) in male road cyclists; 2) Saffron supplementation attenuates alterations of exercise-induced sperm DNA damage as well as augments conventional semen parameters; 3) These effects seem to be mediated by improving the ratio of oxidative and antioxidative biomolecules as indicated by their correlation with sperm DNA integrity. In recent decades, the modulating effects of physical activity on antioxidative and peroxidative biomarkers in systemic circulation have extensively been documented (De Moffarts, Kirschvink, Art, Pincemail, & Lekeux, 2005;Gomez-Cabrera, Domenech, & Vina, 2008;Pinho et al., 2006;Radovanovic & Rankovic, 2004;White et al., 2001). There is substantial evidence linking intense and continuous exercises to disturbances in oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and subsequent oxidative stress in several tissues and cell types such as skeletal muscle, spleen, Peyer's patches, and leukocyte subpopulations (De Moffarts et al., 2005;Fehrenbach et al., 2003;Krüger et al., 2009;Moller et al., 2001;Radovanovic & Rankovic, 2004). ...
The effects of the natural food saffron (90 mg/d) on exercise induced sperm DNA damage, antioxidative and peroxidative biomarkers and seminological profile in male road cyclists were evaluated. Twenty-four healthy nonprofessional cyclists (aged 17–26 years) were randomly assigned to exercise + Saffron (EX + SAF, n = 12) and exercise (EX, n = 12) groups for an experimental period of 16 weeks. After the intervention, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated fluorescein-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive sperm cells and peroxidative biomarkers increased, while antioxidative biomarkers and seminological profile decreased in the EX group. These changes were significantly attenuated in the EX + SAF group. Moreover, for both groups the observed changes in peroxidative and antioxidative biomarkers could be correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with sperm DNA fragmentation. Saffron, rich in carotenoids, flavonoids and vitamins, is therefore a potentially potent functional food for preventing exercise-induced sperm DNA damage, at least in part, through optimizing oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and attenuation of oxidative stress.
... This response may be related to the joint action of these enzymes in the first line of defense against oxidative stress (Atli and Canli, 2007). However, according to Pinho et al. (2006), the ratio between the activity of SOD/CAT antioxidant enzymes may be more relevant in evaluating the antioxidant profile than the absolute levels of these individual enzymes. ...
Herbicides are the most commonly applied pesticides in Brazil, specifically those based on glyphosate, and are used for different crops, near the habitats of annual killifish. Annual killifish presents a short life cycle with generally restricted geographic distribution. In this context, we evaluated the effect of the Roundup Original© (65, 130 and 260 µg. L⁻¹ of glyphosate) herbicide on different development stages (adult-young and senile) of the annual killifish (Cynopoecilus sp.). We quantified the oxidative balance markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation levels, and total proteins).We observed that the senile individuals presented 2-fold higher lipid peroxidation levels associated with the maintenance of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity levels even after exposure to the herbicide. However, senile subjects were negatively impacted by the exposure to formulations containing glyphosate, and this was related to a loss of glutathione S-transferase activity. Our research demonstrated that the established physiological markers and this species look promising for toxicology studies.
... On the contrary, aerobic exercise reduces the cardiovascular mortality rate and improves general wellbeing (Kokkinos, 2012;Simon, 2015). Additional studies have demonstrated that physical activity enhances the antioxidant defense system and tissue tolerance to oxidative damage (Pinho et al., 2006;Radak et al., 2007). ...
Fructose-enriched diet (FED) is increasing worldwide. The study aims to investigate oxidative, histopathological, and immunohistochemical effects of fructose-enriched diet and swimming exercise on liver tissue in rats. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Group I (Control), Group II (FED), Group III (FED+Exercise), and Group IV (Control+Exercise). MDA levels and enzyme activities of SOD and CAT were measured in liver tissue. Also, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations (caspase-3, RANKL, TNF-α, and HSP-70) were performed on the liver tissue. MDA levels and SOD activities were found to be significantly higher in Group III compared to the other groups (p<0.05). SOD activity was found to be lower in Group II compared to Group I (p=0.035). CAT activities did not differ significantly between groups. While degeneration was noticed in Group II, normal tissue architecture was observed in other groups. Caspase-3, RANKL, and TNF-α expressions were higher in Group II than in the other groups, while HSP-70 expression was lower (p<0.05). Fructose-enriched diet increases oxidative damage, degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis in the liver. In addition, a fructose-enriched diet is damaging to the liver by increasing the expressions of caspase 3, TNF-α, and RANKL and decreasing the expression of HSP-70. Swimming exercise largely restores these effects.
... As the intensity decreases and the duration of exercise increases, oxidative phosphorylation becomes the primary source of ATP for contracting muscle. The metabolic demand for ATP during exercise is accompanied by the activation of intracellular stress signaling pathways in skeletal muscle, including production of ROS [153], release of proinflammatory myokines [154], calcium (Ca 2+ ) [155], and the unfolded protein response [156,157]. These molecular stressors elicit physiological adaptations that subsequently enhance mitochondrial oxidative capacity [158][159][160][161]. Resistance and aerobic exercise training promote different, complementary but potentially interfering adaptations in skeletal muscle that improve skeletal muscle metabolism [162]. ...
Metabolic demands of skeletal muscle are substantial and are characterized normally as highly flexible and with a large dynamic range. Skeletal muscle composition (e.g., fiber type and mitochondrial content) and metabolism (e.g., capacity to switch between fatty acid and glucose substrates) are altered in obesity, with some changes proceeding and some following the development of the disease. Nonetheless, there are marked interindividual differences in skeletal muscle composition and metabolism in obesity, some of which have been associated with obesity risk and weight loss capacity. In this review, we discuss related molecular mechanisms and how current and novel treatment strategies may enhance weight loss capacity, particularly in diet-resistant obesity.
... 74,75 Abundant evidence has illustrated that the SOD/CAT ratio is related to its antioxidant effect. 76,77 Meanwhile, when SOD/CAT ratio decreases, oxidative stress damage is also reduced. [78][79][80] Nevertheless, at the cellular biological level, most cells lack CAT in the mitochondria, which leads to a serious loss of self-protection and self-metabolism abilities. ...
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) can cause various spinal degenerative diseases. Cumulative evidence has indicated that IVDD can result from inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, biomechanical changes and other factors. Currently, lack of conservative treatment for degenerative spinal diseases leads to an urgent demand for clinically applicable medication to ameliorate the progression of IVDD. Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a polyphenol compound extracted from red wine or grapes, has shown protective effects on IVD, alleviating the progression of IVDD. Resveratrol has been demonstrated as a scavenger of free radicals both in vivo and in vitro. The antioxidant effects of resveratrol are likely attributed to its regulation on mitochondrial dysfunction or the elimination of reactive oxygen species. This review will summarize the mechanisms of the reactive oxygen species production and elaborate the mechanisms of resveratrol in retarding IVDD progression, providing a comprehensive understanding of the antioxidant effects of resveratrol in IVD.
... CAT gene expression increased immediately after exercise; however, it returned to basal level 30 minutes after the session. CAT gene encodes catalase, a key antioxidant enzyme present in the peroxisome of nearly all aerobic cells that converts H 2 O 2 to water and oxygen [66]. Curiously, an acute reduction in GCLM gene expression was lower in the 1 h group in comparison to CTRL and 0 h groups. ...
Physical exercise is characterized by an increase in physical and metabolic demand in face of physical stress. It is reported that a single exercise session induces physiological responses through redox signaling to increase cellular function and energy support in diverse organs. However, little is known about the effect of a single bout of exercise on the redox homeostasis and cytoprotective gene expression of white adipose tissue (WAT). Thus, we aimed at evaluating the effects of acute aerobic exercise on WAT redox homeostasis, mitochondrial metabolism, and cytoprotective genic response. Male Wistar rats were submitted to a single moderate-high running session (treadmill) and were divided into five groups: control (CTRL, without exercise), and euthanized immediately (0 h), 30 min, 1 hour, or 2 hours after the end of the exercise session. NADPH oxidase activity was higher in 0 h and 30 min groups when compared to CTRL group. Extramitochondrial ROS production was higher in 0 h group in comparison to CTRL and 2 h groups. Mitochondrial respiration in phosphorylative state increased in 0 h group when compared to CTRL, 30 min, 1, and 2 h groups. On the other hand, mitochondrial ATP production was lower in 0 h in comparison to 30 min group, increasing in 1 and 2 h groups when compared to CTRL and 0 h groups. CAT activity was lower in all exercised groups when compared to CTRL. Regarding oxidative stress biomarkers, we observed a decrease in reduced thiol content in 0 h group compared to CTRL and 2 h groups, and higher levels of protein carbonylation in 0 and 30 min groups in comparison to the other groups. The levels returned to basal condition in 2 h group. Furthermore, aerobic exercise increased NRF2, GPX2, HMOX1, SOD1, and CAT mRNA levels. Taken together, our results suggest that one session of aerobic exercise can induce a transient prooxidative state in WAT, followed by an increase in antioxidant and cytoprotective gene expression.
... The SOD reduces superoxide radicals to H 2 O 2 , and CAT further reduces H 2 O 2 to H 2 O. When there is an imbalance between CAT and SOD, such as the overexpression of SOD without a proportional increase in CAT, peroxide overload is challenging and harmful to the cell (Pinho et al., 2006). The does that supplemented with NAM had an increase in the serum CAT/SOD ratio at postpartum and entire peripartum periods, indicating the ability of blood to cope with oxidative stress. ...
Dairy ruminants are often in negative energy balance, primarily in the postpartum period, resulting in many metabolic disorders and economic losses. Improving energy efficiency during the peripartum period is urgently important. It has been previously highlighted that nicotinamide (NAM) supplementation during the peripartum period could benefit energy balance, while the underlying metabolic alterations and differences between postpartum NAM supplementation and peripartum NAM supplementation have not been extensively studied. This study attempted to elucidate the effects of NAM supplementation during the postpartum and peripartum periods on rumen fermentation, liver mitochondrial respiratory chain status, lipid metabolism, oxidative status, and liver metabolite profile of does. Fifteen multiparous does with similarity were paired and allocated to 3 groups (n = 5): control (C, no NAM supplementation), postpartum supplementation (P, NAM supplemented from d 1 to 28 after kidding), and entire-peripartum supplementation (EP, NAM supplemented from d -21 to 28 around kidding). Does were drenched with NAM at 5 g/d and subsequently slaughtered on d 28. The ruminal proportion of acetic acid tended to decrease, and propionic acid and valeric acid were increased in P and EP. The does in P and EP had a decreased acetic acid to propionic acid ratio. Does in EP had higher liver mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. The activity of liver complex Ⅱ was elevated in P and EP, and NAM supplementation tended to increase ATP production. Liver metabolomics and tissue biochemical analyses demonstrated that TG synthesis was decreased in abdominal adipose tissue by NAM supplementation. In the liver, the decomposition and synthesis of TG were both promoted, and amino acid metabolism was enriched by NAM supplementation. Moreover, the oxidative status of the blood and liver was improved by NAM supplementation, and NAM supplementation during the postpartum period was more effective but did not appear to be sufficient to cope with the metabolites of oxidative phosphorylation. Overall, these data suggested that NAM supplementation during postpartum and entire peripartum periods favored the rumen fermentation pattern to propionic acid-type and improved liver energy efficiency with benefited lipid metabolism. Supplementing NAM starting in the prepartum period is necessary for better oxidative status and energy metabolism in the peripartum period.
... As a result of NAM supplementation, the serum antioxidase system (SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX activity) of antioxidant barrier in animals was enhanced, which was in accordance with the report of John et al. [22] The SOD reduces the superoxide radical into H 2 O 2 , which is the substrate then used by CAT to produce H 2 O. When the imbalance between the CAT and SOD, the overexpression of SOD without a proportional compensatory increase in CAT, existed, it would cause a peroxide overload challenge and be deleterious upon the cell [23]. The does supplemented with NAM during entire-perinatal period had an increase in serum CAT/SOD ratio, indicating the ability of blood to cope with oxidative stress. ...
Background: Improving energy efficiency is urgent during perinatal period because dairy ruminant is often in negative energy balance, resulting many metabolic disorders thus economic losses. It has been previously highlighted that nicotinamide (NAM) supplementation during perinatal period could benefit the energy balance, while the underlying metabolic alterations and the differences in NAM supplemented during different perinatal period have been poorly studied. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of NAM on energy efficiency, lipid metabolism, oxidative status, and liver metabolites profile of perinatal does during different perinatal period.
