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Agarics on elephant dung in Kerala State, India

January 2007
Mycotaxon 99:147-157

January 2007
99:147-157

Authors:

Patinjareveettil Manimohan

University of Calicut

N. Vadakkancheril

Kuwait University

Nineteen species representing twelve genera and five agaric families were found associated with elephant dung and are documented here along with a key to the species. The agarics are: Agrocybe guruvayoorensis, Bolbitius coprophilus, Conocybe brunneoaurantiaca, C. pseudopubescens, C. volvata, Copelandia cyanescens, Entoloma anamikum, Macrocybe gigantea, cf. Panaeolina rhombisperma, Panaeolus antillarum, P. rickenii, Pholiotina indica, Psilocybe coprophila, Ps. pegleriana, Ps. subaeruginascens, Ps. subcubensis, Stropharia bicolor, S. rugosoannulata, and Volvariella volvacea. Of the species encountered during the study, Agrocybe guruvayoorensis, Conocybe volvata, Conocybe pseudopubescens, Pholiotina indica, Stropharia bicolor are known to grow only on elephant dung.

Psilocybe subcubensis growing on elephant dung.

…

Figures - uploaded by Patinjareveettil Manimohan

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Content uploaded by Patinjareveettil Manimohan

Content may be subject to copyright.

MYCOTAXON

Volume 99, pp. 147–157 January–March 2007

Agarics on elephant dung in Kerala State, India



pmanimohan@gmail.com

Department of Botany, University of Calicut

Kerala, 673 635, India

Abstract    

           

Agrocybe guruvayoorensisBolbitius coprophilusConocybe

brunneoaurantiacaC. pseudopubescens,C. volvataCopelandia cyanescens Entoloma

anamikumMacrocybegigantea Panaeolina rhombisperma Panaeolus antillarum

P. rickeniiPholiotina indicaPsilocybe coprophilaPs. peglerianaPs. subaeruginascens

Ps. subcubensisStropharia bicolorS. rugosoannulataVolvariella volvacea 

     Agrocybe guruvayoorensis, Conocybe volvata,

Conocybe pseudopubescens, Pholiotina indica, Stropharia bicolor    



Key wordsBasidiomycotaAgaricales

Introduction

          

 



       

         

          

    



       

    Conocybe corneri    Agrocybe

stercoraria  Bolbitius vitellinus   Coprinus sterquilinus 

Panaeolus antillarumPsilocybe pseudobullaceaStropharia

bicolor    Psilocybe rostrata    

           











Materials & methods

      

       







Results

  

    



     



Families Genera Species

Bolbitiaceae Agrocybe

Bolbitius

Conocybe

Copelandia

Panaeolina

Panaeolus

Pholiotina

A. guruvayoorensis

B. coprophilus

C. brunneoaurantiaca

C. pseudopubescens

C. volvata

C. cyanescens

. P. rhombisperma

P. antillarum

P. rickenii

P. indica

Entolomataceae Entoloma E. anamikum

Pluteaceae Volvariella V. volvacea

Strophariaceae Psilocybe

Stropharia

P. coprophila

P. pegleriana

P. subaeruginascens

P. subcubensis

S. bicolor

S. rugosoannulata

Tricholomataceae Macrocybe M. gigantea



... 

Key to the agarics on elephant dung in Kerala







 Macrocybegigantea







  Entoloma anamikum



Volvariella volvacea







 





 Stropharia bicolor





Stropharia rugosoannulata



 



   Psilocybe subaeruginascens





. . Psilocybe subcubensis







. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psilocybe pegleriana



  Psilocybe coprophila



 



 Panaeolina rhombisperma







Copelandia cyanescens







Panaeolus antillarum



 

   Panaeolus rickenii







Bolbitius coprophilus











 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrocybe guruvayoorensis





 Pholiotina indica



Conocybe volvata



 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conocybe brunneoaurantiaca

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conocybe pseudopubescens

Documentation of Species

1. Agrocybe guruvayoorensis



μ

 





Specimens examined





2. Bolbitius coprophilus





Bolbitius coprophilus

          

... 

