Patricia Jovičević-Klug

Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials

Ammonia is a promising alternative hydrogen carrier that can be utilized for the solid-state reduction of iron oxides for sustainable ironmaking due to its easy transportation and high energy density. The main challenge for its utilization on an industrial scale is to understand the reaction kinetics under different process conditions and the assoc...

A low carbon/ high chromium martensitic stainless steel, X17CrNi16-2, was heat treated using two different hardening and tempering regimes (1050 °C/480 °C or 980 °C/600 °C) — promoting either a high strength or high toughness state, respectively − and further combined with deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) at −196 °C for 24 h. Over recent years DCT ha...

The new technology offers a great potential for improving known and materials already in use, and at the same time exploring new options for alternative materials for application in energy sector. Metallic materials used in various energy sectors must have unique properties to survive in extreme environments (high temperature, high pressure, high c...

https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/50990

The need for a more sustainable and accessible source of energy is increasing as human society advances. The use of different metallic materials and their challenges in current and future energy sectors are the primary focus of the first part of this review. Cryogenic treatment (CT), one of the possible solutions for an environmentally friendly, su...

Citation: Jovičević-Klug, P.; Jovičević-Klug, M.; Rohwerder, M.; Godec, M.; Podgornik, B. Complex Interdependency of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Fatigue Resistance, and Residual Stress of Austenitic Stainless Steels AISI 304L. Materials 2023, 16, 2638. https:// Abstract: Stainless steels are important in various industries due to their u...

Comparison_of_K340_Steel_Microstructure_and_Mechanical_Properties_Using_Shallow_and_Deep_Cryogenic_Treatment

https://encyclopedia.pub/video/video_detail/530 Heat treatment of different materials has been constantly altered throughout centuries from blacksmith’s art to high tech science technology nowadays. With the evolution of techniques and improvement of chemical composition of metals, an increasing interest evoked in development of heat treatment tec...

This systematic study deals with the influence of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on microstructure and surface properties of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 L on different length scales and in the surface region. The study incorporates different analysis techniques, such as light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive...

In this study we investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on a high-alloy ferrous alloy (HAFA) to understand the resulting chemical and physical changes to the HAFA’s microstructure and properties. Using multiple materials analysis techniques, we uncover the fundamental chemical changes to the HAFA with DCT, and link changes in mate...

The study investigates the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on a high-alloyed ferrous alloy (HAFA) and its effectiveness on carbide evolution and chemical shifts of alloying elements. With ex-situ and in-situ observations ranging from the microscopic to the nanoscopic level, we uncover the atomistic mechanism by which DCT affects carbide pr...

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) has arisen as a promising green technology to modify the properties of metallic materials. Here we present a substantial (55%) improvement to the wear resistance of an Al-Mg-Si alloy using DCT without any deterioration of other mechanical properties. This improvement is attributed to a slight hardness increase resulti...

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a type of cryogenic treatment, during which a material is subjected to temperatures below −160 °C. When a metallic material is modified with DCT, changes occur down to the nanoscopic level. DCT induces microstructural changes such as grain size refinement, formaton of new grains, movement of dislocatons, change of...

Manufacturing industry is one of the world leading industries, as its end products (tools, gears, bearings, shafts, beams, bolts etc.) influence our everyday life. The performance of used metallic materials and products is subjected to the selection of steel type (main alloying elements), proper design, manufacturing accuracy and application of pro...

Forming industry is confronted with ever increasing demands on productivity, quality and performance of tools and dies. The main limiting factors are wear and fatigue resistance. Good abrasive wear resistance is obtained by increasing material hardness, which however may hamper toughness and fatigue resistance. Therefore different surface engineeri...

Metal whiskers are thin wire-like structures that form from a metallic surface without any specific external trigger. The whiskers can be extremely thin, being only fractions of a micrometer thick, while reaching lengths of several millimeters. The whiskers are generally considered as hazardous formation as they can lead to development of electrica...

In this research, Böhler K340 cold work tool steel was subjected to three different heat treatment protocols, conventional heat treatment (CHT), shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT), and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). The study compares the effect of SCT and DCT on the microstructure and consequently on the selected mechanical properties (micro-and m...

The elucidation of spontaneous metal whisker growth from metal surfaces, discovered firstly in the 1960s, is still ongoing, with the mainstream research conducted on Sn-based materials. Within this presentation, the discovery and research of Pb whisker nucleation and growth from surfaces of common machinable Al-alloy 6026 is discussed. These newly...

Mechanical, corrosive, and tribological degradation of metal and metal coatings is just one of the challenges faced by numerous industries. The industries which are most commonly affected by the degradation of the material are the tool industry, medicine, the electronic industry, the transport industry, aeronautics, the mining industry, and the ene...

The need to develop products with superior performance has led to the development of new materials and heat treatments. In the case of tools, well designed and controlled heat treatment is crucial to achieve appropriate combination of superior properties. In the huge number of heat treatment and surface engineering techniques, deep cryogenic treatm...