Results: Fifteen multiparous does with similar parity, weight, and previous milk yield were paired and allocated to 3 groups (n = 5): control (C), postpartum supplementation (P, NAM supplemented after kidding), and entire-perinatal supplementation (EP, NAM supplemented from -21 to 28 d around kidding). Does were drenched with 5 g/d of NAM and slaughtered on d 28. The ruminal acetic acid tended to decrease, and the propionic acid and valeric acid were increased in P and EP. The does in P and EP had a decreased acetic acid to propionic acid ratio. Does in EP had higher liver mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. The Complex Ⅱ was elevated in both P and EP and NAM supplementation tended to increase ATP production. Liver metabolomics analysis and tissues biochemical analysis revealed that lipid was decomposed in abdominal adipose, and in liver, the decomposition of lipid was more than the synthesis, and the amino acid metabolism were enriched by NAM. Moreover, the oxidative status of blood and liver were improved by NAM supplementation, and supplementation of NAM during postpartum only does not appear enough to cope with the metabolites of oxidative phosphorylation.
Conclusions: Overall, these data suggested that NAM supplementation during perinatal period favored the rumen fermentation pattern to propionic acid-type, and improved liver energy efficiency with benefited lipid metabolism. The NAM supplemented from prepartum is needed for better oxidative status and energy metabolism of perinatal does.
... The generated of reactive species is crucial to the remodeling that occurs in skeletal muscle in response to physical exercise training. However, the changes caused by the physical exercise in the oxidative metabolism depend on the type, volume and workload of the training and are specific to each tissue [12,171]. For example, it has been shown that the inflammatory peak occurs in the muscle during the first hours after an acute bout of resistance exercise [172][173][174]. ...
A wide array of molecular pathways has been investigated during the past decade in order to understand the mechanisms by which the practice of physical exercise promotes neuroprotection and reduces the risk of developing communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases. While a single session of physical exercise may induce a transient imbalance of cell homeostasis, repeated physical exercise sessions will improve immunosurveillance and immunocompetence. Additionally, immune cells from the central nervous system will acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype, protecting central functions from age-induced cognitive decline. This review highlights the exercise-induced anti-inflammatory effect on the prevention or treatment of common chronic clinical and experimental settings. It also suggests the use of pterins in biological fluids as sensitive biomarkers to follow the anti-inflammatory effect of physical exercise.
... The results of this study stressed the role of aerobic training in enhancing antioxidant capacity and controlling oxidative stress indices. Additionally, mechanisms responsible for the increase in the amount and activity of the antioxidant system following exercise training can include the increase in adenosine as a result of ATP consumption (41), as well as the activation of MAPK (adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase), NF-κB (transcription factors) pathway, and FoxO transcription factor (42). In addition, exercise-induced ROS production acts as the signals which activate MAPKs (p38 and ERK1/2) and thus, activate NF-κB and upregulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes (43). ...
Background and aims : Soluble or circulating form of Klotho (i.e., anti-aging and longevity protein) has biological effects on various body cells and tissues. Considering the role of exercise training on protective proteins, the present study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on plasma levels of Klotho, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Methods : In this study, 24 male Wistar rats with a weight range of 250-300 g and 8-10 weeks old were randomly divided into control, HIIT, and MICT groups. Training included five consecutive days on the treadmill. HIIT including 6×2 minutes high intermittence with 85%-90% Vo2 max and 5×2 minutes slow intermittence (active recovery) with 55%-60% Vo2 max. MICT program was performed at 70% Vo2 max that total distance running was the same for the HIIT group. Then, the plasma levels of Klotho, TAC, and MDA were measured by ELISA assay. Finally, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis. Results : Based on the results, a significant increase was observed in plasma levels of Klotho and TAC in both HIIT and MICT groups compared to the control group (P<0.001) while these changes were significantly more dominant in the HIIT group compared to MICT group (P=0.024). However, the results demonstrated no significant difference between the groups regarding MDA (P=0.109). Contrarily, the finding revealed a significant positive correlation between Klotho and TAC (r=0.79, 0.83, 0.79 in control, HIIT, and MICT groups, respectively, P<0.05), whereas a significant negative association between Klotho with MDA within all the groups (r= -0.78, - 0.86, and -0.81). Conclusion : In general, even short-term aerobic exercise training, especially HIIT increases circulating Klotho and TAC, therefore, this can confirm the positive effects of the training-induced exercise.
... Moreover, GSH (especially in live-cells) can participate in biotransformation, thus converting harmful toxins into harmless substances in the body and excreting them out of the body. [45][46][47]. As shown Figure 4D, after the incubation with H 2 O 2 (500 µM) for 4 h, GSH significantly declined (from 31.23 ± 0.89 µmol/mg to 22.32 ± 1.32 µmol/mg) compared with the normal group (p < 0.05), which suggested that the NCTC-1469 cells were injured seriously. ...
Mung bean is nutritious and rich in protein (19.5%–33.1%). However, there are few studies on mung bean protein active peptides so the mung bean protein hydrolysates (MBPHs) were investigated for evaluating their ability to clear intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulating the ability of antioxidant enzymes on NCTC-1469 cells. Results showed that MBPHs, MBPHs-I (molecular weight < 3 kDa), MBPHs-II (molecular weight between 3 and 10 kDa), and MBPHs-III (molecular weight > 10 kDa) could all improve the survival rate of cells compared with the model group. MBPHs, MBPHs-I, and MBPHs-II could significantly decrease the content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reduce the generation of malonaldehyde (MDA) at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. Regarding the intracellular ROS, the result showed that MBPHs-I significantly reduced the production of ROS (from 58.3% to 26.6%) and had a dose-dependent relationship. In addition, the amino acid analysis showed that MBPHs-I had a balanced amino acid composition. MBPHs-I is rich in lysine but was deficient in cereals. Therefore, the hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids in MBPHs-I were high, which could improve its antioxidant activity. According to the results, MBPHs-I was the best and most potent natural antioxidant and it can contribute to drug development and medical application.
... Acredita-se que o exercício físico regular exerça um efeito positivo sobre a resposta neuroquímica [36,37] e comportamental [38]. Entretanto, dependendo da frequência, duração e intensidade, o exercício tanto pode aumentar a produção de ERO e levar a danos oxidativos, como também, em intensidades leves e moderadas, pode melhorar a capacidade de defesa antioxidante do organismo [39]. Adicionalmente, diversos outros parâmetros respondem diferenciadamente conforme a especificidade do exercício. ...
A Doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma desordem neurodegenerativa que compromete os neurônios dopaminérgicos da substância nigra da pars compacta, a qual leva a uma debilitante disfunção motora. O estresse oxidativo tem sido constantemente associado com o desenvolvimento da DP devido às elevadas condições oxidativas que predomina nos neurônios dopaminérgicos. Acredita-se que o exercício físico regular exerça um efeito neuroprotetor sobre a resposta neuroquímica e comportamental. Pretende-se com este estudo verificar na literatura os benefícios do exercício físico (EF) no envolvimento da disfunção mitocondrial e do estresse oxidativo, os quais exercem um papel importante na patogênese desta enfermidade. Com este estudo, pôde-se observar que existem poucos trabalhos na literatura enfocando esta temática, mas parece haver uma tendência em acreditar que o exercício físico regular é benéfico, pois pode proporcionar valor terapêutico para o tratamento da doença de Parkinson, uma ferramenta que auxilia a terapia medicamentosa.Palavras-chave: exercício físico, estresse oxidativo, espécies reativas de oxigênio, doença de Parkinson.
... Skeletal muscle damage might occur due to an increase of ROS during the exercise that causes oxidative stress. ROS production during exercise depends on the type, intensity, and the duration of the exercise (Pinho et al. 2006). During the exercise period, increased production of ROS can affect HSC mobilization as a result of the increased circulation of G-CSF, TNFα and IL-6. ...
Physical exercise triggers increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing skeletal muscle damage. Exercise also triggers an increase of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an inflammatory response of skeletal muscle damage playing a role in the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Therefore, we should be aware of circadian rhythm during physical exercise in order to have positive health benefits for the body. It is known that ROS after submaximal physical exercise in an afternoon session was higher than it was in the morning. The aim of this study is to demonstrate HSC mobilization in peripheral blood as a result of submaximal exercise in a morning and afternoon session. HSC are the stem cells that express CD34+ in peripheral blood. HSC mobilization was observed from BD stem cell enumeration kit, Catalog No. 344563. Specimens were taken from venous blood before and 30 minutes after exercise, followed with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation process and flow cytometry. Using a modified Harvard step test, the morning submaximal physical exercise was performed at 08.00 to 09.00 while the afternoon submaximal physical exercise was performed at 15.00 to 16.00. The results show an increase in the percentage of HSC (%CD34+) after submaximal physical exercise in the morning and a decrease (%CD34+) after the afternoon exercise. Submaximal physical exercise in the morning was proven to increase HSC mobilization, and submaximal physical exercise in the afternoon was proven to decrease HSC mobilization.
... Catalisa a formação do citrato, através da combinação da acetil-CoA com o oxaloacetato. É ainda uma das responsáveis pela regulação das reações deste ciclo (Pinho et al., 2006;Berg et al., 2012). ...
... In addition, excessive NO could react with ROS to produce neurotoxic peroxynitrite, which is abundant in cells injured by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (Pacher et al., 2007). SOD and CAT, two famous antioxidant enzymes, could cooperate to promote a disproportionation reaction and turn O 2− and H 2 O 2 into H 2 O to relieve oxidative stress (Pinho et al., 2006). In the GSH redox system, GSH could be oxidized to GSSG under the catalysis of GSH-Px, and GSSG could be reduced to GSH by GR to decrease equivalents derived from NADPH (Zitka et al., 2012). ...
Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (HLJDD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to treat ischemic stroke. However, the complexity of its chemical composition makes quality control difficult. Berberine, baicalin, and geniposide are the three main ingredients in HLJDD. Here, a formula of BBG comprised of berberine, baicalin, and geniposide, known as Refined-Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction, was investigated for its efficacy, therapeutic window, and mechanisms of action. BBG was assessed on two major types of ischemic stroke, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and continuous ischemia injury, respectively. BBG showed efficacy comparable to HLJDD in the treatment of cerebral I/R injury within 5 h after injury initiation but did poorly in treating continuous ischemia injury. BBG exhibited neuroprotective effects on cerebral I/R injury by regaining the balance in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism, inflammation, and nucleic acid metabolism. These results suggested that BBG could be a good alternative to HLJDD, with high efficacy and a long therapeutic window, which shows great potential for drug development to treat stroke.
... 11,12 Such oxidative stress appears differently based on exercise type, duration, and intensity. 13 Previous studies mostly used 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine to assess DNA damage. However, such measurement method cannot accurately measure DNA sensitivity. ...
Background and Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on muscle damage markers, lymphocyte DNA damage, and antioxidant system in amateur athletes.
Material and Methods: Eleven healthy men in their 30s and 40s without any medical illness, who did not smoke or drink, and had completed at least two amateur triathlon races (O2 and Olympic courses) were enrolled. They underwent physical examination and four blood sampling sessions: at rest, immediately after a race, during recovery (3 and 6 days after the race), and after completing an Olympic course. Blood sampling was performed using the same method one month later. Weight (kg) and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) were measured. Tail intensity, tail moment, and tail length, and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were analyzed.
Results: First, the study found significant changes between the body weight at rest and immediately after the race (p
... The effect of training on antioxidant enzymes, mainly catalase activity and expression is still inconsistent and controversial. Pinho et al. [44] have found that a 12-week training increases levels of SOD and reduces levels of CAT, thus proposing that an overload could occur in the formation of H 2 O 2 possibly causing harmful effects on cells due to the ease of peroxide to react with transition metals and generate hydroxyl radical which is the most reactive existing radial [45]. ...
... The relation between stimulation of mechanical function and reduced oxidative stress has already been observed in the heart in pathological situations such as the hyper-dynamic phase of sepsis [28]. Regular physical activity also reduces oxidative stress in skeletal muscle by decreasing the amount of TBARS [29] and enhancing GSH [30]. The reduced oxidative stress induced by the RSO-rich diets is more difficult to explain in relation to the PUFA profile of cardiac membranes, as proportions of AA were reduced to the levels observed in the control group. ...