    



Specimens examined       

           



3. Conocybe brunneoaurantiaca 





Conocybe brunneoaurantiaca   

         



Specimens examined      



4. Conocybe pseudopubescens    







    



Specimens examined



5. Conocybe volvata 



Conocybe volvata        











6. Copelandia cyanescens



        

        



Specimens examined



7. Entoloma anamikum          



.



Entoloma anamikum     

  



Specimens examined        

 



8. Macrocybe gigantea



Macrocybe gigantea  





Specimens examined         

         



9. cf. Panaeolina rhombisperma 



Panaeolina rhombisperma

     

        Panaeolina



PanaeolinaCoprinusPsathyrella

Specimens examined

       



10. Panaeolus antillarum



Panaeolus antillarum





Specimens examined



   



11. Panaeolus rickenii 



Panaeolus rickenii           





Specimens examined        

         



... 

12. Pholiotina indica 



Pholiotina indica

              



Specimens examined











13. Psilocybe coprophila 

Psilocybe



Psilocybe coprophila      

         

  



Specimens examined   



14. Psilocybe pegleriana 

             



Psilocybe pegleriana        

          

          

       Psilocybe pseudobullacea  



Specimens examined

   







15. Psilocybe subaeruginascens      



Psilocybe



Psilocybe subaeruginascens       

         

          

       





Specimens examined       

        



16. Psilocybe subcubensis  Figure 1

Psilocybe



Psilocybe subcubensis    

        





Specimens examined





 





17. Stropharia bicolor 



           

    

  





Specimens examined   





18. Stropharia rugosoannulata 



Stropharia rugosoannulata 









   



19. Volvariella volvacea



Volvariella volvacea       





... 

Psilocybe subcubensis 

Specimens examined  







Discussion



PsilocybeConocybe 

Agrocybe

guruvayoorensis, Bolbitius coprophilus, Conocybe volvata, C. pseudopubescens,

Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus antillarum, Panaeolus rickenii, Pholiotina

indica, Psilocybe coprophila, Ps. pegleriana, Ps. subaeruginascens, Stropharia

bicolor,. Stropharia rugosoannulata.

 Agrocybe guruvayoorensis, Conocybe volvata,

C. pseudopubescens, Pholiotina indica, Stropharia bicolorStropharia

bicolor,            

Stropharia bicolor

 Bolbitius coprophilus, Psilocybe

subcubensis,  Ps. pegleriana       





      Entoloma anamikum,Macrocybe gigantea,

 Volvariella volvacea     Macrocybe gigantea 



        

           

 

Entoloma anamikum

       



  Stropharia rugosoannulata



 S. rugosoannulata   

    



S. rugosoannulata



Acknowledgments

         

        





... 

Literature cited



    Stropharioideae Strophariaceae, Agaricales







EntolomaAgaricales



     



.  

BolbitiaceaeConocybe



Ecology of Macrofungi

Chapter

Jan 2024

Macrofungi are an evolutionarily and ecologically important segments of the fungal kingdom exists independently as well as in mutualistic association with plants and animals. They play prime ecological roles in the degradation of lignocellulosic materials, nutrient transport and biogeochemical cycles in varied ecosystems. Macrofungi prefer a variety of substrates and their enzymes are responsible for nutrient cycling. Mutualistic association (ectomycorrhizae) with roots, support many tree species to derive nutrients from the soil. Many macrofungi have also mutualistic association with fauna to provide nutrition, in turn, disseminate their propagules to new habitats and facilitate genetic exchange or recombination. Even though some macrofungi are parasites of animals, they will be benefited by dispersal through their hosts to new niches. In spite of several macrofungi being pathogenic to many tree species, they involve in nutrient cycling. Several macrofungi are capable of bioremediation of pollutants and xenobiotics by their powerful enzymes. Macrofungi succumb to habitat loss, various natural disturbances and human interference, which leads to affect their normal ecological functions and services. With valuable ecosystem services, macrofungal resources deserve conservation to maximize their benefits to plants, animals and ecosystems. Keywords: Dipterocarpaceae, bioremediation, disturbance, ectomycorrhiazae, faunal association, human interference, nutrient cycling, mutualism, pathogens, substrates

