A model of the consumer decision-making process for the disposal of goods

Abstract

The objective of this research was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the consumer decision-making process related to the disposal of goods. To achieve this, we developed an integrative model that combines theoretical approaches to consumer decision-making, a taxonomy of disposal decisions, and studies on the disposal behavior of goods with utilitarian, hedonic, and emotional value. Data for this study were collected through interviews using semi-structured scripts and the administration of forms. Subsequently, the collected data underwent content analysis, employing predefined and emergent categories, as well as descriptive statistics. The main outcome of this research is the proposed model of the consumer decision-making process for the disposal of goods. Specifically, the study emphasizes the importance of assigning residual value to goods as an intermediate step before selecting an alternative disposal method. Additionally, it identifies the post-discard evaluation, where individuals reflect on their decision and assess whether the outcome was satisfactory, leading to positive or negative feelings and emotions. Furthermore, this research sheds light on novel factors that influence the decision to discard goods. These factors encompass both environmental and individual influencers, as well as attributes associated with the goods themselves, such as altruism, visual discomfort, and the desire for a cleaner space. This article contributes to the field with its scientific value and originality, as it adopts an integrative approach to understanding consumer behavior regarding the disposal of goods. Notably, this study is the first of its kind conducted within public universities in a developing country. It specifically addresses the promotion of conscious consumption and responsible disposal of obsolete goods in the marketplace.

Full text

Vol.:(0123456789)
Environment, Development and Sustainability
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03817-6
1 3
A model oftheconsumer decision-making process
forthedisposal ofgoods
DiegoMotaVieira1· Yuri de Souza OdaguriEnes1· AdlerGabrieldaSilvaCampos1·
OmarOuro‑Salim1· PatríciaGuarnieri1
Received: 31 March 2023 / Accepted: 20 August 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023
Abstract
The objective of this research was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the consumer
decision-making process related to the disposal of goods. To achieve this, we developed
an integrative model that combines theoretical approaches to consumer decision-making, a
taxonomy of disposal decisions, and studies on the disposal behavior of goods with utilitar-
ian, hedonic, and emotional value. Data for this study were collected through interviews
using semi-structured scripts and the administration of forms. Subsequently, the collected
data underwent content analysis, employing predefined and emergent categories, as well as
descriptive statistics. The main outcome of this research is the proposed model of the con-
sumer decision-making process for the disposal of goods. Specifically, the study empha-
sizes the importance of assigning residual value to goods as an intermediate step before
selecting an alternative disposal method. Additionally, it identifies the post-discard evalu-
ation, where individuals reflect on their decision and assess whether the outcome was sat-
isfactory, leading to positive or negative feelings and emotions. Furthermore, this research
sheds light on novel factors that influence the decision to discard goods. These factors
encompass both environmental and individual influencers, as well as attributes associated
with the goods themselves, such as altruism, visual discomfort, and the desire for a cleaner
space. This article contributes to the field with its scientific value and originality, as it
adopts an integrative approach to understanding consumer behavior regarding the disposal
of goods. Notably, this study is the first of its kind conducted within public universities in a
developing country. It specifically addresses the promotion of conscious consumption and
responsible disposal of obsolete goods in the marketplace.
Keywords Consumer behavior· Closed-loop· Discard of goods· Social marketing·
Environment· Sustainability
1 Introduction
According to Abbasi etal. (2023a), establishing a robust recovery network is a critical
aspect of effective supply chain management. This network encompasses activities related
to returned products, such as collection, recovery, repair, recycling, and waste disposal.
Extended author information available on the last page of the article

D.M.Vieira et al.
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Jacoby et al. (1977) proposed a taxonomy outlining alternative approaches in this con-
text. The decision to retain or discard a product, along with the available options for each
alternative, is influenced by external, internal, and situational factors (Albinsson & Perera,
2009; Gomes etal., 2022; Price etal., 2000; Tian etal., 2022; Weng etal., 2016).
Abbasi et al. (2023b) developed a mathematical model for sustainable closed-loop
supply chain networks in their study. The closed-loop supply chain presents a logistical
approach aimed at mitigating environmental degradation and addressing resource scar-
city. Its objective is to regulate material flows, minimize emissions and waste, and achieve
cost-effective production. This concept aligns with the principles of the circular economy
(CE), which promote the integration of economic development and ecosystem preserva-
tion through the utilization of sustainable, recyclable, and renewable resources (Bianchi
& Cordella, 2023). The significance of this approach becomes even more evident in light
of the urgent need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, as emphasized in COP 21 in Paris.
Major companies are increasingly recognizing the social, economic, and environmental
impacts of their supply chains (Abbasi etal., 2021).
These findings highlight the importance of establishing efficient recovery networks
within supply chains while adopting closed-loop systems and circular economy principles
to mitigate environmental harm, enhance sustainability, and address resource constraints
(EMF, 2013; Abbasi etal., 2022).
Consumer behavior research draws upon established decision-making models (Engel
etal., 2011; Kotler & Keller, 2012; Sheth etal., 2001; Solomon, 20161). These models
typically include stages, such as identifying needs, searching for pre-purchase information,
evaluating alternatives, making a purchase, consumption, post-consumption evaluation,
and disposal. However, the disposal stage often receives limited attention in the literature
(Cruz-Cárdenas & Arévalo-Chávez, 2018; Suarez etal., 2011; Weng etal., 2016).
Disposal research has explored various approaches, including utilitarian goods (Rozzett
etal., 2013), electronic goods (Gilal etal., 2021), goods with emotional or hedonic value
(Fonseca, 2018), food (Belik etal., 2012), and even clothing specifically (Laitala, 2014).
Previous studies have examined consumer disposal behavior, such as Hibbert et al.
(2005) who focused on charity merchandising and competition for second-hand goods in
UK households. Cherrier and Türen (2020) explored the dynamics of value in the disposal
of ordinary objects, while Yan etal. (2021) identified factors predicting clothing disposal.
Lenhard (2022) investigated the impact of disposal costs on consumer surplus and corpo-
rate profits, and Wang etal. (2022) examined the recycling of outdated products through
online media. The conscious consumer, who considers environmental and social factors
in their consumption decisions, has also received attention (Silva etal., 2011; Kollmus &
Agyeman, 2002; Webster Jr, 1975). Disposal presents an opportunity to foster conscious
consumption by extending the product life cycle, discouraging new purchases, reducing
the use of raw materials and resources, and promoting a circular economy (Gomes etal.,
2022).
In recent years, the recovery of used products has gained significant emphasis due to
the principles of the circular economy and the value created through resource circulation.
Closed-loop supply chains, integrating reverse logistics with the downstream logistics
network, have become crucial for sustainability and minimizing social and environmen-
tal impacts while maintaining profitability (Mogale etal., 2022; Bali et al., 2022; Abbasi
etal., 2023a).
Furthermore, there is a global shift towards a more sustainable economic model, with
organizations like the Ellen MacArthur Foundation leading influential discussions and
influencing policymakers and stakeholders, particularly within the European Union.