Background
Obesity progressively leads to cardiac failure. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to have cardio-protective effects in numerous pathological situations. It is not known whether rapeseed oil, which contains α-linolenic acid (ALA), has a similar protective effect. Omega-3 PUFAs are sensitive to attack by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation products could damage cardiac cells. We thus tested whether dietary refined rapeseed oil (RSO) associated with or without different antioxidants (vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 and canolol) is cardio-protective in a situation of abdominal obesity.
Methods
Sixty male Wistar rats were subdivided into 5 groups. Each group was fed a specific diet for 11 weeks: a low-fat diet (3% of lipids, C diet) with compositionally-balanced PUFAs; a high-fat diet rich in palm oil (30% of lipids, PS diet); the PS diet in which 40% of lipids were replaced by RSO (R diet); the R diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E (RTC diet); and the RTC diet supplemented with canolol (RTCC diet). At the end of the diet period, the rats were sacrificed and the heart was collected and immediately frozen. Fatty acid composition of cardiac phospholipids was then determined. Several features of cardiac function (fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis) were also estimated.
Results
Abdominal obesity reduced cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis rate by increasing the proportion of arachidonic acid (AA) in membrane phospholipids. Dietary RSO had the same effect, though it normalized the proportion of AA. Adding vitamin E and CoQ10 in the RSO-rich high fat diet had a deleterious effect, increasing fibrosis by increasing angiotensin-2 receptor-1b (Ag2R-1b) mRNA expression. Overexpression of these receptors triggers coronary vasoconstriction, which probably induced ischemia. Canolol supplementation counteracted this deleterious effect by reducing coronary vasoconstriction.
Conclusion
Canolol was found to counteract the fibrotic effects of vitamin E + CoQ10 on cardiac fibrosis in the context of a high-fat diet enriched with RSO. This effect occurred through a restoration of cardiac Ag2R-1b mRNA expression and decreased ischemia.
... Water-based physical activity enhances balance and coordination, as well as stimulates the visual, vestibular, and perceptual systems (28). Previous studies have also demonstrated that aerobic exercise training, decreases oxidative stress in different tissues (41,42). Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (32). ...
The aquatic exercise is an effective non-pharmacological therapy for prevention and control of hypertension. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise on mental health, functional autonomy, and oxidative dysfunction in hypertensive adults. Methodologically 29 adults (mean age 53 ± 7.5 years) were included in the study, and were randomly grouped as hypertensive (n = 16) and non-hypertensive (n = 13). Both groups underwent low-intensity aquatic exercise program for 12 weeks. Outcomes were evaluated at week 0 and 12. The values for the following parameters decreased in the hypertensive group post training: anxiety (−6.2 ± 2 score; 60%), Timed Up and Go test (−7.4 ± 0.3 sec; 30%), protein carbonylation (−0.15 ± 0.03 nmol/mg protein; 50%), nitric oxide (12.4 ± 6 nmol/mg protein; 62%), interleukin-6 (−27.6 ± 5.7 pg/mg protein; 46%), and tissue necrosis factor-alpha (−52.4 ± 3.8 pg/mg protein; 40%); however, the values of the following parameters increased before training: Berg score (56 ± 2; 7.8%), flexibility (27 ± 1 cm; 71%); glutathione (3.1 ± 1.3 nmol/mg protein; 138%), and superoxide dismutase (1.6 ± 0.4 nmol/mg; 166%). In conclusion, we suggest that low-intensity aquatic exercise program improved anxiety, functional autonomy, and oxidative dysfunction in hypertensive adults.
... Such increased oxygen consumption during and after exercise may enhance ROS production in different tissues. Caffeine supplementation may inhibit the deleterious effects caused by the presence of free radicals (Pinho et al, 2006;Turley & Gerst, 2006;Aguiar et al, 2008). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of caffeine supplementation on the oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, performance and physiological variables of young individuals subjected to two maximum treadmill tests in a week interval. ...
Background
Intense physical training increases oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting into muscle and cellular damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine supplementation on trained young individuals subjected to two treadmill maximal tests.
Materials and Methods
It was a double-blind and crossover study comprising 24 active individuals within the age group 18-30 years. The comparisons were conducted: the effect of exercise (week 1 x 2) and caffeine intake (GC x GP) on thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) variables during pre-exercise time (30 min. after caffeine or placebo intake) and post-exercise (5 min after treadmill test).
Results
The comparison between weeks 1 and 2 showed increase in the first week, in the following items: TBARS, IL-6 and IL-10 in the GC and GP groups. The comparison within the same week showed that GC individuals presented lower post-exercise TBARS values in the first and second weeks; IL- 6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group in both weeks. The paired analysis comparing pre- and post-exercise, with and without caffeine showed that IL-6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group.
Conclusion
Caffeine used by athletes can decrease oxidative stress. The increased IL-6 suggest that this ergogenic supplement may stimulate muscle hypertrophy, since IL-6 has myokine effect. However, the caffeine effect on IL-6 level and muscle hypertrophy increase should be better investigated in future studies.
... H 2 O 2 is a diffusible molecule that readily crosses biomembranes and may be viewed as both a manner to widespread oxidative stress and a signaling agent [80]. An imbalance in the activity of brain superoxide dismutases and CAT, for example, may render excessive H 2 O 2 production and impaired redox homeostasis [81,82]. Therefore, caution is needed when aiming to interfere with mitochondria-located SOD to avoid deregulation in the H 2 O 2 concentrations in neuronal and glial cells, since the central nervous system (CNS) is rich in lipids and also presents high concentrations of iron and copper ions, as well as presents extremely high levels of reactive neurotransmitters [83]. ...
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene; C14H12O3) is a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes, berries, peanuts, and wines. Resveratrol has been viewed as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anticancer agent. Moreover, it has been reported that resveratrol modulates mitochondrial function, redox biology, and dynamics in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Resveratrol also attenuates mitochondrial impairment induced by certain stressors. Resveratrol upregulates, for example, mitochondria-located antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the production of reactive species by these organelles. Resveratrol also triggers mitochondrial biogenesis, ameliorating the mitochondria-related bioenergetics status in mammalian cells. In the present work, we discuss about the effects of resveratrol on brain mitochondria. Brain cells (both neuronal and glial) are susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction due to their high demand for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Additionally, brain cells consume oxygen (O2) at very high rates, leading to a proportionally high mitochondrial production of reactive species. Therefore, strategies focusing on the maintenance of mitochondrial function in these cell types are of pharmacological interest in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, which involve mitochondrial impairment and increased generation of reactive species, leading to neuroinflammation and cell death. The mechanism by which resveratrol protects mitochondrial function and dynamics is not completely understood, and further research would be necessary in order to investigate exactly how resveratrol affects mitochondria-related parameters. Furthermore, it is particularly important because resveratrol is able to induce cytotoxicity depending on its dosage.
... On the other hand, some data in the literature define the effect of chronic physical exercise as hormetic, since the excessive production of ROS initially promotes an improvement of antioxidant capacity and the resistance of tissue to the damage caused by the exercise itself [66,68,69]. In the study of Pinho et al. [70], after 12 weeks of training, reduced levels of TBARS were found in the skeletal muscle of trained rats when compared to sedentary rats. In general, the mechanisms by which physical exercise induces ROS generation include the increase of electron leakage from the respiratory chain, the failure of electron transport performed by coenzyme Q, and xanthine oxidase activation during muscle work [71][72][73][74][75]. ...
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vasoconstriction and proliferative obstruction of pulmonary vessels, which promotes a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). The effect of exercise training on oxidative stress, metabolism, and markers of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) was analyzed in the lung tissue of rats with PAH induced by monocrotaline (MCT).Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups (5–7 animals): sedentary control (SC), sedentary MCT (SM), trained control (TC), and trained MCT (TM). The TC and TM groups participated in a treadmill training protocol (60% VO2 max) for 5 weeks, 3 weeks of which were performed after the injection of MCT (60 mg/kg i.p.) or saline. MCT administration promoted an increase in PVR and right ventricle hypertrophy, and reduction of right ventricle systolic function assessed by echocardiography. These changes were not improved by exercise training. The activity of NO synthase was reduced in the animals of the TC, TM, and SM groups. No significant differences were found in total nitrite concentration and expression of endothelial NO synthase. Moreover, the TM group showed strong staining for iNOS and nitrotyrosine, suggesting an increase in oxidative stress in these animals. In parallel, reduced expression of type B ET-1 receptors was noticed in the SM and TM groups in comparison to controls. In conclusion, the aerobic training protocol was unable to mitigate changes in the metabolism of NO and ET-1, probably because of the disease severity in these animals, especially in the TM group.
... Peroxide can react with transitional metals and generate the radical hydroxyl, which is the most harmful radical (36). This imbalance could be attributed to higher production of superoxides as shown in Fig. 3 which could represent the cause for the reduced activity of CAT (37). In addition, the ratio Gr/GPx (CTRL= 0.8; LPS= 1.02; Fl=0.75; ...
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common medical condition that affects the sexual life of millions of men worldwide. Numerous physical and psychological factors are involved in normal erectile function, including neurological, vascular, hormonal and cavernous functions. The current therapy for the condition is pharmacological and psychotherapeutic which regulates the erectile function and amplifies the NO-mediated response. The aim of this work is to test the action of three common phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Tadalafil, Sildenafil Citrate and Vardenafil at 0.05 μM on human monocytes, analyzing the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA by Western blot and rt-PCR, and production of NO by conversion of L-(2,3,4,5)-[³H]Arginine to L-(³H) citrulline. We also tested the efficiency of the antioxidant network by spectrophotometer (SOD, CAT, GPx and Gr), under normal conditions and after stimulation with LPS. The results showed an increase in ROS levels, similar for all the molecules with regard to the antioxidant enzymes. In all cases the treatment determines a response to the limited efficiency, arriving at a situation in which phosphodiesterase inhibitors + LPS clearly show oxidative stress.
... Oxidative damage after physical exercise is directly related to the type, intensity, and duration of exercise [23,24,32]. Thus, it seems that different forms of exercise resulted in different levels of oxidative damage, although data reporting the exact influence of the duration of the specific exercise examined (i.e., long distance running) on levels of OxS was never reported before. ...
Purpose . Response to an ultraendurance competitive race on thiols redox status, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and oxidative stress (OxS) was investigated according to duration. Methods . Twenty-four elite runners were examined: six completed 50 km and eighteen 100 km. Blood and urine samples were collected before and immediately after the race. Erythrocytes and plasma aminothiols by high-performance liquid chromatography, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and OxS biomarkers (protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), 8-isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2 α ), and 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG)) by immunoenzymatic assays and ROS production by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance were assessed. Results . Significant increases ( P between <0.05 and <0.0001) were recorded in plasma total and oxidized aminothiols concentration and TAC ( P < 0.0001 ) only after 100 km: plasmatic (ROS production (+12 versus +29%), PC (+54 versus +115%), and TBARS (+28 versus +55%)) and urinary (8-OH-dG.creatinine −1 (+71 versus +158%) and 8-iso-PGF2 α .creatinine −1 (+43 versus +135%)) concentrations for 50 and 100 km (duration 4 h 3′ versus 8 h 42′), respectively. Conclusion . Very prolonged ultraendurance exercise causes an increase in ROS production and OxS depending on specific biomarker examined but always linearly and directly related to exercise duration. Redox status of erythrocytes was preserved. A relationship between running performance and both prerace ROS production and antioxidant-redox status was found in 100 km race.
... Thus, the decreased bioavailability of NO, as well as increased ROS production, accompanied with the generation of inflammatory cytokines (82)(83)(84) could be contributing to blood pressure elevation and the progression of renal disease by facilitating the remodeling of the vascular wall. Although the effects of exercise as a protective and therapeutic tool in improving antioxidant capacity and reducing oxidative tissue damage were extensively studied (85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91), impact of regular moderate exercise on renovascular hypertension-induced oxidative cardiac injury was not elucidated thoroughly yet. A recent study has shown that exercise reversed the RVH-induced blockade of endogenous NO generation within the paraventricular nucleus (92). ...
