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Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2) 2016, pp. 1-11
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +919443558554
Email address: pauldiaz71@gmail.com (P.M.Diaz)
Double blind peer review under responsibility of DJ Publications
http://dx.doi.org/10.18831/djcivil.org/2016021001
2455-3581© 2016 DJ Publications by Dedicated Juncture Researcher‘s Association. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1
REVIEW ARTICLE
Analysis of Benefits, Advantages and Challenges of Building Information
Modelling in Construction Industry
*P.M Diaz1
1Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ponjesly College of Engineering, Kanyakumari,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Received-23 January 2016, Revised-22 February 2016, Accepted-21 March 2016, Published-28 March 2016
ABSTRACT
Building Information Modelling (BIM) has become a well-known established extensive
collaborative process and an important area of development in the Architecture, Engineering and
Construction (AEC) industry and has transcended all disciplines. The use of BIM in construction
projects can possibly increase the information quality needed for making critical design decisions to
access a building‘s environmental impact. Analysis, design and infrastructure of buildings are
formulated with the help of samples generated from BIM. In the last decade, BIM has witnessed an
increasing development. This was a result of their rapid capabilities applicable to construction
projects. BIM can generate a common language for all divisions of parties and systems in a project and
make them a combined team. The BIM method is strongly matched with delivery systems for
integrated projects. Harnessing the unrealized possibility of the full life cycle use of the model by
integrating it with the amenities and property management phases of buildings and infrastructure is
one of the advantages of BIM which makes it suitable to the industry. This analysis is intended to
show the correspondence of BIM and project manager‘s roles on construction projects. It insists on the
significance of proper knowledge and experience of project managers to get succeeded in BIM.
Initially, this review presents an in-depth analysis of present literature frameworks and surrounding
methodologies to assess and examine the BIM advantages and static design. Then 3D, 4D BIM and
BIM based scheduling techniques are examined. The use of the term 4D to refer to the fourth
dimension time is also discussed. i.e. 4D is 3D + schedule (time). The role of 4D BIM is to add a
novel dimension to 3D CAD or solid modelling. The paper also reviews the issues regarding the BIM
implementation, static design and intrinsic problems related with an attempt to assess the advantages
in a purely quantitative fashion. Through the application of BIM technology for the dynamic querying
and statistical investigation of construction schedules, engineering, resources and costs are the three
implementations considered to be proved as how BIM can ease the extensive grasp of a project‘s
implementation and progress. Recognition, conflict solving, contradictions between construction
resources and control costs, decreasing project over-spends and protecting the resource supply are also
dealt with. A BIM overview with specifications on its core and cycle concepts, benefits of the project
life with the help of surveys has been discussed. The paper also elaborates risks and obstacles in BIM
implementation and future BIM trends.
Keywords: Construction projects, Solid modelling, BIM, 3D CAD, Scheduling.
1. INTRODUCTION
There are various problems in
construction industries related to construction
costs, low-carbon emissions, environment-
friendly constructions, green buildings, social
responsibility, natural ecologies and welfare.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is one
of the ways for changing the approaches to
project maintenance, design and construction.
The BIM Handbook [1] defined BIM as a
technology of computer-aided modelling for
the purpose of managing construction project
information concentrating on building
information, models, production,
P.M.Diaz./Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 2016 pp. 1-11
2
communication and analysis. The committee
for National Building Information Model
Standard Project (NBIMS) defined BIM as ―A
BIM is a digital representation of physical and
functional characteristics. It helps in shared
knowledge resource for information about a
facility forming a dependable source for
decisions in the course of its lifespan from
beginning onwards.‖ This review paper defines
sustainable design as the design processes and
practices that contribute to sustainable patterns
of living throughout the built environment
based on the method of ‗triple bottom-line‘. An
example of a shift from steady notions to
regenerative influences is provided. BIM build
environment accounts for the ecological, social
and economic health of the place. To attain
this, common understanding among several
stakeholders is required. A move from an
isolated and static building performance
understanding in terms of design discourse to
an extensive and dynamic discourse that
encourages an understanding of the building
lifecycle implications on occupant lives and
business success will involve and preserve
stakeholder dedication [2].