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Developing countries often adopt the guidelines set by more developed nations, especially
regarding supplier relationships, as responsible behavior is demanded by developed coun-
tries and society (Guarnieri etal., 2023).
While the emerging literature has focused on various aspects such as marketing strat-
egies of charity retailers, consumer patronage, enterprise profits, and consumer product
recycling, there has been limited attention given to initiatives involving free procure-
ment, sharing, donations, and the reception of used products by consumers through dedi-
cated focal points. These initiatives contribute to the recovery, reuse, and extension of the
product life cycle while considering economic, social, and environmental consequences
(Abbasi & Erdebilli, 2023). In this study, we aim to address the question: How do consum-
ers engage in the disposal of used goods using a decision-making process model?
To promote the sharing of products and services, initiatives have been established that
utilize applications or physical and virtual platforms. As part of our contribution, we have
implemented a post-consumed freezer called ITX, stocked with a variety of used goods
across different categories. We actively receive donations of new goods through this
freezer, and users have the freedom to exchange, take, or leave goods. By strategically plac-
ing this freezer within a Public University, we draw attention to the benefits of sharing
obsolete goods, extending their sustainability, and diverting them from immediate disposal.
Our study is the first to offer a dedicated space for sharing usable goods, catering to the
needs of the less privileged, fostering inclusivity, and extending the life cycle of goods.
The objects contained in our freezer include shoes, bags, jewelry, clothes, and various
other non-consumable items.
This study represents a pioneering effort within public universities in a developing
country to promote conscious consumption of obsolete goods in the market. By raising
consumer awareness, along with that of government and the public, regarding the appro-
priate disposal of outdated goods and the importance of environmental preservation, we
address pressing issues of natural resource depletion and climate change. Additionally, we
propose a Consumer Decision Process Model for the Disposal of Goods.
The article also discusses managerial and political implications and provides consid-
erations for future research. The text is structured as follows: The theoretical framework
is presented first, followed by a detailed description of the research methodology. Subse-
quently, the results are discussed, and conclusions are drawn, along with suggestions for
future research directions.
2 Literature review
2.1 Consumer decision process anddisposal decision taxonomy
The concept of the circular economy has gained significant attention from policymakers,
industry administrators, environmentalists, and academic researchers. However, there is
a noticeable research gap when it comes to integrating circular economy principles into
product end-of-life management strategies. It is crucial to explore various strategies for
material recovery, such as transitioning renewable energy systems to low-carbon sources,
designing durable and multifunctional buildings, empowering youth to redefine consumer
behavior, transferring knowledge to offer circular solutions, and providing opportunities
for small stakeholders and small or medium enterprises. These recommended actions hold
value for both developed and developing countries (Huang etal., 2022).

D.M.Vieira et al.
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Promoting the reuse of end-of-life products is an effective approach to reducing
environmental waste. To facilitate the circulation of reusable products, it is essential
to quantitatively assess the potential increase in product reuse resulting from improved
circular product sustainability and enhanced end-of-life product collection rates. Addi-
tionally, evaluating the impact of multiple reuse cycles on the circularity of reusable
products during the product design phase is crucial (Okumura, 2022).
Rentizelas etal. (2022) examined the feasibility of the circular economy approach
through mechanical recycling for reusing end-of-life blades in composite material man-
ufacturing. The study found that the circular economy path was not economically viable
without additional political support.
Gautam etal. (2022) conducted research on the strategic management of end-of-life
solar photovoltaic (PV) electronic waste in a developing country. The study emphasized
the critical role of small and medium enterprises in implementing the circular economy
for e-waste. It focused on developing an organized recycling infrastructure in India for
end-of-life solar PV waste, aiming for systems balance. The research also proposed a
circular supply chain for e-waste and conducted a cost-benefit analysis for end-of-life
solar PV recycling to attract investments from small- and medium-sized businesses.
Fasihi etal. (2021) presented a mathematical model aiming to minimize costs in the
closed-loop fish supply chain while considering increasing environmental concerns. The
perishable nature of fish presents challenges in reusing unused products and minimizing
waste at each stage of the supply chain.
Ghoushchi etal. (2021) introduced a novel approach using multi-criteria decision-
making (MCDM) methods to select the optimal location for medical waste landfills.
To account for uncertainty, the study incorporated spherical fuzzy sets into the MCDM
methods. The research identified environmental, economic, and social criteria influenc-
ing the choice of an optimal site for medical waste disposal.
Daneshdoost etal. (2022) developed a comprehensive model to address the schedul-
ing problem faced by cable manufacturing industries. Their model aimed to minimize
total production costs, including processing, installation, and storage costs.
Hernandez-Betancur etal. (2022) highlighted the challenge of managing chemicals
with adverse effects on human health and the environment during the end-of-life stages.
Conducting chemical hazard assessments and exposure assessments for potential end-
of-life scenarios can contribute to managing chemicals throughout the circular life cycle
and promoting their safer use.
Environmental contamination has become a critical issue affecting the health and
survival of living beings (Ghosh etal., 2020). As a result, there is a growing focus on
environmental protection from governments and consumers. Many industrialized coun-
tries have implemented market-based cap-and-trade systems to reduce carbon emissions,
and consumers are increasingly willing to pay more for low-carbon products. These fac-
tors can influence the decisions of manufacturers and retailers (Tong etal., 2019; Ghosh
etal., 2020; Yi etal., 2022; Hu & Wang, 2022).
Wang etal. (2019) analyzed emission reduction levels in the supply chain, consider-
ing consumer preferences for low carbon emissions, stochastic market demand, carbon
taxation policies, and the introduction of an emission reduction penalty mechanism. Liu
etal. (2020) emphasized the significance of consumer behavior in driving the demand
for green products and environmental awareness. Promoting consumer awareness
regarding environmental protection positively impacts the functioning of the supply
chain network (Cheng etal., 2022).