The importance of physical activity in the management of renovascular diseases is well-known, but lacks evidence of underlying mechanisms. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the protective/therapeutic effects of regular exercise on experimental renovascular hypertension (RVH)-induced oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction. Wistar albino rats underwent a RVH surgery (2K1C, Goldblatt). Three weeks later half of the rats started swimming exercise for 9 weeks (n = 15), while the sedentary RVH group (n = 15) had no exercise during that period. Sham-operated control rats (n = 10), had the similar surgical procedures but the left renal artery was left unclipped. Body weights were monitored, and blood pressures were measured weekly using tail-cuff. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed on the 3(rd) week and on the 12(th) week of the experiment before the rats were decapitated. Heart and thoracic aorta were removed and serum was collected, while aortic samples were put in a 10% formaldehyde solution for immunochemistry. Cardiac tissue samples obtained from each animal were used for the determination of tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) and catalase (CAT) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels. In the sedentary RVH group, aortic contractile response (contraction/relaxation in isolated organ bath), left ventricular diastolic and systolic dimensions, and immunohistochemical staining of aortic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased, while ejection fraction and aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) staining were decreased. RVH in the sedentary rats resulted in increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) along with reductions in antioxidant glutathione and catalase levels in the cardiac tissue. Exercise after RVH increased the immunhistochemical staining of aortic eNOS, decreased iNOS staining and reversed the alterations in echocardiographic and oxidative parameters. Regular exercise commenced after RVH surgery alleviated renovascular hypertension-induced oxidative injury, by modulating oxidant-antioxidant balance via the involvement of the endothelial NO system.
Caffeinated energy drinks are commonly taken to improve exercise performance, but there are few studies on the influence of different doses on an athlete’s performance. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, counter-balanced, and crossover research study to examine the effects of low caffeinated energy drink (Low ED) or high caffeinated energy drink (High ED) supplement on the performance, haematological response, and oxidative stress in triathletes. Twelve male participants underwent three testing sessions separated by weekly intervals, consisting of sprint triathlon training (0.75 km swim, 20 km cycle, and 5 km run). Before and during the trials, participants were randomly provided with either placebo (PLA) group, Low ED group, or High ED group. Exercise performance in the High ED group decreased significantly compared with the PLA and Low ED groups (p < 0.05). However, participants in the Low ED group also experienced an improved performance (p = 0.054). Analysis of variance revealed no differences among the three groups in cortisol and testosterone levels, or the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion score (p > 0.5). Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was reduced with exercise and were lowest in the High ED group. However, compared with PLA, a significant decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in Low ED and High ED groups (p < 0.05). This indicates that caffeinated energy drink consumption may improve performance and reduce oxidative stress in sprint triathlon athletes. However, individual differences should be considered when supplementing with caffeinated energy drinks to decrease side effects.
Background and Objective: Physical activities affect on antioxidative pathway. Varity, period and
intensity of activities are important in health improvement. This study was carried out to determine the
effect of short and medium periods of high intensities aerobic training on serum level of superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) enzymes in female rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 45 Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly allocated into
control, short (4 weeks) and medium (8 weeks) of high intensities aerobic training groups. The exercise
program was performed on 5 session in each week with speed of 10-17 meters per minute in slope range
(5<slope<15) for 15-60 minutes. Serum level of CAT and SOD enzymes were determined by ELISA
method.
Results: Serum level of superoxide dismutase was 98.8±12.8, 126.4±10.2 and 115.1±14.2 U/ml in
control, short and medium periods of high intensities aerobic training groups, respectively. Serum level of
Catalase was 51.2±7.2, 43.7±5.3 and 52.1±6.3 U/ml in control, short and medium periods of high
intensities aerobic training groups, respectively. These differences were not significant.
Conclusion: Short and medium periods of high intensities aerobic training do not have any influence on
serum level of SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes in female rats.
Exercise training can improve the growth performance, immunocompetence, and stress resistance of fish, even altering their physiological parameters and gene expression. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) that originally lived in rivers and lakes are now often raised in ponds without flowing water, leading to a lack of exercise. This study examined the effects of exercise training on largemouth bass (with initial body length 10.68 ± 0.32 cm) growth performance by analyzing white muscle microanatomy and angiogenesis and by measuring antioxidant capacity in muscle and liver. Three water velocities were employed to assess the effects for 60 days: V0 (0 cm/s, control), V1 (13.4 ± 0.4 cm/s), and V2 (26.5 ± 0.9 cm/s). The results showed that: ① both exercise groups had higher feeding rates, and group V1 exercised fish showed significant increases in weight gain, specific growth rate, and final body length. ② Exercise training promoted muscle hypertrophy by increasing fiber cross-sectional area in the group V1. The expression levels of growth-related genes such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase β 1 (S6K1β) were upregulated, accompanied by inhibition of growth in the group V2 via upregulation of the expression of muscle ring protein 1 (MuRF1) and atrogin-1. ③ Exercise training significantly promoted angiogenesis processes, and the expression of angiogenesis-related genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptor VEGFR2 was upregulated in liver and muscle. ④ Exercise training reduced the risk of oxidative stress in liver and muscle by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity in the group V1; however, fish in the group V2 had decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents in muscle and thus may have been at risk of oxidative stress. In conclusion, exercise training with an appropriate water flow velocity can stimulate the growth potential of largemouth bass through muscle hypertrophy and enhance capillarization and antioxidant capacity.
Fructose-enriched diet (FED) is increasing worldwide. The study aims to investigate oxidative, histopathological, and immunohistochemical effects of fructose-enriched diet and swimming exercise on liver tissue in rats. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Group I (Control), Group II (FED), Group III (FED+Exercise), and Group IV (Control+Exercise). MDA levels and enzyme activities of SOD and CAT were measured in liver tissue. Also, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations (caspase-3, RANKL, TNF-α, and HSP-70) were performed on the liver tissue. MDA levels and SOD activities were found to be significantly higher in Group III compared to the other groups (p<0.05). SOD activity was found to be lower in Group II compared to Group I (p=0.035). CAT activities did not differ significantly between groups. While degeneration was noticed in Group II, normal tissue architecture was observed in other groups. Caspase-3, RANKL, and TNF-α expressions were higher in Group II than in the other groups, while HSP-70 expression was lower (p<0.05). Fructose-enriched diet increases oxidative damage, degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis in the liver. In addition, a fructose-enriched diet is damaging to the liver by increasing the expressions of caspase 3, TNF-α, and RANKL and decreasing the expression of HSP-70. Swimming exercise largely restores these effects.
Moderate beer intake can have beneficial effects against chronic diseases due to the flavonoids in the hops. The present study investigated the effect of moderate beer consumption on redox parameters and liver integrity in Wistar rats subjected to a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) exposure. The total reactive antioxidant potential of eight beers from five different styles (four different standard American lagers, and the imperial red ale, Belgian tripel, blonde ale, and extra special bitter craft beers) were analyzed. Craft beers had higher antioxidant properties than standard American lager beers, with imperial red ale exhibiting the highest antioxidant properties in vitro. To observe the redox effects of beers in vivo, 70 male Wistar rats were separated in five control and five CCl4 groups (n = 7), and were given water, standard American lagers, imperial red ale, ethanol, or silymarin. Liver histology indicated no harmful effects in any of the control groups, but none of the treatments was hepatoprotective against CCl4-induced liver injury, including silymarin. Imperial red ale presented a silymarin-like effect in abdominal fats and redox status of serum and liver, suggesting that moderate daily consumption of this beer is not harmful and can increase enzymatic and non-enzymatic redox status after CCl4 insult. These results can pave the way for a better understanding of the biological and hormesis effects of beer moderate consumption.
Futsal ist ein Sport auf dem Vormarsch weltweit, zieht mehr und mehr neue Praktiker und sowie im Feldfußball, hat es Veränderungen in den letzten Jahren durchgemacht, zunehmend anspruchsvolle Athleten, immer mehr zu einem Hochleistungssport, Förderung der Überlastung, kurz-, mittel- und langfristig, prädisponiert Verletzungen in verschiedenen Graden des Bewegungsapparates. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, Asymmetrien der unteren Gliedmaßen bei Futsal-basierten Athleten zu analysieren, sowie ihre Beziehung zur Inzidenz von Verletzungen. Die Studie wurde mit 47 Athleten der Grundkategorie Futsal aus einer Stadt im Landesinneren von São Paulo entwickelt, wo funktionelle Tests mit Hilfe der PHAST-Anwendung durchgeführt wurden. Ein Muster der Ähnlichkeit wurde zwischen den getesteten Muskelgruppen identifiziert, mit Ausnahme des Gluteusmuskels, was einen signifikanten Unterschied darstellt. Nach den gefundenen Indikatoren können die Muster des Kraftdefizits der mittleren Gesäße einige Arten von biomechanischen Läsionen auslösen oder prädisponieren, ob proximal, in der Hüftregion oder distal, als Funktionsstörungen im Kniegelenk. Wenn ein Athlet mit einer Schwäche dieses Muskels präsentiert, ipsilaterale Oberschenkelknochen-Adduktion, erhöhte mediale Rotation und Fall des Beckens gegen seitlich, Förderung erhöhter dynamischer Winkel des Knies, Erhöhung der Überlastung in diesem Gelenk. Daher wird der Schluss gezogen, dass die Bewertung vor der Saison wichtig ist, um mögliche Asymmetrien zu identifizieren und präventive Maßnahmen zu ihrer Korrektur durchzuführen, um das Verletzungsrisiko zu minimieren.
Футзал является спортом на подъеме во всем мире, привлекая все больше и больше новых практиков, а также в полевом футболе, он претерпел изменения в последние годы, все более требовательных спортсменов, становится высоким воздействием спорта, содействие перегрузки, в краткосрочной, среднесрочной и долгосрочной перспективе, предрасполагая к травме различной степени локомотивного аппарата. Целью данного исследования было проанализировать асимметрию нижних конечностей у спортсменов на основе футзала, а также их связь с частотой травм. Исследование было разработано с 47 спортсменов основной категории, футзал, из города в интерьере штата São Paulo, где функциональные тесты были проведены с помощью приложения PHAST. Схема сходства была выявлена между группами мышц испытания, за исключением ягодичной мышцы, что представляет собой значительную разницу. Согласно найденным показателям, модели дефицита прочности средних ягодиц могут вызвать или предрасполагать к некоторым типам биомеханических поражений, будь то проксимальные, в области тазобедренного сустава, или дистальные, как дисфункции коленного сустава. Когда спортсмен представляет со слабостью этой мышцы, ипсилатеральной бедренной добавки, увеличение медиальной вращения и падения таза против боковой, содействие увеличению динамического угла колена, увеличивая перегрузку в этом суставе. Таким образом, сделан вывод о том, что предсезонная оценка важна для выявления возможных асимметрий, проведения профилактической работы по их устранению, с целью минимизации риска травматизма.
Il futsal è uno sport in ascesa in tutto il mondo, attirando sempre più nuovi professionisti e così come nel calcio di campo, ha subito cambiamenti negli ultimi anni, atleti sempre più esigenti, diventando uno sport ad alto impatto, promuovendo il sovraccarico, a breve, medio e lungo termine, predisponendo a lesioni a diversi gradi dell’apparato locomotore. Lo scopo di questo studio era quello di analizzare le asimmetrie degli arti inferiori negli atleti a base di futsal, così come la loro relazione con l’incidenza delle lesioni. Lo studio è stato sviluppato con 47 atleti della categoria base, futsal, da una città all’interno dello stato di San Paolo, dove sono stati eseguiti test funzionali con l’aiuto dell’applicazione PHAST. È stato identificato un modello di somiglianza tra i gruppi muscolari testati, ad eccezione del muscolo gluteo, che presenta una differenza significativa. Secondo gli indicatori trovati, i modelli di deficit di forza dei glutei medi possono innescare, o predisporre, alcuni tipi di lesioni biomeccaniche sia prossimali, nella regione dell’anca, o distale, come disfunzioni nell’articolazione del ginocchio. Quando un atleta presenta una debolezza di questo muscolo, l’adduzione del femore ipsilaterale, l’aumento della rotazione mediale e la caduta del bacino contro laterale, promuovendo un aumento dell’angolo dinamico del ginocchio, aumentando il sovraccarico in questa articolazione. Pertanto, si conclude che la valutazione pre-stagionale è importante per identificare possibili asimmetrie, implementando un lavoro preventivo per correggerle, al fine di ridurre al minimo i rischi di lesioni.