On the Amanita in Southwest India

Chapter

Jan 2024

Amanita is an important cosmopolitan genus that comprises of morphologically, ecologically and economically valued species with a global record of up to 613 species. Although many species of Amanita are poisonous, they possess useful metabolites of therapeutic significance. Recent reports reveal that there are about 66 species of Amanita occur in different ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent, especially from the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Southwestern India provides suitable ecological and climatic conditions such as the Western Ghats, foothills, coastal plains and maritime habitats to support a variety of Amanita species. So far, about 30 species of Amanita have been documented in southwest India representing ectomycorrhizal, medicinal, non-toxic, edible and poisonous species. The association of Amanita species with the family Dipterocarpaceae is highly significant owing to the logging of dipterocarps for quality timber. The present chapter aims to offer the diversity, distribution, the ecological and bioactive potential of Amanita species occurring in southwest India. Emphasis has been laid on the ecological, nutritional and bioactive potential of edible ectomycorrhizal Amanita hemibapha and A. konajensis. Keywords: Western Ghats, foothills, west coast, scrub jungles, forests, maritime habitats, ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms, non-toxic mushrooms, edible mushrooms, ecosystem services

Ecology of Macrofungi in Southwest India

Chapter

Jan 2024

K. R. Sridhar

Macrofungi are versatile non-conventional sources of a human diet consisting of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, bioactive compounds and therapeutics. The geographic locations of southwest India encompass a variety of ecosystems in the Western Ghats, foothills, coastal plains and maritime regions. The wide climatic conditions as well as the type of ecosystems in southwest India influence the diversity, distribution and dissemination of macrofungi. The species and sporocarp richness were higher in the Western Ghats forests than in other coastal ecosystems. The core-group fungi recorded so far are unique to the southwest Indian ecosystems without much overlapping. Although soil, leaf litter and woody litter have been mainly studied in southwest India, other substrates are less studied (e.g. animals, animal excrements and termite mounds). Macrofungal mutualistic association in southwest India needs special attention (e.g. ectomycorrhizae, bipartite association and tripartite association). Traditional knowledge of tribals on macrofungal identification (edible, medicinal and poisonous) needs more emphasis. Special attention needs to be implemented in southwest India (in forests, agroforests, plantations and sacred groves) for sustainable growth, harvest, utilization and domestication of wild macrofungi. The present chapter emphasizes the diversity, distribution and ecological studies on macrofungi of southwestern India as baseline data. Keywords: Coastal sand dunes, coprophilous fungi, core-group fungi, ecological niches, ecosystem services, ectomycorrhizae, entomopathogens, mangroves, mushrooms, termitomycetes, Western Ghats

First records of Bolbitius coprophilus (Agaricales, Bolbitiaceae) from Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

In efforts to record fungal biodiversity of Pakistan, we collected specimens of the genus Bolbitius Fr. from two arid to semi-arid localities in Punjab Province. On the basis of morphological evidence and ITS-nrDNA sequence data, our materials are identified as B. coprophilus (Peck) Hongo. These specimens were found to be identical in morphological characteristics to other B. coprophilus collections from throughout the world. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, sequences from our material clustered within the B. coprophilus clade, which is consistent with our morphological findings. Our three records of B. coprophilus from Pakistan are the first from the country. The distribution of B. cop-rophilus is discussed and a morphological comparison with closely related taxa is provided.