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In the field of consumer behavior studies, Lopes and Silva (2011) conducted a survey
and analysis of various behavioral models, categorizing them into three approaches: apri-
oristic, empiricist, and eclectic. The eclectic approach combines the theoretical premises of
the aprioristic approach with the contributions of studies and experiments from the empiri-
cist approach. Notable examples of consumer decision-making models include those pro-
posed by Engel etal. (2011), Kotler and Keller (2012), Sheth etal. (2001), and Solomon
(2016).
Among these models, only the one proposed by Engel etal. (2011) addresses the dis-
posal stage and establishes relationships between environmental and individual influencing
factors throughout the various stages of the decision-making process. This model encom-
passes need recognition, internal and external information search, pre-purchase, purchase,
consumption, post-consumption evaluation, and disposal alternatives evaluation. There-
fore, this research adopts the reference model proposed by Engel etal. (2011), represented
in Fig.1.
The model aims to visually depict the consumer decision-making process, which can be
divided into four main components. Firstly, certain stimuli prompt the consumer to seek
information about a particular product. These stimuli can arise from various sources, such
as advertising, recommendations, or personal needs. Secondly, the processing of informa-
tion takes place, where the consumer gathers and receives information about the prod-
uct. This information can come from sources like advertisements, reviews, or personal
experiences.
The third component is the decision-making process itself, during which the consumer
evaluates different alternatives. This evaluation involves considering factors, such as price,
quality, features, and benefits of the product. The consumer weighs the pros and cons of
each alternative and makes a final decision.
The fourth component consists of influencing factors that impact the decision-making
process. These factors can be divided into two categories: environmental influences and
individual differences. Environmental influences encompass external factors that surround
the consumer, including culture, social class, peers, family, and specific situations. These
external factors shape the consumer’s preferences, perceptions, and behaviors.
Need recognition
Search
Pre -purchase
evaluation of
services
Purchase
Consumption
Post
consumption
evaluation
Divestment
Internal Search
Memory
Exposure
Atention
Comprehension
Acceptance
Retention
Stimuli:
-Marketing
dominated;
- Non marketing
dominated.
External search
Dissatisfaction Satisfaction
Environmental
Influences:
-Culture;
-Personal
influences
-Social class;
-Family;
-Situation.
Individual
Diferences:
-Consumer
resources;
-Motivation and
evolvment;
-Knowledge;
-Personality;
-Values;
-Life Style.
Fig. 1 Model by Engel, Blackwell and Miniard.Source: Engel etal. (2011)

D.M.Vieira et al.
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On the other hand, individual differences are personal factors that vary from one con-
sumer to another. These factors include the resources available to the individual, their
motivations, level of involvement and knowledge about the product, attitudes, personality
traits, values, and lifestyle. Individual differences play a significant role in shaping the con-
sumer’s decision-making process and their ultimate choice.
In the field of disposal, Jacoby et al. (1977) conducted a groundbreaking study that
introduced a taxonomy of alternatives available to consumers, as depicted in Fig.2. This
taxonomy allows individuals to make choices regarding the fate of a product, even when it
no longer serves its original purpose, whether temporarily or permanently.
Within this taxonomy, the first alternative involves the option to continue using the
product for its intended purpose, preserving it for potential future use, or repurposing it for
a different function. If the decision is to temporarily dispose of the item, individuals have
the choice to rent or borrow it. Lastly, in cases where permanent disposal is preferred, indi-
viduals can choose to donate, sell, exchange, or discard the item.
This taxonomy of disposal alternatives provides a framework for understanding the vari-
ous choices available to consumers when parting ways with a product. It underscores the
spectrum of options ranging from continued utilization to various forms of transfer or ulti-
mate disposal. By emphasizing the importance of considering these alternatives within the
broader context of consumer decision-making, it facilitates a comprehensive understanding
of the disposal process.
While Engel etal. (2011) acknowledge disposal as a stage within the consumer deci-
sion-making process, and Jacoby etal. (1977) provide a framework for categorizing dif-
ferent types of disposals, there is still a need to delve deeper into the intricacies of the
consumer’s decision-making process when it comes to disposal. This deeper understanding
should encompass the specific stages involved, the underlying motivations, and the influ-
encing factors that guide individuals in selecting one form of disposal over another.
By gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the consumer’s disposal decision-
making process, we can illuminate the nuances and complexities involved in the choices
made during this critical stage. Exploring the stages, motivations, and influencing factors
will provide valuable insights into the psychological, social, and environmental factors that
Fig. 2 Taxonomy of consumer disposal decision.Source: Jacoby etal. (1977)

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shape consumer behavior in the realm of disposal. These insights can contribute to the
development of effective strategies and interventions aimed at promoting sustainable and
responsible disposal practices, ultimately fostering a more circular and resource-efficient
economy.
2.2 Consumer disposal behavior
Jacoby etal. (1977) propose three categories of factors that influence consumer choices
regarding disposal alternatives: psychological characteristics of the consumer, including
personality, attitudes, emotions, and social and environmental awareness; intrinsic factors
related to the product, such as usage conditions, lifespan, weight, style, color, and durabil-
ity; and situational factors external to the product, such as financial circumstances, social
changes, and specific situations. Similarly, Weng etal. (2016) identify influencing factors
such as the type of product being discarded, its durability, intangible attributes, and exter-
nal elements like infrastructure and public policies. Albinsson and Perera (2009) suggest
that disposal behavior is influenced by individual consumer characteristics (beliefs, values,
consumption patterns, self-concept, and past experiences), aspects of the social environ-
ment (organization and use of living space, social and cultural characteristics), and attrib-
utes of the product itself (size, durability, and style).
However, Trudel etal. (2016) argue that consumers can develop emotional connections
and strong attachments to specific goods, making the disposal process more complex. Ros-
ter (2001) further suggests that disposal involves not only physical separation but also emo-
tional detachment from a good that may have played a significant role in constructing one’s
identity and personal history.
On the other hand, Cruz-Cárdenas etal. (2019) identify factors that can motivate con-
sumers to reuse their goods, including personal and psychological factors, physical fac-
tors, and environmental factors. Reusing goods offers the possibility of assigning them
new value. However, individuals may choose to keep certain goods due to a sense of loss,
regret, and remorse associated with disposing of them, as found by Roster (2001). These
negative emotions can create psychological tension, leading consumers to procrastinate the
decision to dispose of the goods.
Belk (2010) highlights the behavior of sharing, emphasizing that sharing is a bidirec-
tional process where something that belongs to us is shared with others, and vice versa.
Among the consequences of sharing in consumer behavior, collaborative consumption is
particularly noteworthy. Botsman (2013) defines collaborative consumption as an eco-
nomic model based on sharing, exchanging, negotiating, or renting products and services,
enabling access without the need for ownership.
These various studies reveal the multifaceted nature of disposal decision-making,
encompassing psychological, social, emotional, and environmental factors. Understanding
these influences can provide valuable insights for designing effective strategies to promote
sustainable disposal practices, encourage reuse, and facilitate the transition towards more
circular and collaborative consumption patterns.
In the realm of conscious consumption and the circular economy, Tian et al. (2022)
highlight the positive influence of internal motivation and advertising initiatives by local
governments on consumers’ recycling behavior. Their research underscores the importance
of individual motivation and awareness campaigns in encouraging consumers to separate
waste for recycling.