This study focuses on influence of alloying content and type of manufacturing on the effectiveness of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on properties of selected high-alloyed ferrous alloys (HAFA): EN HS6-5-2, EN HS6-5-2-5, EN HS6-5-3 and EN HS12-1-4. In order to evaluate the dependency of DCT performance on chemical composition and manufacturing type...

Spontaneous metallic Pb whisker formation from Pb and Bi containing Al-alloy’s surfaces is a newly discovered phenomenon. The whiskers display unique formations, growth and morphology, which give the opportunity to be applied for specialized sensor and electronics applications. Within this work, the impact of environmental conditions (gas compositi...

The role of nitrogen, introduced by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), has been investigated and unraveled in relation to induced surface chemistry changes and improved corrosion resistance of high-alloyed ferrous alloy AISI M35. The assumptions and observations of the role of nitrogen were investigated and confirmed by using a multitude of complement...

This paper discusses the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the evolution of natural and artificial aging of Al-Mg-Si alloy EN AW 6026. This study provides the first research and evidence of DCT effect on dispersoids and their development in aluminum alloys. DCT induces reformation and regrowth of dispersoids during natural aging from a pr...

New approaches to improving wear resistance with an affordable and noncomplex technology, such as deep cryogenic treatment, (DCT0), are receiving attention. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of DCT on the friction and wear performance of high-speed steels. AISI M2, AISI M3:2 and AISI M35 were heat-treated under different conditions...

Non-ferrous alloys are used in various industries (medicine, aerospace, automotive, nuclear, etc.). The main advantages of non-ferrous alloys are their light weight, superior corrosion properties and/or high temperature resistance. This study focuses on the effect and potential of deep cryogenic treatment (-196 °C) on non-ferrous alloys, for the pu...

The effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on corrosion resistance of steels AISI 52100 and AISI D3 is investigated and compared with conventional heat-treated counterparts. DCT’s influence on microstructural changes is subsequently correlated to the corrosion resistance. DCT is confirmed to reduce the formation of corrosion products on steels' s...

Seminar III. continues the work from previous seminars I. and II. and has focused on the overview of deep cryogenic treatment influence on the different steel groups (tool steels, stainless steels and bearing steels). This study is one of the first to provide a systematic investigation of DCT effect on steel properties, microstructural changes and...

This study investigates the influence of heat treatment parameters on effectiveness of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) and on properties of three high-speed steels (HSS) (AISI M2, AISI M3:2 and AISI M35) with different chemical composition. Within this research the same preselected soaking temperature, time, cooling/warming rate and placement of DCT...

In recent years, promising technique of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is taking a new step in improving properties of various materials, especially steels. This study is focusing on influence of selected heat treatment process involving deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and microstructural evolution of four different steel grades (bea...

The improvement of corrosion lifetime of commonly used steels is an important characteristic that is required for development of steel products for usage in non-traditional corrosion environments and specialized applications such as oil and gas industry. In order to achieve the required enhancements in a versatile manner, a combination of material...

Steel industry and the research of new steel processing schemes plays an important role in the development and production of tools used in everyday life. The post-production heat treatment play an essential role in tailoring various material properties to the needs of various applications. However, limitations in terms of simultaneous improvement o...

Corrosion resistance in natural environments is an important parameter that influences the lifetime and usability of materials in various applications. Corrosion preventive measures such as coatings and paints have been proven to be effective methods. However, when the surface of the material is damaged or worn off, the protective effects diminish...

The improvement of corrosion lifetime of commonly used steels is an important characteristic that is required for development of steel products for usage in non-traditional corrosion environments and specialized applications such as oil and gas industry. In order to achieve the required enhancements in a versatile manner, a combination of material...

The manufacturing industry is one of the world-leading industries, as its end products (tools, gears, bearings, shafts, beams, bolts, etc.) influence our everyday life. The performance of used metallic materials and products is subjected to the selection of steel type (main alloying elements), proper design, manufacturing accuracy, and application...

The elucidation of spontaneous growth of metal whiskers from metal surfaces is still ongoing, with the mainstream research conducted on Sn whiskers. This work reports on the discovery of Pb whisker growth from Bi-Mg-Pb solid pools found in common machinable aluminum alloy. The whiskers and hillocks display unique morphologies and complex growth tha...

The corrosion behavior of high-speed steel AISI M35 (E.N. 1.3243, HS6-5-2-5) enriched with Cr, Mo, W, V and Co, was investigated in alkaline environment (seawater) in order to observe and analyze surface chemistry dynamics induced by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT).

https://www.cmscconf.org/

In recent years, cryogenic treatment has been applied to improve properties of the steels in various emerging industries. Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a treatment procedure, during which steel material is subjected to temperatures below -160 °C. DCT has been reported to influence the properties of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, such as corros...

In recent years, cryogenic treatment has been applied to improve properties of the steels in various industries. A common type of cryogenics is deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), where steel is subjected to temperatures below-160 °C. DCT has been reported to change properties of steels such as corrosion and wear resistance, hardness, toughness, better...

In recent years, development of magneto-optical characterization techniques, specifically magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), arose for investigating microstructural and correlatively mechanical properties of steels. The method allows investigation of magnetic properties that emerge from the investigated material’s surface and allows correlation to...

The research investigates the varying effect of commonly used etchants for revealing the microstructure of steels and aluminum alloys. Selected representatives of different types of tool steels and aluminum alloys were chosen to indicate the general effects of etching on different phases with different elemental contents and enrichments. The repres...

The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic, complementary research of deep cryogenically treated (DCT) steels AISI M2, M3:2 and M35 including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The DCT effect on selected steels...

Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy is a versatile technique to image magnetic domains and evaluate the behavior of magnetic materials. However, MOKE has been rarely applied to the research of low magnetic steels with complex microstructure including micron-sized features. This study reveals the potential of implementing MOKE microscopy f...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the corrosion properties of three different grades of high-speed steel following a heat treatment procedure involving deep cryogenic treatment after quenching and to investigate how these properties are connected to the microstructure and hardness of the material. The hardness of steels was measured, and microst...

Within steel industry, there is a tendency to develop novel techniques that provide various measurement information necessary for material analysis within a short time with the same instrument setup. In recent years, development of magnetic characterization techniques arose for investigating microstructural and correlatively mechanical properties o...

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a type of cryogenic treatment, where materials are subjected to temperatures below-150 °C, normally to temperatures of liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). DCT is a special technique used to change the properties and mechanisms of transformation of austenite in daughter phases in steels such as martensite and supports the de...

High-speed steel Mechanical properties Fatigue resistance Tribology a b s t r a c t This study focuses on the changes in mechanical and tribological properties of selected AISI M3:2 high-speed steel when exposed to deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). At the same time, it provides a comparative study of DCT effectiveness on two different steel grades (A...

High-speed steels Microstructure Carbides Thermodynamic modelling a b s t r a c t The study discusses the effectiveness of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on selected steels and its effectiveness on carbide precipitation. The investigation of DCT influence on the precipitation of different carbide types in three selected high-speed steels (M2, M3:2...

This study has been focusing on the DCT influence on the high-speed steels (HSS) M2, M3:2, M35, hot work tool steel 1.2367 and stainless steel AISI 431. This study is one of the first to systematically investigate the DCT effectiveness on steel properties, where preselected soaking temperature, time, cooling/warming rate and placement of DCT were a...

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a type of cryogenic treatment, where a metallic material is subjected to temperatures below -150°C, normally to temperatures of liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). When a material is exposed to DCT as a part of heat treatment, changes in microstructure are induced due to new grain formation, changes in grain size, change in...

With the development of society, every year there are increasing demands in the automotive industry on cost savings, environmental safety, reduction of raw material consumption, performance improvement, material life cycle and recycling of components. In this review, emphasis is given on ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, which are used as components,...

Steel industry has been important from the early years to nowadays for production of tools for every day's life. Throughout the years the chemical composition, purpose and shape have been changing, but certain procedures are insufficient or costly to provide the necessary steels needed in today's industry. In recent years, cryogenic treatment has b...

In this study, a systematical approach in deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is implemented onto selected high speed steels (HSS) M2, M3:2 and M35, which are one of the most commonly used HSS in tool industry. HSS are commonly used for broaches, drills, milling cutters, tool bits, gear cutters, saw blades, jointer and planer blades, punches, etc. 1,2....

DCT

High speed steels (HSS) are commonly used for broaches, drills, milling cutters, tool bits, gear cutters, saw blades, jointer and planer blades, etc. 1,2. Barron 3 recognized that cryogenic treatment improves properties of cutting tool steels (HSS). Special type of cryogenic treatment is deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). DCT is a type of cryogenic tr...

In automotive industry, every year there is an increasing demand on performance improvement, material life cycle, cost savings, environmental safety and reduction of material consumption. In automotive industry, ferrous metals (steels) and non-ferrous alloys (aluminum, titanium, nickel etc.) are used as components, at which both groups can be treat...

DCT

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a type of cryogenic treatment, where a material is subjected to temperatures below-150°C. When a metallic material is modified with DCT, changes in microstructure are induced due to change in grain size, formation of new grains, movement of dislocations, change of solubility of atoms, alteration of crystal structur...

In the Mozambique Channel no previous research was done regarding the Rare Earth Element (REE) distribution in the water column. REEs can provide information about weathering inputs, water mass mixing, and particle dynamics in the water column and in the sediment bulk 1. Why Neodymium (Nd)? • tracer for the origin of water masses,water mass mixing...