In this analysis, the applications of
BIM which contain visualization, three
dimensional coordination, prefabrication,
construction planning and monitoring,
estimation of cost and model for record are
discussed in detail. The tools of BIM are
analysed by means of a prototype 3D and 4D
house model. Moreover, BIM is analysed as
the main generator for 4D scheduling.
Although tools used for BIM results in some
shortcomings such as issues in interoperability,
the application of BIM is very beneficial to the
construction managers.
The purpose of this analysis is to
address this issue by quantitatively comparing
BIM treatments with non-BIM treatments in an
actual BIM embedded project. For the
accomplishment of this objective, a review of
BIM based on a real plan containing
measureable and profitable proof has been
provided. As construction concerns a wide
activities range with dissimilar natures, it is
evenly important to establish methodological
protocols and metrics to evaluate the
performance and benefits derived from any
specified aspects.
With current legislation stipulating the
minimum necessities for sustainability, this is
inevitably perceived by project teams as
supplementary to the primary goals and
budget. [3] refers to [4] and the suggestion for
sustainability is given by a meaningful
comment as ‗novel concepts and tools that are
integrative and synthetic, non-disciplinary and
analytic and that vigorously generates synergy,
not just summation‘.
The purpose of this paper is to provide
an overview of BIM concept, uses, advantages,
risks and related challenges in AEC industry.
This is followed by analysis of BIM benefits
for project stakeholders namely proprietors,
designers, constructors and facility managers.
Then the risks and barriers of BIM to be
implemented in the AEC industry are
explained. Finally, the BIM features are
analysed.
2. TECHNOLOGY OF BIM
As indicated in figure A1, a Building
Information Model (BIM) consists of a 3D
project model linking design, planning,
construction and operation [5]. The BIM idea
arises from the object-oriented parametric
modelling technique [6]. The term
―parametric‖ defines a procedure by which the
assembly is automatically adjusted to preserve
a previously found relationship [7, 8]. The
main difference between BIM conventional 3D
and CAD technology is that the latter labels a
building by independent 3D views such as
elevations, plans and sections while the former
does not label in such a manner.
According to the BIM regulation of
planning [9], the plan for BIM construction of
Wuhan New City International Expo Centre is
created. Based on the construction plan, the
model of BIM is figured out as shown in figure
A2. Based on the purpose of operation, the
characteristics are embedded into the model of
BIM.
3. BIM PROCESS
BIM can be observed as a virtual
process where all features are encompassed
and disciplined. Systems of a facility within a
distinct, virtual model permit all team
members to co-operate better than the
traditional processes. Today, BIM is perceived
only as advertising for software companies.
BIM can be regarded both as software and an
integrated method which is shown in figure A3
[10]. On the other hand, the applications of
BIM are practised in industries such as
construction, information technology, and
P.M.Diaz./Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 2016 pp. 1-11
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software and hardware fields. While
considering the Building Information
Modeling (BIM), 3D model is mostly
considered to be fake. It must be noted that
BIM is fundamentally a data package. It
involves all information about construction,
design, buildings management and
renovations. 3D model is one of the several
possible ways of this information description.
Recently the concept of Integrated
Project Delivery (IPD) emerged as a natural
companion to BIM. In the US, [11] the IPD
has become a favoured project delivery system
for all main projects involving BIM. Figure A4
illustrates the contrast between the
―traditional‖ and ―BIM‖ process.
4. STUDY OF BIM TOOLS
The main part of this review is the
study of the benefits and uses of building
information models in construction projects.
4.1. 3D modelling of a house
[12] It was downloaded from the
website of Autodesk‘s student community to
develop a model for 3D house. At first, a novel
Revit file is created and saved. Then, the walls
for the perimeter are created. Once the
perimeter walls are finished, the interior walls
are formed. After that, [13] the foundation
walls, flooring, windows, doors, stairs, deck,
roof are created. Moreover, the rooms are
tagged. For this no mechanical, electrical,
plumbing elements are required. The 3D
modelling and 2D drafting differences are
reviewed. Also, the object granularity
including the elements decomposition is
explored [14].
4.2. 4D modelling of a house
4D modeling requires a 3D model
development and schedule. The 3D model is
created in [12]. The Microsoft project uses a
method of critical path to create the schedule.
Synchro‘s 4D BIM tool was downloaded
through its website. In [15] it is used as the
existing model integrator in IFC format and in
the Microsoft project in xml format. Once the
model and the schedule are introduced into the
tool of Synchro‘s integration [16], the
resources of IFC which are the building
elements list are connected. Once the
connecting of 4D is finished, focused time and
animation can be used to generate videos of the
4D model. Finally, the video file can be
exported. From the analysis [17] tools do not
offer the 072-9 information essential to create
a 4D visualization of the project progress. For
this problem, the solution is 4D BIM, which is
created by mixing the 3D BIM with project
schedule. It permits the 3D simulation of a
building and its mechanisms. It can assist in
problems prediction and calculating the
quantities of material.
5. FEATURES OF BIM TECHNOLOGY
There are some specific aspects of
BIM that helps in their effective
implementation in project management. These
attributes, developed progressively can be
explained as follows [18]:
5.1. Constructability
BIM helps the team members of a
project in reviewing and handling
constructability and RFIs issues. Furthermore,
visual information can be provided from an
advantage point focussing on problems
occurred. All these information associated with
mark-up helps in finding solutions and
mitigating risks.
5.2. Investigation
Another aspect of BIM helps project
managers, engineers and designers to do more
examinations and provide better decisions [19].
By connecting BIM tools, it would be enough
to investigate the construction project energy
consumption and to find improved solutions
such as varying orientation, mass and space of
materials etc. Furthermore, analysis of light,
mechanics and acoustics can also be performed
by BIM [20].
5.3. Quantity take-off
Quantity take-offs are very useful for
project managers and teams to study their
choice and have dependable insight into
several alternatives throughout the lifecycle of
the project. Since there is availability of an
opportunity between the database and BIM
model a correct estimation can be received
much faster. Additionally, these items for take-
off can be used easily in procurement process
[21].
6. MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
Construction is the significant part of
all projects [22]. These projects can be either
P.M.Diaz./Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 2016 pp. 1-11
4
retail projects or small residential projects of
mega multifunction. The construction project
management requires an understanding of
modern management knowledge of different
construction procedures. With the variations in
organizational procedures, technology and new
methods, the process of construction
management differs [23]. Management of
construction project refers to a sequence of
activities in order to determine the conduction
work flow in the life cycle. Similar to Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK),
the manager handles planning of project
management, cost, quality, time, contract
administration, risk and safety management.
The manager is also the communication
authority between investors, designers, owners,
engineers, professional crew and
administrative staffs [24]. Normally,
management of construction project shares the
common and overall properties of general
projects. Hence, the rules and approaches
necessary for the management of general
projects can be applied to this type of projects.
Aggregating the related data cost later,
the database which involves engineering data
dispersed among several industries is shown in
figure A5. Based on the database, figure A6
illustrates how people from different
departments and sectors are permitted to
involve in the management of materials via the
database for BIM.
7. PROJECT CONSTRUCTORS
General contractors adopt BIM
compared to all other stakeholders [25]. The
BIM can be used by the contractors and
subcontractors for the following uses [26]. (1)
Cost estimation and quantity take-off, (2) Early
design error identification, (3) Analysis for
construction planning, (4) Onsite verification
and construction tracking, (5) Offsite
modularization and prefabrication, (6) Site
conservation planning, (7) Value engineering
and (8) Better communication with designers,
owners, subcontractors and workers. [27]
Hence the following advantages are achieved
by the constructors. (1) Improved profitability,
(2) Good customer service, (3) Schedule and
cost compression, (4) Better production quality
and (5) Good decision making. The project
architect develops the architectural model. The
2D structural and MEP system drawings are
acquired by prime contractors from project
engineers and converted them into 3D BIM
models [28]. All ―single‖ BIM models are
integrated through detections of clash in the
phase of preconstruction. The prime contractor
is able to save $259,000 roughly as
demonstrated in figure A7.
8. CHALLENGES
In the current review, [29] shows that
if there is disbelief among the project team
members about the importance and benefits of
BIM on construction projects, satisfactory
results will not be obtained. [30] shows that
BIM‘s top investment areas include hardware,
software and interior collaborative
development BIM workflow. [31] states that
the BIM challenges can be categorized as 1)
technical challenges, 2)skills and training
challenges 3)legal procedural challenges and
4) economy which can obstruct the firms from
upgradation of their available systems to a
system which is BIM oriented.