D.M.Vieira et al.
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On the other hand, Gilal et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review focused on the
disposal behavior of electronic goods (e-waste) and found that a significant proportion,
approximately 75%, of these obsolete items are retained by consumers in their homes
rather than being properly disposed of. They identify both extrinsic variables (advertis-
ing, peer influence, previous experiences with green products) and intrinsic variables (age,
gender, beliefs, and education) as factors that contribute to e-waste behavior. Furthermore,
they suggest that consumers’ disposal behavior regarding electronics can potentially trigger
other environmentally positive actions, such as purchasing used goods and green products.
In a related vein, Gomes etal. (2022) investigated the mental models and typical behav-
iors of consumers engaged in the circular economy or circular consumption. They identi-
fied several mental models, or mindsets, including prioritizing the acquisition and use of
circular products, valuing access to goods over ownership, participating in the recirculation
processes of goods, resisting obsolescence, and appreciating products with multiple func-
tions. The observed behaviors associated with these mindsets include acquiring recycled
and refurbished goods, reusing products, sharing goods and services, and recycling goods
or properly disposing of them at the end of their life cycle.
These studies collectively shed light on the factors influencing consumers’ disposal
behavior and their engagement in sustainable practices. They emphasize the role of inter-
nal motivations, external influences, advertising campaigns, and individual characteristics
in shaping consumers’ decisions regarding recycling, e-waste management, and circular
consumption. Understanding these dynamics can inform the development of targeted inter-
ventions and strategies to foster more responsible and environmentally conscious behaviors
among consumers.
3 Methods
3.1 Research andextension project
An innovative research and extension project, referred to as “Project X” for this article, was
undertaken to repurpose a post-consumed vertical display freezer into a platform for facili-
tating exchanges and donations of new or gently used objects. The transformed freezer,
now known as the “Instrument of Exchange X - ITX,“ serves as a dedicated space to pro-
mote conscious disposal practices. The project successfully raised the necessary funds
through an internet-based crowdfunding campaign, enabling the installation of the ITX in
December 2018 at the Centro Cultural do Banco do Brasil - CCBB-DF, situated in the
capital city of Brazil.
Following extensive media coverage and with the assistance of dedicated volunteers, the
project expanded its reach, leading to the inauguration of a second ITX in September 2019
at the library of a federal university located in the center-west region of Brazil. In addition
to providing a platform for conscious disposal through donations and exchanges, the pro-
ject incorporates themed and interactive workshops, further enhancing its educational and
community engagement aspects.
Concurrently, valuable data is being gathered through interaction registration forms and
in-depth interviews conducted with both users and non-users of the ITX. This comprehen-
sive approach allows for a deeper understanding of the project’s impact and aids in refining
its strategies and outreach efforts.

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Overall, Project X demonstrates an innovative and sustainable approach to repurposing
post-consumer goods, fostering conscious disposal practices, and engaging the community
through a multifaceted initiative. The project’s success in raising awareness and facilitating
meaningful exchanges contributes to the broader goal of promoting a culture of responsible
consumption and reducing waste.
The project, initiated in June 2018 and still ongoing, encompasses several objectives.
Firstly, it aims to promote responsible disposal behavior among individuals. Secondly, it
seeks to contribute to scientific research on consumer disposal behavior, allowing for a
deeper understanding of this aspect. Thirdly, the project aims to disseminate information
about societal marketing and conscious consumption, raising awareness among the public.
Lastly, it endeavors to cultivate conscious consumption behavior specifically among chil-
dren, recognizing the importance of instilling sustainable values from an early age.
The implementation of the project centers around the Instrument of Exchange (ITX)
units, which are post-consumed vertical display freezers that have been repurposed to
facilitate exchanges and donations of new or gently used objects in good condition. Cur-
rently, there are two ITXs in operation. The first one (ITX 2) is installed in the library of a
public university in the Midwest, while the second one (ITX 1) is being prepared to serve
as an itinerant unit, visiting kindergarten schools to engage young children in conscious
consumption practices.
Interactions between users and the ITX equipment occur without mediation. However,
the project team diligently follows a maintenance protocol. This protocol includes regularly
inspecting and documenting the condition of the ITX, removing items that do not align
with the project’s objectives, replenishing its contents if necessary, collecting completed
exchange forms, replacing them with new ones, and capturing images of the equipment
before and after maintenance.
By analyzing the exchange forms completed by users, the project can monitor the nature
of the objects involved in the interactions, gather information on the types of interactions
that take place, and collect demographic data such as the age and gender of the users.
Transactions conducted through the ITX can be classified into three modalities: Benevo-
lent Type Transaction, where users only leave an object; Opportunistic Type Transaction,
where users only withdraw one object; and Fair Type Transaction, where users engage in
an exchange by swapping one object for another.
Figure 3 presents two photographs of the ITX. The first photograph showcases its
design, while the second illustrates the unit in operation, displaying a diverse array of
goods, including books, shoes, video games, and electronic and office supplies.
Overall, the project actively pursues its objectives by leveraging the ITX units, ensur-
ing their proper maintenance, and collecting valuable data to inform research and evalua-
tion efforts. By encouraging responsible disposal and conscious consumption, particularly
among students, the project contributes to the development of sustainable behaviors and a
more environmentally conscious society.
3.2 General description ofresearch methods: data collection andanalysis
In the initial stage, a diverse group of 15 participants was selected for interviews, repre-
senting various ages, genders, and occupations. The selection process took into account
individuals who had utilized the ITX at the University library during the research period
between September 2019 and March 2020, ensuring accessibility. The interviews were
conducted in Portuguese, the local language, and followed a semi-structured format to

D.M.Vieira et al.
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explore the factors influencing the decision-making process regarding object disposal.
These factors encompassed aspects related to participants’ domestic space, social relations,
infrastructure, technologies, norms and conventions, marketing campaigns, public policy
interventions, as well as their discourses and knowledge.
Subsequently, the opinions of ITX users were collected through a form, which attracted
the participation of 221 individuals. The form included questions about a wide range of
ordinary objects, such as household appliances, electronics, furniture, clothing, and other
pre-owned items, as well as participants’ intentions regarding their disposal. This approach
allowed the authors to move beyond conventional disposal research that solely focused on
the transfer of meaningful objects and instead shed light on the material significance of
objects destined for disposal.
The semi-structured interviews were transcribed and underwent Content Analysis fol-
lowing Bardin’s (2016) methodology. Recurring ideas and themes expressed by the par-
ticipants were identified during the analysis. Using the principles of grounded theory
(Charmaz, 2006), these repetitions were systematically coded and categorized as detailed
in Table1. These categories serve as a foundation for developing a new theory (Glaser &
Straus, 1967) in the field. Categories not found in the existing literature are marked with
asterisks.
For each mentioned category, participants were probed about their perceptions regard-
ing the material aspects of objects after use, donation, and exchange. They were also asked
about potential problematic episodes that could hinder proper object disposal and persist in
the market in the long term (Vieira & Fonseca, 2021).
Furthermore, the data collected from the forms were subjected to descriptive statisti-
cal analysis, facilitating a quantitative exploration of the responses, and yielding valuable
insights into participants’ viewpoints on disposal behavior and associated matters. This
analysis was conducted utilizing Microsoft Excel 2013.
Fig. 3 Photographs of the ITX1.Source: Authors