El fútbol sala es un deporte en aumento en todo el mundo, atrayendo a más y más nuevos practicantes y también en el fútbol de campo, ha sufrido cambios en los últimos años, atletas cada vez más exigentes, convirtiéndose en un deporte de alto impacto, promoviendo la sobrecarga, a corto, medio y largo plazo, predisponiendo a lesiones a diferentes grados del aparato locomotor. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las asimetrías de las extremidades inferiores en atletas basados en el fútbol sala, así como su relación con la incidencia de lesiones. El estudio fue desarrollado con 47 atletas de la categoría básica, fútbol sala, de una ciudad en el interior del estado de São Paulo, donde se realizaron pruebas funcionales con la ayuda de la aplicación PHAST. Se identificó un patrón de similitud entre los grupos musculares analizados, excepto el glúteo muscular, presentando una diferencia significativa. Según los indicadores encontrados, los patrones de déficit de fuerza de los glúteos medios pueden desencadenar, o predisponer, algunos tipos de lesiones biomecánicas ya sea proximal, en la región de la cadera, o distal, como disfunciones en la articulación de la rodilla. Cuando un atleta presenta una debilidad de este músculo, aducción de fémur ipsilateral, aumento de la rotación medial y caída de la pelvis contra lateral, promoviendo un mayor ángulo dinámico de la rodilla, aumentando la sobrecarga en esta articulación. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la evaluación previa a la temporada es importante para identificar posibles asimetrías, implementando trabajos preventivos para corregirlas, con el fin de minimizar los riesgos de lesiones.
Futsal is a sport on the rise worldwide, attracting more and more new practitioners and as well as in field soccer, it has undergone changes in recent years, increasingly demanding athletes, becoming a high impact sport, promoting overload, in the short, medium and long term, predisposing to injury to different degrees of the locomotor apparatus. The aim of this study was to analyze lower limbs asymmetries in futsal-based athletes, as well as their relationship to the incidence of injuries. The study was developed with 47 athletes of the basic category, futsal, from a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo, where functional tests were performed with the help of the PHAST application. A pattern of similarity was identified between the muscle groups tested, except for the gluteus muscle, presenting a significant difference. According to the indicators found, the patterns of strength deficit of the middle glutes may trigger, or predispose to, some types of biomechanical lesions whether proximal, in the hip region, or distal, as dysfunctions in the knee joint. When an athlete presents with a weakness of this muscle, ipsilateral femur adduction, increased medial rotation and fall of the pelvis against lateral, promoting increased dynamic angle of the knee, increasing the overload in this joint. Thus, it is concluded that pre-season evaluation is important to identify possible asymmetries, implementing preventive work to correct them, in order to minimize the risks of injuries.
Le futsal est un sport en hausse dans le monde entier, attirant de plus en plus de nouveaux pratiquants et ainsi que dans le football sur le terrain, il a subi des changements ces dernières années, des athlètes de plus en plus exigeants, devenant un sport à fort impact, favorisant la surcharge, à court, moyen et long terme, prédisposant à des blessures à différents degrés de l’appareil locomoteur. Le but de cette étude était d’analyser les asymétries des membres inférieurs chez les athlètes à base de futsal, ainsi que leur relation avec l’incidence des blessures. L’étude a été développée avec 47 athlètes de la catégorie de base, le futsal, à partir d’une ville à l’intérieur de l’État de São Paulo, où des tests fonctionnels ont été effectués à l’aide de l’application PHAST. Un modèle de similitude a été identifié entre les groupes musculaires examinés, excepté le muscle de gluteus, présentant une différence significative. Selon les indicateurs trouvés, les modèles de déficit de force des fessiers moyens peuvent déclencher, ou prédisposer à, certains types de lésions biomécaniques si proximale, dans la région de la hanche, ou distal, comme dysfonctionnements dans l’articulation du genou. Quand un athlète se présente avec une faiblesse de ce muscle, adduction ipsilateral de fémur, rotation médiale accrue et chute du bassin contre latéral, favorisant l’angle dynamique accru du genou, augmentant la surcharge dans cette articulation. Ainsi, il est conclu que l’évaluation pré-saison est importante pour identifier les asymétries possibles, la mise en œuvre de travaux préventifs pour les corriger, afin de minimiser les risques de blessures.
O futsal é um esporte em ascensão em todo o mundo, atraindo cada vez mais novos praticantes e assim como no futebol de campo, vem sofrendo modificações nos últimos anos, exigindo cada vez mais dos atletas, se tornando um esporte de alto impacto, promovendo sobrecarga, a curto, médio e longo prazo, predispondo a lesão de diferentes graus do aparelho locomotor. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar assimetrias de membros inferiores em atletas de base do futsal, bem como a relação destas à incidência de lesões. O estudo foi desenvolvido com 47 atletas da categoria, de base, de futsal, de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, onde foram realizados testes funcionais com auxilio do aplicativo PHAST. Foi identificado um padrão de similaridade entre os grupos musculares testados, com exceção do músculo glúteo médio, apresentando uma diferença significante. De acordo com os indicadores encontrados, os padrões de déficit de força dos glúteos médios podem desencadear, ou predispor a alguns tipos de lesões biomecânica sejam elas, proximais, na região do quadril, ou distais, como disfunções na articulação dos joelhos. Quando um atleta apresenta uma fraqueza deste músculo, ocorre a adução do fêmur ipsilateral, aumento da rotação medial e queda da pelve contra lateral, promovendo aumento do valgo dinâmico do joelho aumentando a sobrecarga nesta articulação. Com isso conclui-se que a avaliação em pré-temporada é importante para identificar possíveis assimetrias, implementando um trabalho preventivo, para corrigi-las, com o intuito de minimizar os riscos de lesões.
Background: Oxidative stress results from imbalance in the bodychr('39')s redox position, which results in tissue damage due to increased intracellular radicals. Antioxidants prevent the oxidation of fatty acids and prevent foam cells and atherosclerotic plaque. Portulaca, which is one of the supplements, is considered as an antioxidant-rich plant.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of Portulaca supplementation on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in non-active girls.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on non-active girls (overweight and obese) with an age range of 20-30 years in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. 20 subjects were qualified and randomly divided into two control (n = 10) and complement (n = 10) groups. Subjects of supplemented group received 1200 portulaca mg per day for eight weeks. Data were analyzed by t-test using by SPSS20 software. Statistical significance criterion was set as P
Objective:
Some factors related to lifestyle, including stress and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption, are associated with higher prevalence of obesity. These factors can lead to an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses and to mitochondrial dysfunctions, which, in turn, could cause metabolic impairments, favoring the development of obesity. However, little is known about the interplay between these factors, particularly at early ages, and whether long-term sex-specific changes may occur. Here, we evaluated whether social isolation during the prepubertal period only, associated or not with chronic HFD, can exert long-term effects on oxidative status parameters and on mitochondrial function in the whole hypothalamus, in a sex-specific manner.
Methods:
Wistar male and female rats were divided into two groups (receiving standard chow or standard chow + HFD), that were subdivided into exposed or not to social isolation during the prepubertal period. Oxidative status parameters, and mitochondrial function were evaluated in the hypothalamus in the adult age.
Results:
Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, HFD decreased GPx activity in the hypothalamus, while increasing SOD activity in females. Females also presented increased total thiols; however, non-protein thiols were lower. Main effects of stress and HFD were observed in TBARS levels in males, with both factors decreasing this parameter. Additionally, HFD increased complex IV activity, and decreased mitochondrial mass in females. Complex I-III activity was higher in males compared to females.
Conclusion:
Stress during the prepubertal period and chronic consumption of HFD had persistent sex-specific effects on oxidative status, as well as on its consequences for the cell and for mitochondrial function. HFD had more detrimental effects on females, inducing oxidative imbalance, which resulted in damage to the mitochondria. This HFD-induced imbalance may be related to the development of obesity.
We assessed the effect of Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC) treatment, at a dose of 0.75 mg/rat/day for 1 or 2 weeks, on the activities of antioxidant systems in Sprague-Dawley rat tissues. Significant changes in glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities, with different patterns among tissues, were evidenced. Glutathione content and its reduction state in the liver, lung, and kidney were elevated upon MSC treatment, whereas they were significantly lowered in the spleen. Among the tissues exhibiting glutathione increase, there were different enzymatic responses: g-glutamylcysteine ligase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in the glutathione synthesis pathway, was increased in the liver, whereas the activities of the enzymes associated with glutathione recycling, namely, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were significantly increased in the lung and the kidney. The superoxide dismutase activity was decreased in all tissues upon MSC treatment, whereas catalase activity was increased in all tissues but the liver. Lipid peroxidation level was transiently increased at 1 week in the lung and the kidney, whereas it was persistently increased in the spleen. The increase was not evident in the liver. The results indicate that the MSC treatment results in an increase in the antioxidant capacity of the liver, lung, and kidney principally via an increase in glutathione content and reduction, which appeared to be a result of increased synthesis or recycling of glutathione via tissue-dependent adaptive response to oxidative stress triggered by MSC. The spleen appeared to be very sensitive to oxidative stress, and therefore, the adaptive response could not provide protection against oxidative damage.
Catalase was inhibited by a flux of O2- generated in situ by the aerobic xanthine oxidase reaction. Two distinct types of inhibition could be distinguished. One of these was rapidly established and could be as rapidly reversed by the addition of superoxide dismutase. The second developed slowly and was reversed by ethanol, but not by superoxide dismutase. The rapid inhibition was probably due to conversion of catalase to the ferrooxy state (compound III), while the slow inhibition was due to conversion to the ferryl state (compound II). Since neither compound III nor compound II occurs in the catalatic reaction pathway, they are inactive. This inhibition of catalase by O2- provides the basis for a synergism between superoxide dismutase and catalase. Such synergisms have been observed in vitro and may be significant in vivo.
1. The activities of citrate synthase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were measured in muscles from a large number of animals, in order to provide some indication of the importance of the citric acid cycle in these muscles. According to the differences in enzyme activities, the muscles can be divided into three classes. First, in a number of both vertebrate and invertebrate muscles, the activities of all three enzymes are very low. It is suggested that either the muscles use energy at a very low rate or they rely largely on anaerobic glycolysis for higher rates of energy formation. Second, most insect flight muscles contain high activities of citrate synthase and NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, but the activities of the NADP+-linked enzyme are very low. The high activities indicate the dependence of insect flight on energy generated via the citric acid cycle. The flight muscles of the beetles investigated contain high activities of both isocitrate dehydrogenases. Third, other muscles of both vertebrates and invertebrates contain high activities of citrate synthase and NADP+-liniked isocitrate dehydrogenase. Many, if not all, of these muscles are capable of sustained periods of mechanical activity (e.g. heart muscle, pectoral muscles of some birds). Consequently, to support this activity fuel must be supplied continually to the muscle via the circulatory system which, in most animals, also transports oxygen so that energy can be generated by complete oxidation of the fuel. It is suggested that the low activities of NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in these muscles may be involved in oxidation of isocitrate in the cycle when the muscles are at rest. 2. A comparison of the maximal activities of the enzymes with the maximal flux through the cycle suggests that, in insect flight muscle, NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyses a non-equilibrium reaction and citrate synthease catalyses a near-equilibrium reaction. In other muscles, the enzyme-activity data suggest that both citrate synthase and the isocitrate dehydrogenase reactions are near-equilibrium.
The purposes of this study were to determine whether exercise training induces increases in skeletal muscle antioxidant enzymes and to further characterize the relationship between oxidative capacity and antioxidant enzyme levels in skeletal muscle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exercise trained (ET) on a treadmill 2 h/day at 32 m/min (8% incline) 5 days/wk or were cage confined (sedentary control, S) for 12 wk. In both S and ET rats, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were directly correlated with the percentages of oxidative fibers in the six skeletal muscle samples studied. Muscles of ET rats had increased oxidative capacity and increased GPX activity compared with the same muscles of S rats. However, SOD activities were not different between ET and S rats, but CAT activities were lower in skeletal muscles of ET rats than in S rats. Exposure to 60 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion (I/R) resulted in decreased GPX and increased CAT activities but had little or no effect on SOD activities in muscles from both S and ET rats. The I/R-induced increase in CAT activity was greater in muscles of ET than in muscles of S rats. Xanthine oxidase (XO), xanthine dehydrogenase (XD), and XO + XD activities after I/R were not related to muscle oxidative capacity and were similar in muscles of ET and S rats. It is concluded that although antioxidant enzyme activities are related to skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, the effects of exercise training on antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle cannot be predicted by measured changes in oxidative capacity.