Certain quasi-tangible advantages in
the construction industry are information
availability, productivity and improved
decision making capability. The intangible
advantages include competitive benefits,
market access and better risk management
[32]. Challenges of the imperceptible
considerations include the calculation of
monetary terms. These studies are viable to
estimation and instinct. Moreover, these
advantages are mined from business
procedures and purposes. The independent
expression to support system objectives are not
provided [33]. Lack of formal methodologies
or procedures to establish a BIM business case
results in uneven speculation and improper
estimation. Approaches have been put forward
to assess the information systems. But most of
them are prescriptive and reactive in nature,
depending on perception values.
9. BENEFITS AND ADVANTAGES OF
BIM
Various construction project
management sources recognize certain BIM
advantages which are indicated as follows [34]
Better performance and quality of the
project
Improved productivity
Reduction of wastages
Faster delivery
New opportunities for revenue and
business
Low construction cost
P.M.Diaz./Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 2016 pp. 1-11
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If BIM is considered as a centralized
source, it can enable persons involved in the
construction industry to get the same data
version. Consequently the communication risk
of project managers can be mitigated [35, 36].
Analysis of feasibility and design concepts,
results in improved quality and performance of
the building. It is the key to achieve the BIM
benefits in the pre-construction phase. Further
automatic low-level alterations and accurate
design of visualizations are required during
transitions. Generation of 2D drawings,
multiple design parties collaboration,
extraction of cost estimation, sustainability
improvement and energy efficiency are the
advantages in the design phase of the
construction project. BIM design, detect and
synchronize errors, construct and design
omissions and planning, use design models as
a base for fabricated components and also
enable lean construction techniques.
Furthermore, BIM would implement improved
operation facilities and post construction phase
management.
There are different BIM tools that have
been established to tackle sustainability
concerns in the construction procedures from
design inception to facility management [37-
41]. These technologies can assist in attaining
the outcomes specified by sustainable
assessment methods. The mechanistic
approach required to achieve the credits fail to
arrest and may result in denial of humanistic
and developmental benefits BIM may bring in
terms of dialogic stakeholder engagement,
common understanding and values
internalisation in sustainability. BIM is very
often depicted in the process of design and
construction although the whole lifecycle
should be in the preview of BIM
implementation. The application of building
information modelling enables reducing the
challenges of interoperability and integration
for facility management [42, 43].
10. CONCLUSION
The studies show both the BIM
advantages and disadvantages. The project
recommends BIM application to construction
managers with a note on the challenges of
using BIM tools. The construction components
and scheduling progress are run by BIM based
4D scheduling which results in good
construction planning. Additionally, building
information modelling tools examine the
enhanced usage of 3D, 4D and model
scheduling. This specifies the definite forward
movement of the construction industry along
with BIM and BIM tools. Therefore, BIM can
be regarded as a decision-making tool despite
it being technical equipment. This viewpoint is
the outcome of an extensive BIM description.
In construction projects similarities between
the role of a project manager and BIM require
clear understanding of the BIM concepts.
Aimed at this purpose, BIM should be included
in the construction curriculum. A brief
explanation of project management should be
given for scholars who intend to pursue
positions in project management as their
profession.
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P.M.Diaz./Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 2016 pp. 1-11
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APPENDIX A
Adapted from [5] Figure A1.A Schematic representation of BIM model
Adapted from [9]
Figure A2.BIM model of Wuhan new city international expo centre
Adapted from [10] Figure A3.Process of transitions CAD vs. BIM
P.M.Diaz./Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 2016 pp. 1-11
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Adapted from [11]
Figure A4.Difference between ―traditional‖ process and ―BIM‖ process [11]
Adapted from [28]
Figure A5.A BIM model database establishing the process of materials installation
Adapted from [28]
Figure A6.Configuration diagram of the BIM database for management of materials
P.M.Diaz./Journal of Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2(2), 2016 pp. 1-11
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Adapted from [11] Figure A7.BIM applications in the stage of project preconstruction