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Table 1 Analysis categories Source: Adopted by Vieira and Fonseca (2021).
Analysis categories-stage 01 Analysis categories-stage 02
Reasons for disposal Space:
Visual discomfort *
Search for a cleaner space *
A different destination for space *
Use:
Frequency of use
Time of use
Condition of the good:
Loss of utility
Unfulfilled
expectation*
Non-functioning
Good considered old *
Habit
Bad memories*
Replacement of the good
How one found out about IT Family
Instagram
Promotional Actions of CCBB-
DF*
Promotional Actions of the
Federal University*
Type of Interaction one had with the ITX Benevolent*
Opportunist*
Fair*
Disposal options Donate
Acquaintances
Organizations that practice charity
Throw away
Sell
Recycle
Reasons for Discarding (Exchange or Donation) on
ITX
Easy access
Practicality
Altruism
Absence of alternative
Conscious disposal
Project credibility*
Lack of use of the good
Loss of use of the good

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Table 1 (continued)
Analysis categories-stage 01 Analysis categories-stage 02
Influencing factors Barriers:
Accessibility:
Physical*
Informational*
Indecision:
Disposal alternative*
A place for disposal *
Emotional attachment
Unavailability of time *
Incentives:
Circumstantial:
Space
Replace the good
Usefulness
Use
Condition of the good
Personal:
Altruism*
Moral duty
Conscious consumption
Environmental:
Family influence
Communication campaigns*
Reasons to pick up the object in ITX Necessity
Interest in the specific good
The usefulness of the good
Influencing factors Barriers:
Low variety of available goods*
Location
Incentives:
Third-party influence
Interest in the object*
Altruism
Conscious disposal

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Table 1 (continued)
Analysis categories-stage 01 Analysis categories-stage 02
Feelings and emotions linked to
disposal
Positive:
Reward
Relief*
Altruism
Negative:
Sadness
Guilt
Regret
Attachment
Feelings and emotions linked to disposal Positive:
Reward
Altruism
Happiness
Generosity*
Fairtrade*

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4 Results anddiscussion
This section commences by examining the results obtained in stage 1 of the research. It
begins by analyzing the disposal alternatives selected by consumers and delves into the
underlying reasons driving their decision to discard specific items. Furthermore, it explores
the factors that influence this disposal process and the associated emotions. Moving on,
the section discusses the findings from stage 2 of the research, which concentrated on the
behavior of ITX users concerning exchange and donation. Finally, a proposed model of the
consumer’s decision-making process for the disposal of goods will be presented, integrat-
ing the insights acquired from both stages of the research.
4.1 Stage 1: alternatives andreasons fordiscarding, influencing factors
andassociated feelings
The research participants were familiarized with Jacoby etal.‘s (1977) taxonomy of dis-
posal options at the outset of each interview. This was done to ensure a clear understand-
ing of the available alternatives and to prompt the interviewees to recall relevant expe-
riences related to each category. However, despite this introduction, only three disposal
options consistently emerged in the discussions: ‘donate,‘ ‘throw away,‘ and ‘sell.‘ Recy-
cling, although not part of the mentioned taxonomy, also surfaced as a topic during the
interviews.
Among the disposal alternatives, donation was described as the primary choice by the
participants, which could be further divided into two subcategories: donation to acquaint-
ances and donation to institutions. Donating to acquaintances was preferred due to famili-
arity, convenience, and trust in the recipient. As one interviewee expressed, “I would rather
donate to someone I know will take care of it than just throw it away.“ Similarly, donat-
ing to institutions involved establishing trust between the donor and the recipient, as well
as having a personal connection with the institution. Another interviewee reflected, “I
researched and chose a charity that accepts toys. I went where I felt the most connected, or
sympathetic, I guess.“ It is important to note that while individuals can donate directly to
strangers without an intermediary institution, this aspect did not emerge prominently dur-
ing the interviews.
On the other hand, throwing away was generally regarded by respondents as a last resort
and an option to be avoided whenever possible. It was considered when the object was in
poor condition, beyond repair, or when the individual found the repair process to be labori-
ous and impractical. Selling, despite its potential financial benefit, was viewed as a compli-
cated and labor-intensive option, leading to its limited usage, especially among individu-
als unfamiliar with the means of disseminating and trading products. Those who opted for
selling tended to focus on specific categories such as clothes and books, typically through
second-hand stores or bazaars.
Finally, recycling was perceived as a conscious disposal option for objects that were no
longer usable. Similar to throwing away, recycling was considered one of the last alterna-
tives to be considered. Based on the information gathered from the interviews, it became
evident that the choice of disposal method and its final destination varied depending on the
type of object and the individual’s relationship with it.
When discussing the reasons for discarding possessions, most respondents emphasized
the issue of space as a key factor. Space, in this context, had two dimensions: the visual

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discomfort caused by object clutter and the need to make room for other items. Regard-
ing visual discomfort, one interviewee, M, expressed, “Things that remain stagnant for a
long time, if they are within my line of sight, end up bothering me a lot. Sometimes they
simply occupy space and make the environment more cluttered.“ As for the allocation of
space, interviewee A shared an experience, stating, “I tend to accumulate things, but the
real motivation comes when I realize that there is no space for new items or when the
object has no practical use.“
The usage of goods was another aspect explored during the interviews, encompassing
both the frequency and duration of their use. When considering the condition of an item as
a reason for disposal, the interviewees highlighted that despite the hedonic and emotional
value attached to certain possessions, the prevailing factor was their current state. Objects
that were no longer useful due to being old, damaged, neglected, or failing to meet previ-
ous expectations were all common reasons for disposal.
While negative memories were rarely mentioned as a driving force behind the deci-
sion to dispose of items, positive or nostalgic memories were frequently brought up when
discussing the challenges associated with parting with possessions. The act of replacing
objects also emerged as a reason for disposal, indicating that users prioritize certain items
when they are unable to keep everything.
Lastly, the habit of disposal pertained to the practice of regularly assessing items that
could be discarded. Many users reported engaging in this habit periodically, with several
mentioning that they donate various unused or idle objects at least once a year, particularly
during the holiday season.
When examining the factors influencing the disposal process, both barriers and incen-
tives were identified. Barriers encompassed the obstacles users faced when disposing of
objects, while incentives related to the factors that assisted and motivated them in the dis-
posal process. It became evident that these influencing factors were numerous and varied
depending on the type of item and the perceived value by the user.
Among the barriers to disposal, one significant aspect was inaccessibility. This could
manifest as physical challenges, such as difficulties in transportation or logistical hurdles in
reaching the designated disposal location. Additionally, informational barriers arose from
a lack of knowledge or misconceptions about proper disposal methods, as well as difficul-
ties in finding reliable sources of information. Physical inaccessibility was exemplified by
interviewee B, who explained, “For instance, an old sofa, I cannot transport it anywhere,
so I would need someone who could pick it up and take it to the appropriate disposal site.“
In terms of access to information, the same interviewee expressed, “If it’s something larger
like an old bench, bigger items… I try to search for a place, but sometimes I cannot find
locations for disposal that go beyond simply throwing a mattress in the trash can. I need to
figure out how to properly dispose of it.“
Another factor influencing disposal was the indecision regarding the method or loca-
tion of disposal. While donation was the most frequently mentioned form of disposal by
respondents, users encountered difficulties when considering alternative ways to pass on
certain items. Interviewee C illustrated this challenge, stating, “The biggest difficulty usu-
ally lies in choosing the best way to dispose of something other than donating. As a result,
it is common for me to postpone the disposal of an item that could be discarded, and I end
up accumulating it until I gather the courage to let it go.“
The emotional attachment barrier was closely linked to one of the dimensions of sharing
identified by Belk (2010). Many interviewees expressed difficulties in parting with belong-
ings due to their emotional attachment to the objects, even when they acknowledged the
need for disposal. Interviewee J provided an example, stating, “Sometimes, even though I