We have demonstrated a dramatic induction of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) mRNA levels in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor in pulmonary epithelial cells. These stimuli had no effect on the corresponding mRNA levels for the copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)-SOD. Identical treatments of pulmonary fibroblast cells with LPS showed only minor changes in the Mn-SOD mRNA levels demonstrating a cell type-specific effect for this acute inflammatory mediator. Furthermore, we have shown that hyperoxia has no effect within 24 h on Mn-or Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA levels in either fibroblasts or epithelial cells. The induction of Mn-SOD mRNA levels by LPS is completely inhibited by actinomycin. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide causes an induction equal to that for LPS, whereas co-treatment with cycloheximide and LPS resulted in a "super induction." This data is strongly suggestive of an important role for the Mn-SOD in the acute inflammatory response.
These experiments examined the influence of exercise intensity and duration on antioxidant enzyme activity in locomotor muscles differing in fiber type composition. Nine groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (age 120 days) exercised 4 days/wk on a motor-driven treadmill for 10 wk. The impact of three levels of exercise intensity (low, moderate, and high: approximately 55, approximately 65, and approximately 75% of maximal oxygen consumption, respectively) and exercise duration (30, 60, and 90 min/day) was assessed. Sedentary animals served as controls. Oxidative capacity in the soleus and white and red gastrocnemius was assessed by measurement of citrate synthase (CS) activity, and antioxidant capacity was evaluated by assay of total superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. In all muscles, CS activity increased as a function of exercise duration. Furthermore, in the soleus and white gastrocnemius, the magnitude of the training-induced increase in CS activity was directly related to exercise intensity. In contrast, the peak increase in CS activity in the red gastrocnemius was relatively independent of exercise intensity. Catalase activity was not increased (P > 0.05) in any muscle with training. Training-induced changes in superoxide dismutase and GPX activities were muscle specific; specifically, exercise training significantly (P < 0.05) increased superoxide dismutase activity in the soleus as a function of exercise duration up to 60 min/day. Conversely, training-induced significant (P < 0.05) increases in GPX activity occurred in red gastrocnemius only; the magnitude of the GPX increase was directly related to exercise duration but relatively independent of intensity. These data demonstrate that exercise training-induced changes in muscle antioxidant enzymes are muscle specific.
It is known that acute physical exercise may have diverse pathophysiological consequences in various organs due to free radical formation. We have investigated whether a period of anaerobic running to exhaustion in rats results in oxidative modification of proteins in the lungs. Six rats of an exercised group (E) ran for two periods of 5 min at a speed of 30 m.min-1 followed by a recovery period of 5 min, and then by a third period of running to exhaustion. Reactive carbonyl derivatives (RCD) were measured by the Western blot technique on lungs of E and control (C) rats. In addition, the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) was also monitored as marker of oxidative damage to proteins. This investigation revealed significant exercise-induced increases in accumulation of RCD in the lungs of the E group compared with the C group. The RCD signals were visibly stronger in proteins with molecular weight of 55 kDa and 32 kDa. The activity of GS was higher by about 30% in E rats than in C rats. The present data suggest that anaerobic exercise induces protein oxidation in the lungs.
The responses to oxidative stress induced by chronic exercise (8-wk treadmill running) or acute exercise (treadmill running to exhaustion) were investigated in the brain, liver, heart, kidney, and muscles of rats. Various biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured, namely, lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)], protein oxidation (protein carbonyl levels and glutamine synthetase activity), oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), and endogenous antioxidants (ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, glutathione, ubiquinone, ubiquinol, and cysteine). The predominant changes are in MDA, ascorbic acid, glutathione, cysteine, and cystine. The mitochondrial fraction of brain and liver showed oxidative changes as assayed by MDA similar to those of the tissue homogenate. Our results show that the responses of the brain to oxidative stress by acute or chronic exercise are quite different from those in the liver, heart, fast muscle, and slow muscle; oxidative stress by acute or chronic exercise elicits different responses depending on the organ tissue type and its endogenous antioxidant levels.
To investigate the effect of blood perfusion difference on oxidant status, mice were trained by a 7-week running program. Two days after the last training session, mice were exercised for 60 minutes at the same training intensity. Changes in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), as an index of lipid peroxidation, in intestine, kidney and muscle, were studied in trained mice immediately (0 h), 3 h and 24 h after the running exercise and in unexercised control group. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were determined in these tissues. Tissue SOD activities were unaffected by the exercise. Muscle GPx activity increased after exercise (0 h and 3 h group, P < 0.01) and returned to control levels at 24 h, but there was not any significant difference in intestinal and renal tissues. Renal tissue XO activity could not be determined. There was not any significant difference among groups in intestinal tissue XO activity. The activity of XO was decreased only in skeletal muscle at 0 h (P < 0.05). TBARS levels of exercised groups were higher than control in muscle (P < 0.01). Intestinal TBARS levels decreased at 0 h (P < 0.05), than reached to control level. Renal TBARS levels of 0 h and 24 h group was higher than control (P < 0.01, P < 0.01 respectively). The results show that a long distance running exercise may cause lipid peroxidation damage in skeletal muscle and kidney.
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-Pro) supplement would be more effective in the replenishment of muscle glycogen after exercise compared with a carbohydrate supplement of equal carbohydrate content (LCHO) or caloric equivalency (HCHO). After 2.5 +/- 0.1 h of intense cycling to deplete the muscle glycogen stores, subjects (n = 7) received, using a rank-ordered design, a CHO-Pro (80 g CHO, 28 g Pro, 6 g fat), LCHO (80 g CHO, 6 g fat), or HCHO (108 g CHO, 6 g fat) supplement immediately after exercise (10 min) and 2 h postexercise. Before exercise and during 4 h of recovery, muscle glycogen of the vastus lateralis was determined periodically by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Exercise significantly reduced the muscle glycogen stores (final concentrations: 40.9 +/- 5.9 mmol/l CHO-Pro, 41.9 +/- 5.7 mmol/l HCHO, 40.7 +/- 5.0 mmol/l LCHO). After 240 min of recovery, muscle glycogen was significantly greater for the CHO-Pro treatment (88.8 +/- 4.4 mmol/l) when compared with the LCHO (70.0 +/- 4.0 mmol/l; P = 0.004) and HCHO (75.5 +/- 2.8 mmol/l; P = 0.013) treatments. Glycogen storage did not differ significantly between the LCHO and HCHO treatments. There were no significant differences in the plasma insulin responses among treatments, although plasma glucose was significantly lower during the CHO-Pro treatment. These results suggest that a CHO-Pro supplement is more effective for the rapid replenishment of muscle glycogen after exercise than a CHO supplement of equal CHO or caloric content.
The present study was designed to examine the acute and chronic effects of endurance treadmill training on citrate synthase (CS) gene expression and enzymatic activity in rat skeletal and cardiac muscles. Adult rats were endurance trained for 8 wk on a treadmill. They were killed 1 h (T(1), n = 8) or 48 h (T(48), n = 8) after their last bout of exercise training. Eight rats were sedentary controls (C) during the training period. CS mRNA levels and enzymatic activities of the soleus and ventricle muscles were determined. Training resulted in higher CS mRNA levels in both the soleus muscles (21% increase in T(1); 18% increase in T(48), P < 0.05) and ventricle muscles (23% increase in T(1); 17% increase in T(48), P < 0.05) when compared with the C group. The CS enzyme activities were 42 (P < 0.01) and 25% (P < 0.01) greater in the soleus muscles of T(1) and T(48) groups, respectively, when compared with that of the C group. Soleus CS enzyme activity was significantly greater in the T(1) vs. T(48) groups (P < 0.05). However, no appreciable alterations in CS enzyme activities were observed in the ventricle muscles in both training groups. These findings suggest differential responses of skeletal and cardiac muscles in CS enzymatic activity but similar responses in CS gene expression at 1 and 48 h after the last session of endurance training. Moreover, our data support the existence of an acute effect of exercise on the training-induced elevation in CS activity in rat soleus but not ventricle muscles.
This study assessed parameters of free radical damage to biomolecules, mitochondrial superoxide production, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities and their relationship to sepsis mortality.
Prospective animal study in a university laboratory for experimental.
140 male Wistar rats.
The animals were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated (n=20), cecal ligation and perforation resuscitated with normal saline (n=40), and cecal ligation and perforation with normal saline plus antibiotics (n=40).
Blood samples were collected from all animals 3, 12, and 24 h after CLP through a jugular catheter inserted before CLP. Rats were evaluated during 5 days after the intervention. Nonsurvivor animals were grouped according to the duration between sepsis induction and death, and oxidative parameters were compared to survivors and sham-operated. Lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased in nonsurvivor septic rats and were predictive of mortality. We demonstrated that there is a different modulation of superoxide dismutase and catalase in nonsurvivors during the course of septic response. There was a marked increase in superoxide dismutase activity without a proportional increase in catalase activity in nonsurvivors.
This is the first report of plasma superoxide dismutase as an earlier marker of mortality. Ours results might help to clarify an important aspect of oxidative response to sepsis, i.e., an increase in superoxide dismutase activity without a proportional increase in catalase activity
1. Oxygen is a toxic gas - an introductionto oxygen toxicity and reactive species 2. The chemistry of free radicals and related 'reactive species' 3. Antioxidant defences Endogenous and Diet Derived 4. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death 5. Measurement of reactive species 6. Reactive species can pose special problems needing special solutions. Some examples. 7. Reactive species can be useful some more examples 8. Reactive species can be poisonous: their role in toxicology 9. Reactive species and disease: fact, fiction or filibuster? 10. Ageing, nutrition, disease, and therapy: A role for antioxidants?
Moderate daily exercise is known to be beneficial to health, reducing risks of a number of age-related disorders. Molecular mechanisms that bring about these effects are not clear. In contrast, it has been claimed that some types of prolonged physical exertion are detrimental to health because active oxygen species are generated excessively by enhanced oxygen consumption. Using two age groups of rats, young (4 week) and middle aged (14 months), we investigated the effects of long-term swimming training on the oxidative status of phospholipids, proteins, and DNA. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts did not differ in the gastrocnemius muscle between exercised and nonexercised animals in the two age groups. The extent of carbonylation in a protein of molecular weight around 29 KDa and the amount of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in nuclear DNA were smaller (p < .05) in the exercised rats than in the sedentary animals. Activities of DT-diaphorase (C1: 29.3 ± 1.9; C2: 36.1 ± 2.6; E1: 27.2 ± 1.3; C2: 33.4 ± 2.9 nmol/mg protein) and proteasome, a major proteolytic enzyme for oxidatively modified proteins were significantly higher in the exercised animals of both age groups (p < .05). The adaptive response against oxidative stress induced by moderate endurance exercise constitutes a beneficial effect of exercise.
Disruption of cellular constituents including inhibition or “downregulation” of metabolic enzyme activity has been associated with free radical stress in locomotor muscle with acute, strenuous exercise. However, the effects of acute, strenous exercise on important metabolic and antioxidant enzyme activity levels in the diaphragm are unknown. Twenty 4-month-old and twenty 24-month-old female Fischer-344 rats were divided at random into young exercised (YE; n = 10)/old exercised OE; n = 10); young control (if YC; n = 10)/old control (OC; n = 10) groups. Animals in both young and old exercise groups ran on a treadmill (10% uphill grade) for 40 min at ∼ 75% of age group VO2max. Immediately following the treadmill run, both exercise and control groups were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital. Costal (COD) and crural diaphragm (CRD) were quickly removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in COD of YE vs. YC rats. Activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was unaltered in the diaphragm by acute exercise (P > 0.05) in both age groups. There was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity with exercise (P < 0.05). POst-hocs revealed SOD activity was ∼ 20% greater (P = 0.066) in YE CRD only. Activities of the metabolic enzymes phosphofructokinase (PFK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and citrate synthase (CS) were not affected by acute exercise in YE or OE. Strenuous exercise resulted in a small trend towards a decrease in 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) activity in YE COD (P = 0.115) and YE CRD (P = 0.082). We conclude that the employed bout of exercise induces some free radical stress, while metabolic enzymes are protected, in the diaphragm.