Coprophilous and lignicolous dark-spored macrofungi of Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India Coprophilous and lignicolous dark-spored macrofungi of Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Dark spored species of macrofungi have been frequently found growing luxuriantly colonizing coprophilous and lignicolous habitats in Mount Abu and adjoining areas of the Aravalli Mountain range of Rajasthan, India after the monsoon rains. In the present communication, taxonomic description of Agroc ybe manihotis, Bolbitius titubans , Coprinus c omatus, C. s terquilinus , Coprinopsis lagopides,Deconica coprophila, Homophron spadiceum, Panaeolus fimicola, Psathyrella patialensis, P. pygmaea, P. tiarella and P. magambica has been given. These fungi are an addition to the yet unexplored rich mycoflora of the State. Most of these species have a noticeably short life span and some like Coprinus sp.are autodigesting and deliquescent.

A new species of Volvariella (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from West Bengal, India

Article

Sep 2022

A new species, Volvariella bilobata, has been described herein from West Bengal, India. Field photographs of the basidiocarps were provided and the new species were compared with its allied taxa based on morphological and molecular (nrITS sequence) data. Volvariella bilobata was characterized by a medium sized, entirely greyish brown pileus with fibrillose surface; close to crowded lamellae coloured greyish white to greyish orange; a bilobed saccate volva with greyish brown outer surface and greyish white inner surface; smaller basidiospores measuring 4.8–5.5 × 2.7–3.5 µm; clavate to ventricose lageniform cheilocystidia measuring 32–83 × 13–30 µm; variously shaped pleurocystidia measuring 18.5–27.5 × 7–10 µm; habitat on soil; and unique sequences. Detailed morphological description with illustrations and phylogenetic tree based on molecular sequence data revealed it to be a new species

Cyclocybe parasitica var. microspora var. nov and two new records of family Strophariaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from India

Article

Jan 2022

The diversity of Agrocybe and Cyclocybe species has been studied from the various habitats throughout the Punjab state from 2008 to 2012. Total 08 collections belonging to five taxa namely Cyclocybe parasitica var. microspora var. nov., C. parasitica, Agrocybe pediades, A. splendida, A. sacchari, are reported usually growing in caespitose clusters. Out of these, C. parasitica var. microspora var. nov., proposed as new variety. Â C. parasitica, A. sacchari forms new records for India and A. splendida is first time report from North India. A. pediades is being recorded for the first time from district Patiala, Punjab.UGC AND DST

Novel Insights into the Bioactive Metabolites of Macrocybe gigantea (Agaricomycetes), Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Combined with Chemoinformatic Approaches

Article

Jan 2022
INT J MED MUSHROOMS

Macrocybe gigantea is an edible mushroom and has multiple pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. However, only a few reports were available on the bioactive compounds and bioactivity of this mushroom. In this concern, the present study was aimed to explore the unique chemical diversity from the fruiting body of M. gigantea. The species identification was done accurately with morphological and molecular methods followed by mycochemical extraction in different solvent systems. The ethanolic extract of the fruiting body gave maximum yield and its Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed along with antibacterial activity and cell viability by MTT assay. The GC-MS analysis revealed 50 metabolites and further chemoinformatics analysis of these metabolites revealed their possible biological activities. In addition, the mushrooms' physico-chemical and mineral element analysis revealed the quality and authenticity of the species. Altogether, the current investigation gives a comprehensive overview of the bioactive metabolites of Macrocybe gigantea.

Progress of Mushroom Research in India

Chapter

Aug 2021

The present communication deals with the details of progress of research work done on fleshy mushrooms in India over a period of time with special emphasis on systematics, biochemical, cultivation, and sociobiological aspects. The beginning of mushroom research in India dates back to nineteenth century. Since then lot of advancement has been made on various aspects. Earlier exploratory work on fleshy mushrooms was done following traditional techniques; however at present taxonomical work is being done on modern lines following both classical and latest molecular techniques. Besides this, mushrooms are also being evaluated for bioactive constituents which make them an excellent culinary option as functional food. The cultivation of mushroom is another aspect which has also started flourishing in the country. Over a period of time it has become a flourishing side venture for the entrepreneurs mainly in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Chhattisgarh, North Eastern States, etc. which offer high profit with relatively low investment. Mushrooms are also being evaluated for their therapeutic relevance in the treatment of some of the common ailments including diabetes, cancer, AIDS, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, etc. In India, mushrooms remain an open field with innumerable opportunities for the researchers to explore and undertake researches in the areas of inventorization, evaluation, and domestication. Simultaneously, entrepreneurs need to take up the challenge of domestication, commercialization, and popularization of newer strains of fleshy mushrooms from the wild with application in human food and medicine.

Characterization of wild mushrooms from Tripura, Northeast India

Article

Dec 2019

Mushrooms represent an undescribed, poorly documented clade of eukaryotes with enormous environmental and economic benefits for the humans throughout the world. This paper deals with collection and identification of eleven interesting wild mushrooms from different forests of Tripura, Northeast India. These wild mushrooms were identified on the basis of macro and micro-morphological features along with their habitats and distributions. These eleven mushrooms species identified as Pluteus americanus (P. Banerjee & Sundberg) Justo, E.F. Malysheva & Minnis, Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze, Stropharia stercoraria (Schumach.) Quél., Auricularia delicata (Mont.) Henn., Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schröt., Auricularia sp.1, Auricularia sp.2, Lentinus sp., Inocybe sp., Clitocybe sinopica (Fr.) P. Kumm. and Agrocybe splendida Clémençon. Amongst them four species namely A. splendida, C. sinopica, P. americanus and S. stercoria are new records for India.

The Stropharioideae (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) from Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2004

Collections of Hypholoma subviride, Melanotus proteus, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata, P. coprophila, P. cubensis, P. moellerii, P. pegleriana, Stropharia coronilla, S. rugosoannulata, and S. semiglobata, all placed in subfamily Stropharioideae (Strophariaceae, Agaricales) are discussed and illustrated from southern Brazil. Melanotus proteus, P. moellerii and P. pegleriana are recorded for the first time from the country, and S. rugosoannulata and H. subviride collections represent new records for the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

The genus Entoloma in Kerala State, India

Article

Sep 1995
MYCOL RES

Twenty-one species of Entoloma sensu lato are considered. Nineteen species including eight new species, namely E. brihadum, E. lomapadum, E. vanajum, E. Shwethum, E. anamikum, E. nirupamum, E. mridulum and E. niranjanum are described and/or illustrated and discussed. The new combination, Entoloma aurantium (Manimohan & Leelavathy) comb. nov. (Alboleptonia aurantia Manimohan & Leelavathy) and the new name Entoloma theekshnagandhum nom. nov. (Alboleptonia graveolens Manimohan & Leelavathy) are proposed and discussed. A key is provided for all the species considered.

Agaric Flora of Sri Lanka

Article

Nov 1985

D. N. Pegler

Index Herbariorum Part I

Chapter

Jan 1990

A Preliminary Agaric Flora of East Africa

Article

Nov 1976

Jan 1978
248

Psilocybe Subcubensis Guzmán

Psilocybe subcubensis Guzmán, Mycotaxon 7: 248 (1978).

Jan 2001
90

K A Thomas

Conocybe brunneoaurantiaca K.A. Thomas, Hauskn. & Manim., Öst. Z. Pilzk. 10: 90 (2001).

Jan 1977
463

Pegler Stropharia Bicolor

Stropharia bicolor Pegler, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 6: 463 (1977).

Jan 1977
377-379

Sel Descr Figs
Pegler

SEL. DESCR. & FIGS. Pegler, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 12: 377–379 (1977).

1: Psilocybe subcubensis growing on elephant dung

Fig. 1: Psilocybe subcubensis growing on elephant dung.

Agarics on elephant dung in Kerala State, India

Abstract and Figures

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