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know I should get rid of it, I don’t want to, you know? Like my dolls, I haven’t played with
them in years, but I’ve kept them here out of attachment.“ Another barrier identified by the
interviewees was the availability of time to dedicate to the disposal process.
In contrast, incentives were categorized into three subcategories: circumstantial, per-
sonal, and environmental. Circumstantial incentives were influenced by the interviewee’s
situation and the circumstances they faced. These included factors such as available space,
the disposal ratio, the replacement of the object, the usefulness of the item, and the extent
and frequency of its use. Personal incentives, on the other hand, revolved around the inter-
viewee’s convictions and values. These incentives, proposed in the disposal decision-mak-
ing process model by Engel etal. (2011), encompassed subcategories such as altruism,
moral incentives, and conscious consumption.
Altruism emerged as a prominent factor in the respondents’ answers, as many expressed
the incentive to provide utility to others. One interviewee’s perspective exemplified this:
“The main incentive is to think about how useful it can be for someone else.“ Similarly,
interviewee C mentioned that their motivation stemmed from the desire to assist others
who may lack access to certain goods, stating, “Helping other people have access, which
they usually don’t have, is my greatest motivation.“
Moral incentives pertained to individuals acting on their convictions. One interviewee
mentioned that one of the factors influencing their disposal decisions was the belief that
they were doing the right thing. Lastly, conscious consumption was another personal incen-
tive identified. Interviewee C elaborated on this by stating, “Providing goods to those who
are most in need because, in our consumer society, we tend to consume far more than nec-
essary. Not that we should only consume what we need, but I believe the excess is much
more significant than it should be.“
Lastly, the interviews revealed environmental incentives, which could be categorized
as family influence and philanthropic campaigns. Family influence aligned with the model
proposed by Engel etal. (2011) and referred to the encouragement, and at times coercion,
from family members to facilitate the disposal process. Campaigns, on the other hand,
involved initiatives aimed at collecting resources for specific purposes, such as clothing
campaigns that gathered clothes, coats, and blankets for people in vulnerable situations,
particularly in regions and during periods of lower temperatures.
Moreover, the interviews shed light on the presence of positive and negative emotions
associated with the act of discarding. Positive feelings were strongly influenced by the
underlying motivation for disposal. One interviewee, A, eloquently expressed this senti-
ment, stating, “If I dispose of an object because it brings back bad memories, I feel happy.
If I dispose of it because it is no longer useful, I am also happy to let it go.“ Post-disposal
relief was frequently mentioned as a positive emotion, especially when it came to objects
that the user had already decided to discard but had postponed taking action. Altruism was
another positive feeling observed in donation cases, stemming from the belief that some-
one else would benefit from the object. Additionally, a sense of reward was experienced
when selling an item and obtaining a financial return. Interviewee F captured this feeling
by saying, “It feels good to sell something and make some money. As I usually sell some-
thing to buy something else, there’s also the thought in my mind that I’m closer to getting
what I want.“
On the other hand, negative feelings were associated with two main factors: attach-
ment to the object and regret regarding the disposal process. Sadness was a prevalent
negative emotion linked to the individual’s attachment to the discarded item. Guilt was
experienced when individuals regretted how they disposed of the object, feeling that they
could have chosen a more meaningful or conscious alternative. The interviews revealed

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that these feelings surrounding object disposal are highly influenced by the reasons and
factors that motivate the disposal, as well as the perceived value and significance assigned
to the item by the individual. Some interviews also mentioned instances of reconsidering
or regretting the decision to dispose of a particular item. This withdrawal from disposal
can be temporary or permanent. Temporary withdrawal occurs when individuals keep the
object in a standby state while deciding whether to proceed with the disposal. Interviewee
B explained, “There’s a moment of standby when I decide what I’m going to do with the
object, so sometimes I contemplate what I can do with it. So sometimes I backtrack.“
Conversely, definitive withdrawal occurs when consumers decide to keep the object,
choosing not to dispose of it due to attachment, renewed utility, change of function, or
simply maintaining the object without using it. Lastly, disposal-related regret can be either
long-lasting or temporary. Long-lasting regret often stems from the monetary value and
emotional attachment associated with the object. Temporary regret refers to a feeling of
remorse experienced soon after the disposal, but it typically dissipates over time, as inter-
viewee H explained, “Sometimes I feel regret at the time of disposal or shortly after, but
then it fades away. I think it’s because of the attachment to my belongings; they are gener-
ally things I haven’t used for a long time, but I don’t know, the feeling that it’s there if I
wanted to use it.“
Conversely, definitive withdrawal occurs when consumers decide to keep the object,
choosing not to dispose of it due to attachment, renewed utility, change of function, or
simply maintaining the object without using it. Lastly, disposal-related regret can be either
long-lasting or temporary. Long-lasting regret often stems from the monetary value and
emotional attachment associated with the object. Temporary regret refers to a feeling of
remorse experienced soon after the disposal, but it typically dissipates over time, as inter-
viewee H explained, “Sometimes I feel regret at the time of disposal or shortly after, but
then it fades away. I think it’s because of the attachment to my belongings; they are gener-
ally things I haven’t used for a long time, but I don’t know, the feeling that it’s there if I
wanted to use it.“
4.2 Stage 2: analysis ofdonation andexchange behavior frominteractions
withtheITX 2
Based on the data collected from ITX users, it was found that Fair Type transactions
accounted for the majority (51%) of recorded interactions. Opportunistic Type transac-
tions, where users take an object without leaving anything in return, constituted 27% of
interactions, followed by Benevolent Type transactions (donations) comprising 22% of
occurrences. When examining user demographics, it was observed that the majority (79%)
of ITX users were university students. Employees represented 6% of users, while visitors
accounted for 8% of ITX 2 participants. Unidentified users made up 7% of the total.
Regarding the items left in the ITX, 27% were registered as books, while 25% fell under
the “other” category, which includes items like decorations and office objects. Clothes
and shoes accounted for 23% of items, and clothing accessories represented 14%. In terms
of items removed from the ITX, there was a similar pattern, with 31% being clothes and
shoes, 19% being clothing accessories, 16% being books, 14% falling under the “other”
category, and 9% being electronic equipment. There were also a few other objects identi-
fied in smaller quantities, such as CDs, DVDs, household items, video games, and toys.
When examining the gender distribution of ITX users, the majority (58%) of interac-
tions were from female users, followed by male users at 38%. 2% identified as “other,“