It is well known that exercise induces lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle and that vitamin E prevents exercise-induced lipid damage. In this study we show for the first time, an increase in protein oxidation in skeletal muscle after a single bout of exercise, related to an exercise-induced decrease in lipophilic antioxidants, and substantial protection against both resting and exercise-induced protein oxidation by supplementation with various isomers (α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol) of vitamin E.
— The superoxide radical (O-2) is a commonplace product of the biological reduction of molecular oxygen and plays an important role in oxygen toxicity. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) catalytically scavenge this radical and are the primary defense against its cytotoxicity. The data which support these statements have been briefly reviewed. Oxygen enhances the lethality of certain antibiotics, such as streptonigrin, and of ionizing radiation as well. The role of O-2 in the enhancements is presented and the basis of the radioprotective effects of SOD discussed. Several more recent developments are presented in detail including: (a) The induction of the MnSOD of E. coli upon exposure to very low levels of oxygen, (b) The changes in SOD in E. coli as a function of nutritional state, during culture in a chemostat. (c) A convenient new assay and activity stain for SOD.
The superoxide dismutases (SODs) are important metallo-enzymes which scavenge and dismutate the superoxide free radical. They are thought to be the main enzymes in the antioxidant defense system. Identification of stimuli that control transcription of the SOD genes is essential for understanding SOD gene regulation. In this study we show that manganese SOD (MnSOD) mRNA levels are elevated by lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial endotoxin, in rat liver. However, neither lipopolysaccharide nor tumor necrosis factor-alpha had an effect on MnSOD mRNA expression in cultured primary hepatocytes. On the other hand, the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 did increase MnSOD mRNA levels, either 2- or 15-fold, respectively, over a 20-h period in hepatocytes. The IL-6-induced increase in MnSOD mRNA levels was attenuated by dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, in hepatocytes cultured for less than 16 h. In contrast, in hepatocytes originally cultured for more than 16 h, IL-6 and dexamethasone produced a synergistic increase in MnSOD mRNA levels. The induction of MnSOD expression by IL-6, which is a known inflammatory cytokine, suggests that MnSOD may play a role in the inflammation process. Since inflammation is known to result in oxidative damage to cells, the role of MnSOD may be to protect cells from inflammation-mediated oxidative damage.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses methods to determine carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. The methods described are (1) reduction of the carbonyl group to an alcohol with tritiated borohydride; (2) reaction of the carbonyl group with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone; (3) reaction of the carbonyl with fluorescein thiosemicarbazide to form the thiosemicarbazone; and (4) reaction of the carbonyl group with fluorescein amine to form a Schiff base followed by reduction to the secondary amine with cyanoborohydride. Van Poelje and Snell have also quantitated protein-bound pyruvoyl groups through formation of a Schiff base with p-aminobenzoic acid followed by reduction with cyanoborohydride. Although a systematic investigation has not appeared, this method should also be useful in detecting other protein-bound carbonyl groups. Carbonyl content of proteins is expressed as moles carbonyl/mole subunit for purified proteins of known molecular weight. For extracts, the results may be given as nanomoles carbonyl/milligram protein. For a protein having a molecular weight of 50,000, a carbonyl content of 1 mol carbonyl/mol protein corresponds to 20 nmol carbonyl/mg proteins.
The loss of protection by human recombinant (hr) Cu.Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) at higher doses reported previously may have been due to the weak peroxidase activity of this enzyme. To test this possibility we studied the dose-response relationship of hrMn-SOD, which lacks peroxidase activity. Isolated, buffer perfused rabbit hearts were subjected to 1 h of global ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion, and the percent recovery of developed tension (relative to preischemic) was measured via a left ventricular balloon connected through a pressure transducer to a polygraph recorder. The coronary effluent was assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. While hrMn-SOD almost completely protected against loss of function and LDH release at 2 and 5 mg/L (p less than 0.01), it exacerbated the damage at 50 mg/L concentration (p less than 0.05 against controls), thus giving an even sharper bell-shaped curve than seen with the hrCu,Zn-SOD. Therefore we conclude that, first, while the hrMn-SOD protects the reperfused heart at lower doses, it may exacerbate the damage at higher doses. Second, that the lack of protection seen at higher doses of hr-Cu,Zn-SOD is unlikely to be due only to its peroxidase activity.
This chapter describes the malondialdehyde (MDA) as index of lipid peroxidation. The determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) has attracted widespread interest, because it appears to offer a facile means of assessing lipid peroxidation in biological materials. Malondialdehyde occurs in biological materials in free state and in various covalently bound forms. Urine also contains small amounts of MDA adducts with guanine, the phospholipid bases serine and ethanolamine, and other unidentified reactants. Free MDA is a minor and variable excretory product. It is apparent from the occurrence of these derivatives in urine that MDA forms adducts with proteins, nucleic acids, and other substances in vivo, and this compromises the assessment of lipid peroxidation in the tissues based on the determination of free MDA. The pH required for maximum yield of MDA varies among biological materials depending on the nature of the derivatives present. MDA may be generated during hydrolysis by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the sample and by the degradation of preexisting oxidation products. Pigments present in the sample, or generated during hydrolysis, also can interfere in the colorimetric assessment of MDA. These problems, and possibilities for their resolution, are discussed in the chapter.
Maximal activities of rat skeletal muscle mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as several other mitochondrial enzymes involved in various metabolic functions were significantly suppressed after a single bout of acute or exhaustive treadmill running. This enzymatic "down regulation" was maintained 24 and 48 h post exhaustion, especially in the untrained rats. Neither muscle cytosolic nor hepatic enzymes exhibited down regulation after exercise. Proteolysis was increased with exercise as assessed by the clearance of [3H]leucine previously incorporated into the proteins of the rats. Decreased CS, MDH, and ALT activities correlated with a significant loss of mitochondrial total protein sulfhydryl (r = 0.67, 0.68, 0.59, respectively, P less than 0.001) in untrained rats and both CS and MDH could be partially restored by incubation with dithiothreitol. Endurance-tested untrained and trained rats had significantly higher glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in both muscle mitochondria and cytosol which correlated significantly with endurance time (r = 0.70 and 0.74, respectively). It is concluded that enzymatic down regulation is not caused by proteolysis alone; i.e., peroxides and oxygen free radicals produced in prolonged exercise may alter the intramitochondrial redox state by oxidizing free thiols that may be required at active sites of these enzymes. Training may enhance the ability of the muscle to resist the toxic oxygen species by increasing GPX activity.
This study was designed to determine whether endurance training would influence the production of lipid peroxidation (LI-POX) by-products as indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) at rest and after an acute exercise run. Additionally, the scavenger enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined to determine whether changes in LIPOX are associated with alterations in enzyme activity both at rest and after exercise. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32) were randomly assigned to either trained or sedentary groups and were killed either at rest or after 20 min of treadmill running. The training program increased oxidative capacity 64% in leg muscle. After exercise, the sedentary group demonstrated increased LIPOX levels in liver and white skeletal muscle, whereas the endurance-trained group did not show increases in LIPOX after exercise. CAT activity was higher in both red and white muscle after exercise in the trained animals. Total SOD activity was unaffected by either acute or chronic exercise. These data suggest that endurance training can result in a reduction in LIPOX levels as indicated by MDA during moderate-intensity exercise. It is possible that activation of the enzyme catalase and the increase in respiratory capacity were contributory factors responsible for regulating LIPOX after training during exercise.
Cellular damage caused by free radical reactions may play a role in the aging process. About of exercise can increase free
radical concentration with damage to mitochondria in muscle (Davies et al., 1982). This study was undertaken to determine
if muscle adapts to exercise training with an enhancement of enzymatic defenses against free radical damage. A program of
running that induced two-fold increases in mitochondrial enzymes in leg muscles of rats resulted in no increase in catalase
or cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Mitochondril SOD activity was increased 37% in fast-twitch red and slow-twitch
red types of muscle and 14% in white muscle. Thus, despite an increase in mitochondril SOD, the ratio of SOD to mitochondrial
Citrate cycle and respiratory chain enzymes was decreased. It seems unlikely that increased capacity for enzymatic scavenging
of superoxide radical is a major protective adaptation against free radical damage in exercise-trained muscle.
Catalase was inhibited by a flux of O2- generated in situ by the aerobic xanthine oxidase reaction. Two distinct types of inhibition could be distinguished. One of these was rapidly established and could be as rapidly reversed by the addition of superoxide dismutase. The second developed slowly and was reversed by ethanol, but not by superoxide dismutase. The rapid inhibition was probably due to conversion of catalase to the ferrooxy state (compound III), while the slow inhibition was due to conversion to the ferryl state (compound II). Since neither compound III nor compound II occurs in the catalatic reaction pathway, they are inactive. This inhibition of catalase by O2- provides the basis for a synergism between superoxide dismutase and catalase. Such synergisms have been observed in vitro and may be significant in vivo.
The effect of swimming-training upon the activities of the enzymes involved in the generation of reducing-equivalents (citrate synthase-mitochondria and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-cytosol) and of antioxidant enzymes (CuZn- and Mn-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the lymphoid organs (thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen) was examined. The skeletal muscles (soleus-red and gastrocnemius-white) were also studied. Although our data suggest an apparently random, organ-specific change in enzymatic activity, some interesting trends can be observed. Firstly, the increased citrate synthase and Mn-SOD activities observed in red, but not in white muscle, corroborate the well-known effect of endurance exercise-training on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Secondly, there was an inverse relationship between TBARs-monitored lipoperoxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in all tissues studied, what is in accordance with the previous findings showing that such enzyme exerts the fine control of intracellular lipoperoxide concentration. Except in the case of the spleen, there was a trend for elevated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, coadjuvant of glutathione peroxidase in the antioxidant response to physical exercise in all tissues. Thirdly, Mn-SOD and catalase were conspicuously associated to oxidative stress in the thymus, while glutathione and catalase could be linked to this parameter in the spleen. Fourthly, the lymph nodes seem to be more dependent on the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glutathione peroxidase pair for protection against damage promoted by physical exercise. Mn-SOD and catalase activities were lower in the lymph nodes after swimming training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that endurance training improves the ability of the diaphragm muscle to resist exercise-induced oxidative stress. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were assigned to either untrained or trained groups. Trained rats were treadmill-trained for 9 wk. Each group was subdivided into acutely exercised or nonexercised groups. Diaphragm muscle from each rat was analyzed to determine the levels of certain antioxidant enzymes: Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. In addition, interleukin-1 and myeloperoxidase levels were determined. Endurance training upregulated all of the antioxidant enzymes. Conversely, acute exercise increased glutathione peroxidase and catalase in untrained rats, while it had no overt effect on any antioxidant enzymes in trained rats. Both Mn-SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD contents and activities were increased with endurance training. However, the mRNA expressions of both forms of SOD did not show any significant change with endurance training. Acute exercise also increased the levels of interleukin-1 and myeloperoxidase in untrained rats but not in trained rats. Moreover, acute exercise significantly increased the ability of neutrophils to produce superoxide, especially in untrained rats. The results from this study demonstrate that endurance training can upregulate certain antioxidant enzyme activities in rat diaphragm muscle, indicating the potential for improvement of the resistance to intracellular reactive oxygen species. The results of this study also suggest that acute exercise may cause oxidative damage in rat diaphragm through the activation of the inflammatory pathway and that endurance training may minimize such an extracellular oxidative stress by acute exercise.
Unlike the mature animal, immature mice transgenic for copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have greater brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia than their wild-type nontransgenic littermates. To assess the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of this injury, we measured histopathological damage, lipid peroxidation products, enzymatic activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in these animals before and after hypoxic-ischemic injury. Lipid peroxidation products were significantly increased 2 hours after the insult in both transgenic and nontransgenic brains in hippocampus, the most damaged brain region. Catalase activity did not increase in response to SOD1 overexpression or injury in either group. However, glutathione peroxidase activity, unchanged in response to overexpression, decreased significantly 24 hours after injury in both groups. At 24 hours after injury, greater H2O2 accumulation was observed in transgenic brains. Because SOD1 dismutates superoxide to H2O2, overexpression of SOD1 in the presence of developmentally low activities of the catalytic enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase leads to an increased production of H2O2, and may explain the increased brain injury observed after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal SOD1 mice.
Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level, as marker of lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as endogenous antioxidant enzyme, were examined in liver and soleus muscle tissue of young and old male Wistar rats. We established different types of exercise running on a treadmill both for young and old rats, investigated the effect of aging, exhaustion and training on these groups. The hepatic TBARS levels were raised in the short-training young group and in the long-training old group. On the other hand, the TBARS content decreased in soleus muscle in the short-training young group, and long-training exercise enhanced lipid peroxidation in old rats. SOD activity increased in liver in short-training group. while this activity showed the lowest values in long-training old rats. With respect to soleus muscle tissue, SOD activity was elevated after exhaustive exercise in young rats and old rats had the highest activity in the long-training old group. These findings suggest that free radicals play a role in aging and that the different type, intensity and duration of exercise modify the lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activity.
Protein carbonyls were studied in aging and exercise by immunoblot followed by one- or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using antibodies against 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones. Proteins of rat kidneys exhibited significant age-related increase in the amount of carbonyl while those of the brain and liver did not. Major carbonylated proteins in the kidney included serum albumin. In nematodes in which protein carbonyls increased with age, one of the carbonylated proteins was identified as vitellogenin, an egg-yolk protein. A possible biological significance of this protein present in abundance even after egg-laying stages is discussed in terms of protection against oxidative stress. Exhaustive exercise induced significant increase in the carbonylation of selected but unidentified proteins in the lung. This oxidative stress might be caused by xanthine oxidase in this tissue and hypoxanthine derived from ATP-depleted muscles. Exercise at high altitude caused higher carbonylation of the skeletal muscle proteins, most notably a protein likely to be actin, than that at sea level but no significant difference was observed in lipid peroxidation. These studies emphasize the value of immunoblot analysis of tissue protein carbonyls in a variety of situations where oxidative stress is likely involved.
The effects of exhaustive exercise on the activity levels of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) in various tissues of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) were investigated. Both the male and female rats were subdivided into an experimental group and a control group consisting of eight rats each. One group of each sex was subjected to a swimming session of 1 h (experimental group) while the other group of each sex served as sedentary control groups. The tissues investigated were liver, heart, kidney and lung. The activity levels of catalase in all the tissues investigated were significantly (P< 0.05) elevated in both male and female rats as a result of exercise. The average increase in the activity levels of catalase in the various tissues investigated for both male and female rats was 417% (males 404%; females 430%). The male and female rats exhibited comparable activity levels of catalase in all the tissues investigated. The higher activity levels of catalase as a result of exercise might be indicative of a compensatory measure to counteract the possible detrimental effects associated with oxidative stress.
Physical activity and exercise have several beneficial effects for physical and psychological health in young and aged subjects. Exercise may reduce age-related lean body mass loss and risk for several chronic diseases including coronary artery disease, hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, anxiety, depression, functional decline, and frailty. Exercise, however, especially when performed strenuously, is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species, able to consume endogenous antioxidants and eventually to damage biological molecules and key cellular components. Therefore, the balance between beneficial and potentially harmful effects of exercise might be of particular importance in the elderly, in which nutritional deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle, and comorbidity commonly concur to a depletion of the antioxidant reservoir of the organism and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to summarize current experimental, clinical, and epidemiological knowledge regarding known associations and potential links between oxidative stress and physical activity/exercise during aging. Before a final recommendation can be made with respect to the possible preventive and therapeutical role of antioxidant supplementation in aged exercising people, there is a substantial need for further studies to be performed on this topic.
Many studies have implicated elevated oxygen consumption (VO2) associated with aerobic exercise as contributing to oxidative stress. Only a few studies have investigated nonaerobic exercise and its relation to pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities.
The purpose of this study was to compare biomarkers of oxidative stress: lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and total antioxidants in blood after exhaustive aerobic (AE) and nonaerobic isometric exercise (IE).
Blood samples were collected from 12 subjects who performed a maximum AE and IE test and were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), carbonyls, lipid hydroperoxides (LH), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC).
VO2 increased 14-fold with AE compared with 2-fold with IE. Protein carbonyls increased 67% (P < 0.05) pre- to immediately and 1 h post-AE, and 12% pre- to immediately post-IE and returned to baseline 1 h post-IE. TBARS did not increase significantly with either treatment. LH increased 36% above rest during IE compared with 24% during AE (P < 0.05). ORAC increased 25% (P < 0.05) pre- to post-AE, compared with 9% (P < 0.05) pre- to post-IE.
There was evidence of oxidative stress after both exhaustive aerobic and isometric exercise. Lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyls, and total antioxidants increased after both IE and AE. Due to the different metabolic demands of aerobic and isometric exercise, we can rule out a mass action effect of VO2 as the sole mechanism for exercise-induced oxidative stress.
A significant body of evidence supports a key role for free radicals in causing cumulative damage to cellular macromolecules, thereby contributing to senescence/aging, and a number of age-related disorders. Proteins are recognized as major targets for oxidative damage (in addition to DNA and lipids) and the accumulation of oxidized proteins has been reported for many experimental aging models, as measured by several markers for protein oxidation. In young and healthy individuals, moderately oxidized soluble cell proteins are selectively and rapidly degraded by the proteasome. However, severely oxidized, cross-linked proteins are poor substrates for degradation and actually inhibit the proteasome. Considerable evidence now indicates that proteasome activity declines during aging, as the protease is progressively inhibited by binding to ever increasing levels of oxidized and cross-linked protein aggregates. Cellular aging probably involves both an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species and a progressive decline in proteasome activity, resulting in the progressive accumulation of oxidatively damaged protein aggregates that eventually contribute to cellular dysfunction and senescence.
There is evidence that active recovery impairs glycogen repletion in skeletal muscles of fasted individuals. Our main goal was to examine the impact of active recovery on the glycogen stores of the different muscle fiber types.
Eight endurance-trained individuals cycled for 2.5 min at 130% [OV0312]O(2peak) followed by a 30-s all-out cycling sprint. After exercise, the participants were subjected to either a passive recovery or an active recovery protocol that consisted of pedalling for 45 min at 40% [OV0312]O(2peak).
During active recovery, blood lactate and pH returned more rapidly toward preexercise levels than during passive recovery. In contrast, average muscle glycogen content remained at stable levels during active recovery (209 +/- 32 and 202 +/- 30 mmol.kg-1 at 0 and 45 min of recovery, respectively) but increased significantly in response to passive recovery (from 185 +/- 27 to 283 +/- 42 mmol.kg-1). The pattern of change in periodic acid-Schiff staining intensity across muscle fibers suggests that the impact of active recovery on average muscle glycogen content is different from that observed at the levels of the individual muscle fibers, with active recovery having no effect on glycogen resynthesis in Type II muscle fibers but causing glycogen breakdown in Type I muscle fibers. Although active recovery was also associated with higher plasma catecholamines and lower insulin levels, such an unfavorable hormonal environment had no effect on glycogen resynthesis in Type II muscle fibers.
Active recovery in comparison to passive recovery does not affect glycogen resynthesis in Type II muscle fibers despite being associated with an unfavorable hormonal environment but results in a marked glycogen mobilization in Type I muscle fibers.
Oxidative stress in mammalian cells is an inevitable consequence of their aerobic metabolism. Oxidants produce modifications to proteins leading to loss of function (or gain of undesirable function) and very often to an enhanced degradation of the oxidized proteins. For several years it has been known that the proteasome is involved in the degradation of oxidized proteins. This review summarizes our knowledge about the recognition of oxidized protein substrates by the proteasome in in vitro systems and its applicability to living cells. The majority of studies in the field agree that the degradation of mildly oxidized proteins is an important function of the proteasomal system. The major recognition motif of the substrates seems to be hydrophobic surface patches that are recognized by the 20S 'core' proteasome. Such hydrophobic surface patches are formed by partial unfolding and exposure of hydrophobic amino acid residues during oxidation. Oxidized proteins appear to be relatively poor substrates for ubiquitination, and the ubiquitination system does not seem to be involved in the recognition or targeting of oxidized proteins. Heavily oxidized proteins appear to first aggregate (new hydrophobic and ionic bonds) and then to form covalent cross-links that make them highly resistant to proteolysis. The inability to degrade extensively oxidized proteins may contribute to the accumulation of protein aggregates during diseases and the aging process.
A rapid, simple, and specific method for the colorimetric estimation of glycogen in concentrations varying from 0.15 to 1 mg/ml with an iodine-iodide reagent in the presence of salts has been studied. It eliminates interference by polysaccharides, which do not develop color in the presence of iodine. This colorimetric procedure can be applied to the estimation of tissue glycogen.
Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, primarily by protection against cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The latter disorders have been associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation reflected by a two- to threefold elevated level of several cytokines. Adipose tissue contributes to the production of TNF-alpha, which is reflected by elevated levels of soluble TNF-alpha receptors, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and C-reactive protein. We suggest that TNF-alpha rather than IL-6 is the driver behind insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and that IL-6 is a marker of the metabolic syndrome, rather than a cause. During exercise, IL-6 is produced by muscle fibers via a TNF-independent pathway. IL-6 stimulates the appearance in the circulation of other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra and IL-10 and inhibits the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. In addition, IL-6 enhances lipid turnover, stimulating lipolysis as well as fat oxidation. We suggest that regular exercise induces suppression of TNF-alpha and thereby offers protection against TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine that is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibers, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. Here we suggest that myokines may be involved in mediating the health-beneficial effects of exercise and that these in particular are involved in the protection against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
The participation of oxidative stress in the development of sepsis is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine which aspect of antioxidant/pro-oxidant has the major importance in differentiation between non-lethal and lethal sepsis.
Non-lethal and lethal sepsis were induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in adult Wistar rats, using 18 and 14 gauge needle, respectively. Rats were sacrificed within 12, 24, 48, and 96 h and organs (heart, lung, diaphragm, liver, and kidney) were isolated. The main antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured, as well as protein carbonyls and TBARS, as an index of oxidative damage.
Twelve hours after lethal sepsis induction we observed an increase in the oxidative damage in all of the organs studied. In contrast, during non-lethal sepsis, the oxidative damage occurs late in the course of the disease (after 48 h) and the increase in protein carbonyls is of less magnitude when compared to the lethal sepsis. During non-lethal sepsis, in contrast to the lethal sepsis, there is no sustained increase in the SOD/CAT relation.
The present study is the first report showing a different profile of oxidative damage when comparing non-lethal and lethal sepsis. The oxidative damage in proteins seems to be a differential parameter between non-lethal and lethal sepsis. In addition, the SOD/CAT imbalance seems to be an important factor in the oxidative stress during the lethal sepsis, but seems not to happen, in a sustained way, during the non-lethal sepsis.
Free radicals produced by chronic inflammation cause cumulative damage to cellular macromolecules and appear to contribute to senescence/aging, age-related disorders, and neuromuscular degenerative diseases such as inclusion-body myositis. Proteins are major targets for oxidative damage (in addition to DNA and lipids) and the accumulation of oxidized proteins has been reported in many aging and disease models. In young and healthy individuals, moderately oxidized soluble cell proteins are selectively and rapidly degraded by the 20S proteasome. The mechanism of selective proteolysis appears to depend upon oxidation-induced protein unfolding, with increasing surface hydrophobicity as (previously shielded) hydrophobic residues are exposed from the interior. The 20S proteasome can preferentially bind to and degrade such mildly oxidized, hydrophobic proteins without a need for ubiquitin targeting or ATP activation. Severely oxidized, aggregated, and crosslinked proteins, however, are poor substrates for degradation and actually inhibit the proteasome. During aging, and in many age-related diseases/disorders, the proteasome is progressively inhibited by binding to increasing levels of oxidized and cross-linked protein aggregates. Cellular aging and inflammatory neuromuscular degenerative diseases probably include both an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species as well as a decline in proteasome activity, resulting in the progressive accumulation of oxidatively damaged protein aggregates that eventually contribute to cellular dysfunction and senescence.
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Superoxide dismutase and catalase in skeletal muscle: adaptative response to exercise Early post exercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement Enzymatic down regulation with exercise in rat skeletal muscle
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Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, antioxidants enzymes and exercise training De-termination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins Metabolic and antioxidant enzyme activities in the diaphragm: effect of acute exer-cise
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