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while another 2% did not provide gender information. In terms of age groups, 51% of
ITX users were between the ages of 16 and 25, indicating a significant presence of
young individuals within the ITX community.
Insights gathered from interviews shed light on the motivations behind disposal in
the ITX. These reasons included accessibility, altruism, lack of alternatives, conscious
disposal, space constraints, and lack of use. Accessibility referred to the ease with which
users could access the ITX location, either due to proximity or convenience within their
daily routines. Altruism was linked to a specific desire to donate items. A lack of alter-
natives arose when the ITX was the only viable option for disposal. Conscious disposal,
on the other hand, was a motivating factor for individuals seeking a more sustainable
lifestyle.
Regarding the reasons for exchanging and acquiring goods available in the ITX, users
expressed interest in specific objects, a genuine need for the items, their perceived useful-
ness, and a willingness to engage in conscious exchanges.
Furthermore, the prevalence of influencing factors in the form of barriers and incen-
tives for utilizing the ITX for disposal was examined. The identified barriers included the
location of the ITX and a limited variety of available objects, which hindered users’ incli-
nation to dispose of through exchange. Conversely, the incentives mentioned were influ-
enced by external factors, personal interest in specific objects, altruism, conscious disposal,
and space considerations. Regarding the influence of external factors, one interviewee, U,
expressed, “I believe a lot of motivation comes from my background because my family
has a habit of donating and holds no prejudice against second-hand items.“ Concerning
altruism and conscious disposal, interviewee X stated, “I believe the greatest incentive was
to contribute to responsible disposal, to provide a better destination for the items, and to
help someone in need.“
Similar to Step 1, the feelings and emotions experienced by ITX users after engaging in
exchanges or donations were analyzed. These post-disposal feelings were identified as hap-
piness, satisfaction, a sense of novelty, gratification, and tranquillity. However, the inter-
viewees were also asked to evaluate the fairness of the exchanges they participated in. The
perception of fairness can be influenced by various factors, as perceived value is a subjec-
tive construct shaped by individual interests and the relative importance they attribute to
certain aspects. Factors beyond the perceived value may contribute to the perception of fair
exchange, such as post-interaction actions, the destination of the item, the emotions gener-
ated, and the spontaneity of the exchange.
Post-interaction actions refer to how users act after engaging with the ITX. For instance,
interviewee Q, who engaged in opportunistic behavior by acquiring an item without leav-
ing one in return, still considered the exchange fair based on their subsequent actions, stat-
ing, “I felt at ease, not burdened by the thought of ‘taking something and leaving nothing.‘
I took something and tried to share my experience with others regarding this space located
in front of the library.“ The destination of the item relates to the perceived fairness of the
exchange based on where the item ends up. Interviewee X explains, “Even if I had only
donated, I would consider it fair because, especially after seeing someone take something,
but even if that weren’t the case, I still believe it would be fair because it found a good
destination.“
The subcategory of spontaneous exchange refers to exchanges that occur voluntarily,
without any obligation, making the process fairer and more balanced. Lastly, the subcat-
egory of “generated feeling” links fair exchanges to the emotions experienced by both the
donating and acquiring parties. In other words, both parties should have positive feelings
associated with the exchangetoperceive it as fair and mutually beneficial.

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4.3 The consumer decision process model fordisposal ofgoods
In stage 1 of the research, each interviewee was invited to recount a significant experi-
ence related to the disposal of goods from their memory. In stage 2, participants were
asked to provide detailed accounts of their disposal experiences using the ITX 2. Through
a thorough analysis of these collected data, we observed that the decision-making pro-
cess regarding the disposal of goods and the selection of a suitable disposal method is a
complex procedure influenced by environmental factors, the characteristics of the goods,
and the individual’s traits, as outlined in Engel etal.‘s (2011) Consumer Decision Process
Model.
Based on this valuable insight, we have developed the Consumer Decision Process
Model for the Disposal of Goods, which is visually represented in Fig.4. This model
serves as a graphical depiction of the interplay between various factors that shape consum-
ers’ decision-making processes when it comes to disposing of their possessions.
The disposal process begins with a post-consumption evaluation, which may occur at
various points in time rather than being limited to a single instance. During this stage, con-
sumers assess not only their satisfaction with a particular item but also its potential to con-
tinue providing satisfaction in the future. Interviewee C and interviewee A provide insights
into their motivations for discarding certain objects. Interviewee A explains, “I believe it
was some of my childhood toys. I had kept them in a chest, but I needed more space to
store other things.“ Interviewee C reflects on the loss of interest over time, stating, “In gen-
eral, our attachment and emotional value towards clothes diminish as we use them. Factors
such as wear and tear, duration of use, and unfulfilled expectations can contribute to the
decision to discard a more durable item, such as an electronic device.“
Based on this evaluation, consumers recognize the need for disposal, and various rea-
sons reinforce and justify this decision. These reasons may include space constraints, pat-
terns of use, condition of the item, and negative associations or memories, as depicted in
Fig.4. Subsequently, consumers seek both internal and external information about disposal
methods and their consequences. At the same time, they re-evaluate the residual value of
the item for themselves and others. This evaluation involves assessing the perceived value
Fig. 4 The consumer decision-making process for the disposal of goods. Source: Authors

D.M.Vieira et al.
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that remains relative to the initial perceived value at the time of purchase, considering tan-
gible and intangible attributes of the item. Interviewee O exemplifies the search for exter-
nal information, while interviewee L discusses the attribution of residual value to the item:
“My most recent disposal experience involved donating clothing, blankets, and shoes to a
refugee family in Brazil whom I had come into contact with. I received the information,
and they were in need, so I decided to part ways with some of my belongings.“
After evaluating disposal options and accessing relevant information, consumers make
a more informed decision based on their objectives. They consider and evaluate different
disposal methods, and then the actual disposal takes place, whether it involves keeping the
item or discarding it temporarily or permanently, as proposed by Jacoby etal. (1977).
Lastly, the post-disposal evaluation stage occurs, where individuals reflect on the deci-
sion they made and analyze the variables involved to determine if the outcome was satis-
factory. Interviewee N shares the result of their post-disposal assessment: “It’s a sense of
detachment because you get caught up in not wanting to donate or throw things away due
to sentimental value. However, deep down, you realize that it has passed, and the memories
remain, and there will be others who will benefit from and appreciate them more. So, I felt
happy because I was able to let go of things that held emotional value for me” (Interviewee
N).
During the post-disposal evaluation stage, consumer emotions and perceptions play a
role, including feelings of reward, regret, and willingness to repeat the experience. Gilal
etal. (2021) even suggest that a positive evaluation of the disposal process can reinforce
other positive behaviors related to conscious consumption, such as purchasing used goods
in the future or adopting mindsets, as suggested by Gomes etal. (2022), that promote the
sharing of goods and prioritize access over material possession.
4.4 Theoretical implications
Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the consumer decision-making process
model as a fundamental framework for understanding consumer decision-making regard-
ing previously consumed products (Klein & Sharma, 2022).
For private organizations, our model can serve as a valuable tool in developing social
marketing strategies aimed at strengthening brand relationships, enhancing perceived
value, and fostering consumer engagement in reverse logistics processes.
Gaining a comprehensive understanding of consumer decision-making, particularly in
the context of the proper disposal of used goods within new systems like the circular econ-
omy, can greatly benefit supply chains. This understanding enables a two-way interaction
between suppliers and consumers, facilitating a round trip of consumer goods rather than a
traditional one-way interaction (Kuzmina etal., 2019).
Future research should explore various avenues. Firstly, our integrated conceptual
model includes constructs commonly used in existing empirical research on pre- and post-
purchase consumer behavior. However, there may be other relevant constructs, such as
emotions or satisfaction, that could play a significant role as antecedents or outcomes in
ensuring the favorable disposal of used goods.
Furthermore, it is crucial to extend the analysis and delve into the process through
which product donors transfer their knowledge and experiences to other individuals within
their social networks. This becomes especially relevant given the widespread use of the
internet and social media platforms in today’s society.

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Through a thorough analysis of research on the utilization of obsolete goods by consumers,
a notable observation emerges regarding the advanced level of consumer awareness. These
studies converge on addressing economic, social, and environmental issues. Scholars recom-
mend state intervention to support consumers in achieving a closed product loop and extend-
ing the lifespan of products in the market. Additionally, some researchers advocate for fund-
ing from decision-makers. However, our study introduces a novel approach by proposing the
direct sharing of products among consumers, independent of any organizational or political
assistance. This groundbreaking perspective promotes self-reliance and empowers consumers
to actively participate in more sustainable and efficient utilization of obsolete goods.
4.5 Practical implications
For the successful implementation of this project, it is crucial for political decision-makers,
particularly in developing countries, to provide financial support for these initiatives, ensuring
effective service delivery to the most disadvantaged populations. Sophisticated methods are
necessary to efficiently coordinate the collection and management of product stocks received
from project users, thus avoiding haphazard approaches (Hibbert etal., 2005). The input and
collaboration of all stakeholders are vital to refine current procurement approaches through
innovative strategies.
Further research on disposal is essential to deepen our understanding of consumer behavior
in handling used products, with implications for charities, competitors to charities, the second-
hand market, customers, users, and the environment (Hibbert etal., 2005). According to Cher-
rier and Türe (2020), values associated with disposal unfold dynamically through interactions
between consumers and objects within specific disposal contexts, such as social networks,
discourse, spaces, and infrastructure. They emphasize the role of sustainability, morality, and
citizenship initiatives in facilitating consumer interactions and promoting the emergence of
values in the disposal of goods.
The study conducted by Wang et al. (2022) on recycling obsolete products from online
consumers revealed negative implications for management, highlighting the critical impact of
consumer behavior on prices. In response, the establishment of new laws in public policies
becomes necessary to encourage initiatives for collecting second-hand products and incentiv-
ize consumer collaboration. Financial incentives can play a significant role in motivating con-
sumers to participate in such initiatives. In our future project, we plan to implement a finan-
cial incentive to encourage users to join our initiative. As suggested by Krestyanpol (2023),
today’s society requires adherence to rational consumption of resources, raw materials, and
food, making consumer engagement essential (Birlo and Loureiro, 2020).
In societies grappling with environmental crises, overproduction, overconsumption, and
high levels of waste, the disposal of unwanted objects by consumers should be a key compo-
nent of public policy initiatives and organizational efforts aimed at reducing waste volumes.
Additionally, policy focus should be directed towards developing interventions that effectively
communicate values, rather than relying solely on emergent interactions (Cherrier & Türe,
2020).

D.M.Vieira et al.
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5 Conclusion
The objective of this study was to analyze the decision-making process of consumers regard-
ing the disposal of goods, taking into account available alternatives, consequences, and the
impact of internal, environmental, and goods-related factors. By employing a triangulation
approach that integrates existing literature and empirical data analysis, we propose the Con-
sumer Decision Model for Goods Disposal. This model acknowledges the intricate nature of
consumer disposal decisions, particularly for goods of higher perceived value, and emphasizes
the influence of various factors. In addition to evaluating and selecting disposalalternatives,
consumers must also consider the residual value of goods after use. This entails assessing the
perceived value for the person disposing of the item as well as the potential value for oth-
ers through reuse. Subsequently, consumers engage in a post-discard evaluation that can elicit
positive or negative emotions, thereby shaping future disposal decisions and informing subse-
quent information search processes.
As with any empirical study, this research possesses certain limitations that warrant con-
sideration. Firstly, the use of a qualitative method restricts the generalizability of the results to
the broader population of Brazilian consumers. The findings may not fully capture the diverse
perspectives and experiences of the entire populace. Secondly, the study sample consisted
solely of students from a public university in Brazil, potentially limiting the representative-
ness of the findings. Future studies should aim for a larger and more diverse sample, encom-
passing different regions, ethnic groups, and social classes within Brazil. This would provide
a more comprehensive understanding of the beneficiaries of the project and enable broader
generalizations. Additionally, concerns may arise regarding the use of sharing intentions and
the exchange of consumer goods as research constructs. The subjective nature of these con-
structs may introduce biases and impact the interpretation of the findings. Future research
should explore alternative methods to measure and operationalize these constructs in order to
enhance the validity and reliability of the results.
Furthermore, future studies should consider establishing focal points or designated loca-
tions for the supply, donation, and sharing of pre-owned objects, specifically targeting disad-
vantaged populations. Relying solely on freezers, as done in this study, may limit accessibility
and inclusivity. By establishing accessible and community-oriented focal points, researchers
can ensure that individuals from all socioeconomic backgrounds have equal opportunities to
participate in and benefit from sharing economy initiatives.
Moreover, it is recommended that future research empirically tests the proposed model
using quantitative techniques to assess its validity and enhance understanding of each stage.
These studies should investigate disposal behavior for both utilitarian goods and goods with
hedonic and emotional value. Exploring the concept of attributing residual value to discarded
goods and examining emerging disposal alternatives and the behavior of conscious consum-
ers, with a specific focus on insights from the literature on the circular economy, would be
valuable areas for further investigation. Lastly, a closer examination of how the results of post-
disposal evaluation influence future searches for internal information, providing feedback for
the disposal of other goods, should be explored.
Acknowledgements We thank you Mr. Editor for this opportunity to allow us to submit our manuscript.

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Authors and Aliations
DiegoMotaVieira1· Yuri de Souza OdaguriEnes1· AdlerGabrieldaSilvaCampos1·
OmarOuro‑Salim1· PatríciaGuarnieri1
* Omar Ouro-Salim
ouromar@yahoo.fr
Diego Mota Vieira
diego1mv@yahoo.com.br
Yuri de Souza Odaguri Enes
yuri.odaguiri@gmail.com
Adler Gabriel da Silva Campos
adler.gabriel@hotmail.com

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Patrícia Guarnieri
patriciaguarnieris@gmail.com
1 Business Administration University ofBrasilia– UnB. Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil