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Electric Power Components and Systems
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Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm
DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power
System
Omar Makram Kamel , Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz & Ahmed A. Zaki Diab
To cite this article: Omar Makram Kamel , Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz & Ahmed A. Zaki Diab (2021):
Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power
System, Electric Power Components and Systems, DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2020.1854375
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2020.1854375
Published online: 12 Jan 2021.
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Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm
DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected
Power System
Omar Makram Kamel,
1
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz ,
2
and Ahmed A. Zaki Diab
3
1
Electrical and Computer Department, El Minia High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Minia, Egypt
2
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
3
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Description of System under Study
3. Provision of Anciallry Services from WPPs
4. Reactive Power Capabilty of DFIG
5. Control Systems under Study
6. Enhancing Dynamic Performance for both PSS
and STATCOM
7. Simulation Results and Discussions
8. Conclusion
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
References
Abstract—According to the new international grid codes,
ancillary services from renewable energy sources are essential,
especially when these sources are harnessed as distributed
generators. Power oscillation damping (POD) is a supplemented
feature needed from wind power plants. This paper investigates
different control techniques that can support wind farms based on
a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with the proper POD. A
damping control loop (DCL) is inserted into the control circuit of
the back-to-back converter of DFIG to enhance system oscillation
damping. The main function of DCL is similar to that of the
conventional power system stabilizer. However, under congestion
situations, external regulation devices such as STATCOM are
required to support system performance and maintain wind farms
tracking grid code requirements. A 2-area 4-machine system
which consists of three thermal power plants and one wind power
plant is examined. The dynamic performance of the system is
investigated using power system stabilizer (PSS) as an embedded
feature with the control circuit of the thermal power plants. A
comparison between the PSS and STATCOM based on system
dynamic performance is performed using MATLAB/Simulink.
Additionally, the particle swarm optimization technique is used to
enhance the performance of the proposed control techniques,
taking the voltage stability margins into consideration.
1. INTRODUCTION
The growing worldwide market will lead to further
improvements in the renewable energy sector that can sup-
ply reasonable share of the total energy requirements with-
out contributing to air pollution [1]. Among the renewable
energy sources, wind energy has widely proven to be one
of the most competitive and efficient renewable energy
sources as a result, wind energy use is indeed increasing
appreciably [2].
Due to the large dispatch of load demand around the
world, the new trend is increasing integration of distributed
generation (DG) into power systems. Large-scale
Keywords: doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), conventional power
plants (CPP), distributed generation (DG), wind power plant (WPP),
power system stabilizer (PSS), STATCOM, particle swarm
optimization (PSO)
Received 2 August 2019; accepted 2 November 2020
Address correspondence to Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail: almoatazabdelaziz@hotmail.com
1
Electric Power Components and Systems, 0(0): 1–20, 2021
#2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: print / online
DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2020.1854375
implementation of these DG units will lead to a transition
from the current “vertical”operated power system to hori-
zontally operated power systems [3]. The upcoming hori-
zontal operated power systems will not only consume
power but will also be able to generate power due to the
distributed generators (DGs). Therefore, the target of DGs
is to generate part of the required electrical energy on a
small scale in the vicinity of the consumption area. There
are various examples of DG technologies such as solar sys-
tems, wind turbine systems, fuel cells, wave energy sys-
tems, and tidal energy systems. Wind energy currently has
the potential to be a superior source of energy nowadays
due to the large output power that can be harnessed
from it.
From the power system point of view, the incorporation
of a great amount of distributed resources based on wind
energy has a significant impact on power system such as
stability, power quality, and operation [4,5]. The integra-
tion of wind power plants (WPPs) as DG faces challenges
due to its stochastic nature that would restrict providing an
adequate behavior as the conventional power plants do.
One of the major points that judge this issue is the ability
of wind power plants to provide ancillary services [6].
From this context, wind power plants should be able to
provide temporary frequency response (TFR) and power
oscillation damping (POD) as considered to be the main
attitudes to ameliorate power system stability [7]. Our
study will focus on the POD techniques deployed with
WPP with considering the voltage stability issue. There are
several types of power oscillations related to power system
dynamics. These types are local system oscillation, inter/
wide oscillation, inter-unit oscillation, and torsional oscilla-
tions [8,9]. This paper focuses on inter-area oscillation.
The problem of this type of oscillations is its negative
impact on the power transfer capability besides causing
instability of the system when faults occur [10]. Most of
the grid codes do not involve the system oscillation damp-
ing as ancillary services to be supported by WPPs, and it
is expected to be required in the near future.
Conventional power plants (CPPs)—based on the syn-
chronous generator—can support the power system stability
by using conventional power system stabilizer (PSS) [8].
This feature may be lost when some of the conventional
power plants are replaced by WPPs. Some researchers
reveal that variable speed wind turbines-based DFIGs are
able to interact with PSS of synchronous generators [11].
According to these researches, the power converters of the
DFIG can support system with proper inner oscillation
damping due to its ability to provide a decoupling control
between active and reactive power. The sufficient inner
oscillation damping can be achieved by using a proper con-
trol concept with the back-to-back converters. The combin-
ation set between FACTS and PSS is the most popular
concept used for POD.
The use of FACTS tools is aimed at the following:
improving the initial swing and effectively damping oscil-
lation, as well as helping to stabilize the system in the
event of critical failure. It has a significant impact on sys-
tem oscillation damping [4,12,13]. There are other techni-
ques suggest a coordinated control between RSC and GSC
during abnormal conditions, but a large EMF appears on
the rotor windings causing the RSC to go into over-modu-
lation, and thus losing the rotor current regulation. So an
adequate voltage vector control proposed in [14] to regu-
late both the RSC and GSC during symmetrical and asym-
metrical faults. While in [15] an enhanced field oriented
was introduced to improve the system dynamics during dif-
ferent grid faults and proper POD is obtained. Paper [16]
proposes structure mixed H
2
/H1control based on LMI
technique for DFIG-based wind turbine, the ability of oscil-
lation damping from system simulation results in two area
interconnetecd power system with for machine capacity
indicates that the DFIG fitted with a solid POD is
extremely robust against heavy power flow and serious
faults. These VSWTs can damp out oscillations of power
systems for small disturbances but may decrease voltage
stability under large disturbances [17–27]. According to the
previous techniques the GSC was terminated as a
STATCOM to support the DFIG with the required reactive
power, however, in case of weak power networks and dur-
ing deep grid faults, the GSC cannot provide sufficient
reactive power and voltage support due to its small power
capacity (30% of rated power), hence there will be a risk
of voltage instability. As a result the utilities immediately
disconnect the wind turbine from the grid to prevent such a
contingency approach. In such conditions, the voltage sta-
bility problems become the crucial issue in maintaining an
uninterrupted operation for the WT-DFIG. This problem
can be solved by using external units such as dynamic volt-
age restore (DVR) or STATCOM for injecting reactive
power to the system at the PCC [12]. FACTS especially
STATCOM have been widely used to provide enhanced
dynamic response during critical situations at PCC where
WT-DFIG exists.
In this paper, both the embedded damping oscillation of
the DFIG back-to-back converter and conventional PSS as
an active power control technique are applied to two-area
four machines as a medium sized DG system to study the
2Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
impact of the integration wind power plants (WPPs) on the
power system stability, with a focus on obtaining enhanced
ASs and better voltage stability margins. The main contri-
bution of this work is the investigation of the ability of the
proposed control techniques to provide an adequate POD
for the system under study. Because the optimization tech-
niques have gained widespread attention in the field of
power system, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algo-
rithm is deployed to enhance the dynamic performance of
the proposed control techniques.
The millstone of this work is the previous multiobjective
function, where we consider three constrains. those functions
are related to the oscillation damping and voltage stability.
Most of the literature papers do not take the voltage stability
into account. The ITAE is used to obtain better parameter
adaptation for both STATCOM and CPSS. Two abnormal
conditions are examined. The first case is related to the load
dispatch where there is a 50% transient increase, and the
second case involves three-phase short circuit in the middle of
the transmission line. The MATLAB/Simulink program is
used to investigate the performance of the system under study.
The results depict the extent to which the WPPs can support
the system with required ASs under such congestion situa-
tions, and maintain integration of such renewable energy sour-
ces more reliable and safe. Therefore, these systems are made
more compatible with grid code requirements.
2. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM UNDER STUDY
2.1. Configuration of DGs
DG is considered to be decentralized power generation,
which does not require any transmission lines or central-
ized power plants [16,28–33]. The positive impacts of
DGs s can be concluded to provide voltage support,
improve power quality, reduce power losses, and increase
system reliability [4].
2.2. Representing System under Study
In this paper, Kundur’s four-machine two-area test system
is chosen as a case study, to investigate the impact of
integration WPPs into power system and to measure their
ability to provide ancillary services. Figure 1 shows the
system under study, which consists of two areas linked
together by two 23 kV lines of 22 km length. Despite its
small size compared to that of massive power systems, the
system mimics very closely the behavior of typical systems
in actual operation. Area one consists of two steam con-
ventional power plants, each equipped with synchronous
generator with a rating of is 20 KV/90MVA. Both genera-
tors have same parameters and are identical. Area two has
two power plants. The first is a thermal power plant similar
to the power plants in area one with the same ratings and
parameters. The second power plant is represented by a
wind power plant equipped with DFIG. The penetration
level of the WPP is approximately 25% of the total power
of the system. It should be noted that, the penetration level
and location of the WPPs at power system affects the sys-
tem dynamic performance, as reported in [9], and it is pre-
ferred to keep the WPP level between 20% and 30% of the
total power to maintain the implementation of the WPP
more compatible with the power systems (PS). The load is
represented as constant impedances and split between the
two areas such that area one exports 40 MW of power to
area two.
2.3. Variable Speed Wind Turbines
The variable-speed concept uses either a doubly fed induc-
tion generator or a permanent magnet synchronous gener-
ator [34]. DFIG is the most popular concept employed for
generating electrical power due to its ability to provide
variable-speed operation with a constant frequency, decou-
pling control for the active and reactive powers, and a low
power rating for the back-to-back converters [28,29].
However, the power ratings of the power electronic con-
verter used with a DFIG is one-third the nominal power,
while the direct-drive WT-PMSG type has a higher power
electronic converter rating, which means higher cost.
3. PROVISION OF ANCIALLRY SERVICES
FROM WPPS
Transmission system operators (TSOs) have forced wind
farms to track special grid codes for safe integration with
conventional power systems. These grid codes require
wind farms to provide certain circumstances under different
operating conditions [16,30–32]. For ancillary services the
WPP should be able to track the grid codes such as the
CPP performance [18].
FIGURE 1. Single line diagram for system under study.
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 3
For DGs based on variable speed wind turbine with
either a DFIG or a direct-drive synchronous generator,
there will be no contribution to the frequency oscillation of
the synchronous generators connected to the same system,
due to the unbalance that would occur between the gener-
ated power and load demand in the system [5,35].
Variable-speed wind power plants (VS-WPPs) based on
DFIG can decouple the mechanical rotor speed of its gen-
erators from the system frequency due to the presence of
power-electronic devices. Therefore, the mechanical speed
of the VS-WPPs does not change and no energy stored in
the rotating mass is supplied to the grid, as would be the
case in conventional synchronous generators [36]. Most of
the modern grid codes do not require WPPs to become
involved in the system-wide TFR which means that the
WPPs are not related to tertiary frequency control.
According to the ENTSO-E, most European countries force
WPPs to perform system-wide TFR, and during island peri-
ods and during specific situations WPPs should be able to
provide primary frequency responses in specific situa-
tions [37].
The large shares of WPPs are integrated into power sys-
tem as DGs enhance system performance and decreases
power losses. However, the interconnection of these gener-
ators causes inter-oscillations under heavy loaded condi-
tions, causing system stability to deteriorate. Hence the
WPPs should have the capability to support the power sys-
tem with power oscillation damping [38]. This issue is a
very promising one. Spain has considered POD for wind
farms in its new grid code. Three main types of POD are
applied to support power systems with integrated WPPs
[39]. These categories are the conventional PSS, inter-con-
nected HVDC transmission lines, and FACTS devices [40].
FACTS device are very widely used in power system. In
addition to enhancing power capability limits of transmis-
sion line systems and increasing system reliability, it can
damp out the power oscillations. On the other hand, the
POD provision from WPPs refers to the damping of elec-
tromechanical oscillations which are typically undesirable
in the power system as they limit power transfer on trans-
mission lines, in some cases may even induce stress in the
mechanical shafts of synchronous generators (SGs), and
ultimately may lead to system collapse in extreme situa-
tions. Hence the POD is considered to be a critical issue
and need for the enhancement to keep the WPPs tracking
the grid codes requirements. DFIG has the capability to
provide a decoupling control for its active and reactive
power [40]. This advantage enables DFIG to increase its
power capability besides supporting system with power
oscillation damping. It should be noted the measuring devi-
ces play an important role in the area of wide area oscilla-
tion damping [37]. The POD provision from WPPs has
found room area for investigation. It should be noted the
POD of WPPs-DFIG is divided into two types, the inner
and inter-area oscillation damping [25] and will be dis-
cussed in the following sub-sections.
3.1. WPPs Inner-Area Oscillation
Due to the stochastic nature of wind, inner oscillation
damping from WPPs is an essential issue [8]. Figure 2 pro-
vides a summary of the control techniques employed for
damping inner wind turbine oscillations.
The power converters of VS-WTs can adjust the power
delivered to the power system. These converters provide
independent control for the generated active and reactive
power using different control aspects such as voltage vec-
tor control and either flux magnitude or flux angle control.
Unlike in the conventional power plants POD is typically
an embedded feature in a power system stabilizer (PSS)
that can be deployed to control synchronous generator
dynamic performance. PSS can damp out power system
oscillations by regulating the field winding voltage and the
mechanical power through a speed control loop. On the
other hand, However, for VS-DFIGs, several concepts can
be implemented to govern the back-to-back converters [38]
(Table 1).
The voltage regulation concept is the most proper
method utilized to provide AS for wind power plants with
FIGURE 2. Control techniques implemented with WPPs
for inner-oscillation damping.
4Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
DG systems [39]. Two techniques can be used as voltage
regulations. These methods are constant voltage regulation
with cosAconstant and voltage regulation achieved by
adjusting reactive power as a function of voltage. The latter
yields better performance than the former [19]. In our
study, the control mode of the two back-to-back converters
of a DFIG is set to voltage regulation concept with the
reactive power mode.
3.2. WPPs Inter-Area Oscillation
In contrast to the inner-oscillation damping illustrated pre-
viously, three common concepts are deployed for providing
inter-area oscillation damping for power systems in the
presence of WPPs [21,36]: active power regulation, react-
ive power regulation, and active and reactive power regula-
tion. Finally, some authors have concluded that using the
active power loop is more preferable when the wind farm
is integrated near synchronous power plants, while reactive
power control is more effective when wind farms lie far
from conventional power plants [36]. Figure 3 provides a
summary of the power oscillation damping techniques pro-
posed and implemented by WPPs.
4. REACTIVE POWER CAPABILTY OF DFIG
Depending on the rated values of DFIG, its reactive power
capability limits can be deduced [20]. The total reactive
power of DFIG can be obtained as following:
Qt ¼6ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð3VsIsÞ2PT
1s2
s(1)
Qt ¼3Vs
Xs2
6ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3Xm
Xs
VsIs2
PT
1s2
s
(2)
where I
s
and I
r
are the stator and rotor currents, respect-
ively, P
T
is the total generated active power, V
s
is the sta-
tor voltage, and the s is rotor slip.
Despite of its small rating—30% power of the rated—
the back-to-back converters enable DFIG to regulate its
reactive power within its boundaries to support system sta-
bility, as reported in [41]. In addition to, variable speed
has been obtained operation between 0.7 pu and 1.2 pu [6].
According to the analysis performed in, the industrial
design of these converters provides additional operating
limitation that can reach up to 50% of the rated power,
which suggest means additional operating margins.
Therefore, choosing proper control technique can support
DFIGs with reactive power to improve the post-fault volt-
age profile by damping oscillation and preventing over-
shoots. However, under large disturbances and due to the
reactive power capability limits of the DFIG, the control
circuits of both rotor side and grid side converters became
over-modulated and hence losses their ability to support
the DFIG with the required reactive power. Under such
Control techniques Impacts
1- Power factor control Small enhancement of power
system damping with negative.
2- Voltage control Voltage control with power oscillation
constraints improves the damping
stability.
3- Frequency control Enhance damping of power system
oscillation
TABLE 1. Impacts of different control techniques deployed with
DFIG to provide damping oscillation.
FIGURE 3. Inter-area oscillation damping techniques
implemented with WPPs.
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 5
circumstances, FACTS devices especially STATCOMs
become a vital element that can support WPP dynamic per-
formance and be keep it tracking the associated grid code
requirements [21].
5. CONTROL SYSTEMS UNDER STUDY
The following control techniques are introduced to investi-
gate the impacts of integration of WPPs to support a power
system with ASs.
5.1. Pod Using DFIG Back-to-Back Converters
The DFIG control circuit is based on two converters the
rotor side converter (RSC) and grid side converter (GSC).
These converters are responsible for regulating active and
reactive power through DFIG. Several studies have demon-
strated that DFIG-based wind farms have the ability to pro-
vide sufficient inter-area damping oscillations for inter-
connected power systems [42]. This issue can be targeted
by supplementing a proper damping control loop (DCL) to
be associated with the main control system of the RSC and
GSC as illustrated in [43]. Figure 4 illustrates the construc-
tion of power converters implemented in the DFIG-WT
converters [5,17,44].
As shown in Figure 4, there are two control loops. The
first loop is related to voltage terminal variation, where the
generated voltage E
g
depends on the rotor flux and can be
terminated as a control signal. The second control loop is
based on the generated active power. The main function of
the automatic voltage restore (AVR), is to regulate gener-
ator voltage when a deficit in V
s
is detected, to obtain the
magnitude of E
g
. The active power control loop configures
the mismatch that occurs in the generated active power.
The error in the active power is terminated to obtain the
angular position d
gref
of the control vector.
Parameter Under three phase fault Under load variation
K 20.617 19.5
swh 18.48 12.47
TABLE 2. Tuning the PSS parameters using PSO.
FIGURE 7. Power coefficient versus tip speed ratio.
FIGURE 8. Structure of PSS implemented with CPPs.
FIGURE 4. Construction of power converters used with
DFIG-VSWPs.
FIGURE 5. Damping control loop implemented with
the DFIG.
FIGURE 6. Simple pitch angle control deployed
for VSWPs.
6Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
The following equations describe the dynamic perform-
ance of the RSC of the DFIG:
Vrdq ¼Erdq þLr
xb
dirdq
dt þjxr Ls irdq þRr irdq (3)
where L
s
and L
r
are the self-inductances of the stator and
rotor windings, respectively. R
r
is the rotor resistance. x
r
is the rotor angular speed. i
rdq
is the rotor current. E
dq
is
the back EMF induced in the rotor windings which is a
function of fluxes and voltages as follows:
Erdq ¼Lm
Ls
Vsdq jxrWsdq Rs
Ls
Wsdq
(4)
d¼tan 1Vdr
Vqr
(5)
The reactive control loop has fewer impacts on the electro-
magnetic torque of the DFIG [45]. Implementation of the
damping control loop (DCL) in addition to the main con-
trol loop of DFIG does not require extra expenses, and
only appropriate wide-area communication system to sup-
port it with the proper measured signal that describes sys-
tem dynamics. Figure 5 describes the DCL that can be
added to the power converter of the DFIG. The construc-
tion of the DCL is similar to that of the conventional PSS.
The input can be an active power response, CPP speed
deviation, or system voltage error. The input signal is ter-
minated through three stages starting with gain amplifica-
tion, then wash-out filter and finally lead/lag compensation.
The output signal can be either a voltage signal fed to the
main loop of the control circuit or a speed signal fed to the
speed regulation loop of the wind turbine.
It should be noted that the first voltage regulating loop
of the DFIG power converter may be replaced by reactive
power regulation loop where the reference value of the
reactive power (Q
ref
) is based on the stator voltage (V
ref
).
Hence the DFIG can provide a de-coupling control for the
active and reactive power [10,45]. Although this controller
can provide a good approach to damp out power system
oscillation, it can negatively affect drivetrain oscillation.
Using embed feature with the main control circuit of the
DFIG power converter to provide POD still based on the
capability limits of the DFIG and is built on under specific
circumstances. But under severe disturbances, the control
circuit of DFIG becomes over-modulated and loses its abil-
ity to govern system dynamic performance and lead to dis-
connecting WPPs from power system which is considered
to be an unacceptable issue according to grid code require-
ments. Hence deploying external regulation devices is
a must.
Regulator Parameter
Under load
variation
Under three
phase fault
AC PI Voltage regulator K
p
6.007 8.7
K
i
936.78 1202.9
AC PI Current regulator K
p
0.26 0.288
K
i
0.1573 0.1425
DC PI Voltage regulator K
p
0.0895 0.0784
K
i
14.51 14.68
TABLE 3. The PI regulator gains for the PSO adaption method.
FIGURE 9. STATCOM control circuit.
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 7
5.2. Pitch Angle Control
It should be noted that pitch angle control is the most com-
mon approach deployed with fixed speed wind turbines
(FSWTs) as a mechanical regulation to suppress system
oscillations. However, this regulation is slow and limited in
FSWT and the use of external devices, such as
STATCOM, is necessary to obtain a faster response [17].
The active power regulation mode of the power converter
has a faster response than mechanical regulation does.
Pitch angle control is based on a PID controller as illus-
trated in Figure 6, and can be implemented to provide
power oscillation damping.
The algebraic relation between wind speed (v
w
) and
mechanical power extracted (P
m
) is described by the fol-
lowing relation [2,10]:
Pm¼0:5qAv3wCpk,b
ðÞ (6)
where C
p
is the power coefficient and is described as
follows:
Cp k,b
ðÞ
¼0:5116
ki0:4b5
e21=ki(7)
ki¼1
kþ0:08b0:035
b31 (8)
k¼xt
Vw
(9)
The generated electrical power is expressed as follows:
Pe¼1s
ðÞ
Pm(10)
where A is the swept area of the wind turbine, qis the air
density, bis the blade angel and s is the DFIG slip factor.
The power coefficient C
p
of a wind turbine is not constant
but varies with wind speed, rotational speed of the turbine
and pitch angle bas shown in Figure 7.
FIGURE 10. (a) PSO method steps. (b) Flowchart of PSO algorithm.
8Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
5.3. Conventional PSS
PSS can be easily designed, implemented, and tuned. These
features give the PSS priority to be preferred and widely
used in power systems. The input of the PSS can be the sig-
nal affected by the oscillations of the corresponding syn-
chronous machine [25]. However, the machine speed,
terminal frequency or power is most commonly used. The
output signal is the usually a voltage variation in the excita-
tion system. Figure 8 depicts the construction of a PSS.
The wash out block is a high pass filter that declines at
low input frequencies where,
Tw s
ðÞ ¼sswh
1þsswh
(11)
Selection of the washout time constant swh depends on the
type of modes under study whether inner or inter POD.
The proportional gain K determines the amount of damping
introduced by the PSS. Both the proportional gain K and
the wash out time are adapted by using PSO. Finally the
lead lag block consists of a phase compensator. The lead/
lag is a compensation filter that can tune the output signal
for regulation the exciter and its design is based on time
constants, as follows [37]:
sT1
1þsT2
(12)
where T
1
¼0.5swh and T
2
¼swh e
3
PSS of conventional power plants is widely used and it
is considered to act as an economic and effective solution
to enhance the power oscillation damping. The main contri-
bution of PSS is to provide feedback signals for excitation
voltage to enhance system damping. However, the PSS
may not be effective in providing adequate damping in
some operating conditions. The over-modulation between
the automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and the PSS may
lead to slower recovery time for voltage for the CPPs. The
structure of classical PSS is built according to specific
operating conditions based on a linearized model. Hence
under different situations, the PSS performance will be vio-
lated that affects power system dynamic and stability. The
large share from WPPs will lead to uncertainties for power
system operation. From this context applying adaptive con-
trol techniques to conform PSS parameters is essential
[30]. Harnessing evolutionary algorithms for adapting PSS
parameters to enhance system dynamic performance is
introduced in many works but do not related to the voltage
stability problem [37]. Table 2 illustrates the effect of PSO
on adaption of the PSS parameters K and swh :
5.4. STATCOM for POD
The main contribution of FACTS incorporated into a
power system is increasing system stability and reliability
through the regulation of power flow of the system, hence
providing adequate power oscillation damping. In [46] the
authors proposed a damping control loop implemented with
FACTS control circuit for STATCOM and UPFC devices.
Introducing such control loop enhances the dynamic per-
formance of FACTS devices and increases system stability.
PSO parameters Values
Swarm size 20
Maximum iteration number 80
c
1
¼c
2
2
x0.5
omega_min 0.4
omega_max 0.9
TABLE 4. Parameters of PSO algorithm.
FIGURE 11. WPP dynamic performance under load vari-
ation with increase in 50% of load in area 2.
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 9
FIGURE 12. (i) Load bus voltage and (ii) Active power flow under load variation with increase in 50% of load in area 2:
(a)With STATCOM. (b) With PSS.
FIGURE 13. CPP generated active power under load variation with increase in 50% of load in area 2: (a)With STATCOM
(b)With PSS.
10 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
FACTS controllers are capable of acting in a very
quickly, which is effective in enhancing the transient stabil-
ity of a power system [24]. For shunt FACTS devices, a
STATCOM supports the system with better oscillation
damping compared to that afforded by a SVC and has a
lower power rating, which means a lower cost. However, for
certain series of FACTS devices the UPFC damps out the
inter-area oscillation damping sufficiently, in contrast to the
TCSC. But, series FACTS elements have a higher rating
than shunt devices. STATCOMs have faster response and
better robustness properties than conventional reactive power
controllers do [21,23]. Additionally, STATCOMs can
improve power system performance in the following areas:
Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribu-
tion systems.
Power-oscillation damping in power-transmis-
sion systems.
Voltage flicker and control of not only reactive power
but also active power in the connected line.
Transient stability.
Figure 9 illustrates the equivalent circuit for a
STATCOM. Where the voltage source V
s
is connected in
series with an inductor Y
s
:
The following equation yields for the generated reactive
power of a STATCOM:
Qs ¼jVkj2
Xs
Vk
jj
:jVsj
Xs
cosð⍜k⍜sÞ¼jVkj2Vk
jj
:jVsj
Xs
(13)
⍜s¼⍜kfor a lossless STATCOM.
The reactive power flow equations for a system with
STATCOM connected to bus K are the same as those for a
system without a STATCOM for all buses, except for bus
K which are as follows:
Qs ¼ jVsj2Bs jVsjjVkjfGs sinð⍜s⍜kÞ
Bs cosð⍜s⍜kÞg (14)
where G
s
and B
s
are the conductance and substance of the
line between the STATCOM and bus K.
The reactive power exchange between the STATCOM
and power system depends on the status of the system. If
there is an over-voltage of in the system, the STATCOM
suppresses this situation by absorbing reactive power.
While supporting system with reactive power if system suf-
fers from voltage sags. Introducing energy storage devices
with STATCOM increases its ability to provide bidirec-
tional reactive power flow which means a good sustention
for system dynamic performance [47]. Also, there is a new
direction that suggests using damping oscillation damping
control loop inserted with the main control loop to boost
the performance of STATCOM and obtain better damping
oscillation [48]. Table 3 gives a summery for the PI regula-
tor gains produced by the control techniques introduced in
this section, where the process is performed under different
fault conditions.
6. ENHANCING DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE FOR
BOTH PSS AND STATCOM
Applying evolutionary methods for adapting CPPs and
STATCOMs to address POD problems is not new [46,48,
49]. However, these new techniques focus only on enhanc-
ing the system oscillation damping and ignore the voltage
FIGURE 14. Generator bus voltage under load variation with increase in 50% of load in area 2: (a)With STATCOM. (b)
With PSS.
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 11
stability problem associated with system dynamic perform-
ance under specific circumstances. In this paper particle
swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to enhance rein-
forced system dynamic performance from two major points
of view enhancing POD and sustaining system voltage sta-
bility. PSO is not a new approach applied for adapting sys-
tem parameters. But it is considered to be the simpler one.
However, the associated statistics of PSO need for
improvements; therefore, several algorithms are combined
with PSO in a hybrid manner to supplement PSO. The
PSO technique is proposed to enhance the dynamic per-
formance of the control techniques under study. PSO is
inspired by the nature of schooling animals. The technique
was established computationally in 1995 by Eberhart and
Kennedy [26,27]. Figure 10 illustrates the steps of the
FIGURE 15. (Continued)
FIGURE 15. System dynamic performance under three-
phase short circuit in middle of transmission line with no
external regulation devices introduced. (a). WPP dynamic
performance. (b) System performance: (i) Load bus volt-
age. (ii) Active power flow. (c) CPPs generated active
power. (d) Generator bus voltage.
12 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
PSO algorithm and the flowchart of the process. With their
exploration and exploitation, the particles of the swarm fly
through hyperspace and have two essential reasoning capa-
bilities, their memory of their own best position (local
best) and the neighborhood’s best (global best). The basics
of PSO algorithm is as follows:
Positions of individual particles updated by,
XiKþ1
ðÞ
¼XiðKÞþViKþ1
ðÞ (15)
And the velocity of particles is given by,
ViKþ1
ðÞ
¼ViðK0 þC1r1PiðKÞ–XiðKÞðÞ
þC2r2PgðKÞ–XiðKÞðÞ(16)
Where, X
i
(K) –particle position, V
i
(K) particle velocity.
P
i
(K) individual particle best position. P
g
(K) swarm best
position. C
1
and C
2
are the cognitive and social parameters.
r
1
and r
2
are random numbers between 0 and 1.
In this paper, PSO has applied to fine tune the parame-
ters of both STATCOM and PSS. For the STATCOM it
consists of the regulation loops the outer loops are for the
ac-voltage regulator and dc-voltage regulator, while the
inner loop is for the ac-current regulator as shown in
Figure 8, these regulators are based on the PI controllers,
hence the PSO is adapted to fine tune the parameters of
these PI controllers (K
p
and K
i
). On the other hand, the
parameters adapted for the PSS are the lead/lag time con-
stants, the washout time constant (T
ws
) and the proportional
gain (K) as illustrated in Figure 7. The integral time of
absolute error (ITAE) is chosen to adapt and keep con-
straints of the PSO algorithm tracking its target. PSO
parameters are summarized in Table 4.
FIGURE 16. WT-DFIG response in presence of
STATCOM under three-phase short circuits: (a) Longer
time scale and (b) shorter time scale (magnification).
FIGURE 16. (Continued)
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 13
In our study, a multiobjective function is deployed with
PSO algorithm according to the following steps:
J1¼min ðDx12dt þðDx23dt þðDx13dt(17)
where Dxis the speed deviation between the synchronous
generators of the CPPS. The second function is given as,
J2 ¼min X
N
i
ðVi1Þ
!(18)
J2 concerns about the stability of load bus voltage, where
N is the number of load buses and V is the load bus volt-
age. The third function is described as follows,
J3 ¼2XS
r
2QrXV2
s
(19)
J3 is called voltage stability index and to keep the system
more stable its value should be less than 1. While, Q
r
and
S
r
are the receiving reactive power and apparent power,
respectively. V
s
is the sending end voltage and X is the
transmission line reactance [28].
The multi-objective function will be written as following:
Objfun ¼l1J1 þl2J2 þl3J3 (20)
where lis the majority factor its value gives the priority
for a certain objective function, and its value is chosen
between 0 and 1.
Figure 10 illustrates the steps for the PSO algorithm and
the flowchart of the process.
7. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The MATLAB-Simulink program is used to investigate
how the WPP can provide ASs for the system under study
as follows:
Two abnormal cases are studied to demonstrate the
impacts on the WPPs, and to indicate the extent to which
the proposed control techniques can improve system
dynamic performance. The first case involves load variation
with a 50% increase, and the second case involves a three-
phase short circuit fault in the middle of the transmission
line. Figure 11 depicts the system dynamic performance
under load variation with 50% of the load at bus_2 over a
period of two seconds, between 25 sec and 27 sec. As
shown in Figure 11(a) with no external regulation devices,
the WPPs can provide local oscillation damping for the
delivered power, generated voltage and current generated
under either sub-synchronous or super-synchronous speed
because of the ability of the DFIG to provide decoupling
control between the speed regulation loop and the active
and reactive power control loops. However, the system per-
formance is degraded, where the power flow between areas
1 and area 2 has significant oscillation, and the voltage of
load buses is not within the required margins as shown in
Figure 12. On the other hand, the synchronous generators
of the system will lose its synchronization due to a sudden
FIGURE 17. System dynamic performance under three
phase short circuit with STATCOM (a) System dynamic
performance. (b) CPPs dynamic performance.
14 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
increase of its generated power to cover the increase of
load as depicted in Figure 13. Hence power regulation con-
trol system based on either PSS or STATCOM must be
activated to protect CPPs and enhancing the system
dynamic performance. Results illustrate that the system
dynamic performance is indeed enhanced by using the PSO
algorithm. With PSO system power flow has fast oscilla-
tion damping, the load bus voltage is enhanced and the
synchronous generators of the CPPs have less stress. The
operation of the conventional PSS focus on the power
oscillation damping. While the system voltage stability
need for improvement as shown in Figure 14. From this
context the PSO as one of the most popular and common
optimization algorithms is deployed to fine tune the param-
eters of the CPSS to enhance its performance with better
voltage stability where the load bus voltage has lower
flicker. Also, STATCOM dynamic performance is
enhanced by using the PSO algorithm.
To scrutinize the robustness of the proposed control
techniques, the system is exposed to a three-phase short
circuit in the middle of the transmission line, and the sys-
tem dynamic performance of the entire system is investi-
gated. Figure 15 shows the system’s dynamic
performance without any external regulating devices and
depending on only the regulation of the RSC and GSC of
the WT-DFIG. The consequence of using DFIG power
converter, WPP will lose its synchronization and immedi-
ately disconnected from the system. This means that its
back-to-back converters cannot supply the DFIG with the
required reactive power. Without external regulation devi-
ces, the WT-DFIG draws large reactive power and the
active power reverse its direction and the DFIG becomes
afloating machine with a large inrush current. On the
FIGURE 18. (Continued)
FIGURE 18. WT-DFIG response in presence of CPSSs
under three phase short circuit: (a) Longer time scale and
(b) shorter time scale (Magnification).
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 15
other hand, the synchronous generators of the CPPs lose
its synchronization due to the large power variation and
its bus voltage has large oscillation. Also, the load bus
voltage and active power flow between area1 and area2
need for enhancement. According to previous illustrations,
the wind farm-DFIG cannot support system under conges-
tion situations, and system dynamic performance need for
enhancement with external regulation devices such as
STATCOM or using the CPSSs. For both the CPSSs and
STATCOM, their function now is to prevent disconnec-
tion of WPP besides keeping it tracking the grid code
requirements and provide an adequate oscillation damping
for the whole system. To find out which system is more
proper for enhancing the oscillation damping of the sys-
tem under such congestion situations the results are com-
pared and depicted in Figures 16–19 for SATCOM and
CPSS, respectively. As illustrated from results the PSO
plays a significant role for improving the dynamic per-
formance for both the STATCOM and conventional PSSs,
where the power oscillation is damped faster and the load
bus voltage is sustained to its pre-fault value quickly with
low voltage flicker. Beside keeping WPP operating and
avoiding disconnection.
In [45] author suggests using battery energy storage (BES)
device to damp out oscillation in multi area power system.
Although using BES decreases stress on the synchronous gen-
erator, it has lower impact on system oscillation and need for
more improvement. Figure 20 illustrates the variation on d
angle after fault clearance. This figure indicates the enhance-
ment on system performance by using PSO. Settling time is a
major quantity that judge system stability. Table 5 gives a
summery for system settling time after fault clearance, which
is better than results obtained in [50].
FIGURE 19. System dynamic performance under three
phase short circuit with CPSS: (a) System dynamic per-
formance. (b) CPPs dynamic performance.
FIGURE 20. Relative rotor angle between G1 and G2 in
area 1, using PSS: (i) Under load variation. (ii) Under three
phase fault.
16 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
8. CONCLUSION
According to the results obtained the DFIG-WPPs can
provide sufficient local AS and exhibits good power qual-
ity due to its converters (RSC and GSC), which can pro-
vide decoupling control for the active and reactive power.
Introducing DCL into the control circuit of the power
converter can help damp out system oscillation. However,
under excessive disturbances, the power converters of the
DFIG may not be capable of sustaining system perform-
ance and lead to synchronization loss of both the CPPs
and WPPs. Using DCL in combination with STATCOM
control circuit can improve the POD capability of wind
farm DFIG. Comparing the dynamic performance of
STATCOM and PSS, the former one can provide better
damping oscillation with negative impacts on voltage sta-
bility. While with STATCOM the voltage stability is
enhanced with an acceptable level of the POD. According
to the results obtained, PSO enhances the dynamic per-
formance of both the CPSS and STATCOM. Additionally,
system stability is improved when the system oscillation
damping is faster and bus the voltage has low flicker with
a shorter recovery time. The implementation of
STATCOM and PSS in a coordinated manner with power
system need for careful design considering system statis-
tics and dynamics. Evolutionary algorithms can share a
significant role in such problems and still gaining
researcher interest.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
System Parameter
Load variation case 3-Phase fault
Without-PSO With-PSO Without-PSO With-PSO
Using PSS P
area1 to area2
7.4 sec 4.4 sec 4 sec 2 sec
V
load-bus
3.2 sec 1.3 sec 5 sec 1 sec
P
G
5.5 sec 3.7 sec 8 sec 6.5 sec
V
G
3.1 sec 1.5 sec 5 sec 1 sec
Using STATCOM P
area1 to area2
4.9 sec 2.9 sec 4 sec 2.5 sec
V
load-bus
1 sec 1.4 sec 900 msec 650 msec
P
G
9.9 sec 7.9 sec 4 sec 3 sec
V
G
1.15 sec 700 msec 600 msec 500 msec
TABLE 5. Settling time for different signals with the proposed control technique.
DFIG doubly fed induction generator
L
r
rotor self-inductance
WPP wind power plant
DG distributed generators
CPP conventional power plants
PSS power system stabilizer
PSO particle swarm optimization
RSC rotor side converter
GSC grid side converter
PI proportional and integral control
P active power
Q reactive power
V
rdq
rotor voltage
E
rdq
induced rotor voltage
i
rdq
rotor current
L
s
stator self-inductance
L
m
rotor mutual-inductance
R
r
rotor resistance
x
r
rotor angular speed
C
p
power coefficient
ktip speed ratio
bblade angle
s Slip
P
m
mechanical power
L
r
rotor self-inductance
L
s
stator self-inductance
L
m
rotor mutual-inductance
HVDC high voltage direct current
Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 17
ORCID
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz http://orcid.org/0000-0001-
5903-5257
Ahmed A. Zaki Diab http://orcid.org/0000-0002-
8598-9983
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Kamel et al.: Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System 19
BIOGRAPHIES
Omar Makram Kamel was born in El-Minia, Egypt, on
November 11, 1986. He received the B.S., M.Sc., and
Ph.D. from Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, El-Minia University, Egypt, in 2008, 2013,
and 2018, respectively. Currently he is the supervisor of
Electrical and Computer Department at El-Minia High
Institute of Engineering and Technology. His research
interests are in the area of renewable energy sources,
power electronics, power system protection and control,
power quality, and optimization techniques.
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degrees in electrical engineering from Ain Shams
University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1985 and 1990, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering according to
the channel system between Ain Shams University, Egypt,
and Brunel University, U.K., in 1996. He has been a
Professor of electrical power engineering with Ain Shams
University, since 2007. He was the Vice Dean for
Education and Students Affairs in Faculty of Engineering
and Technology, Future University in Egypt from
2018–2019. He has authored or coauthored more than 440
refereed journal and conference papers, 30 book chapters,
and three edited books with Elsevier and Springer. In add-
ition, he has supervised 80 Master’s and 35 Ph.D. theses.
Dr. Abdelaziz is a member in the Egyptian Sub-
Committees of IEC and CIGRE. He has been awarded
many prizes for distinct researches and for international
publishing from Ain Shams University and Future
University in Egypt. He is the chairman of the IEEE
Education Society chapter in Egypt. He is a senior Editor
of Ain Shams Engineering Journal, an editor of Electric
Power Components and Systems journal, an Editorial
Board member, an Editor, an Associate Editor, and an
Editorial Advisory Board member for many international
journals. His research areas include the applications of arti-
ficial intelligence, evolutionary and heuristic optimization
techniques to power system planning, operation,
and control.
Ahmed A. Zaki Diab received B.Sc. and M.Sc. in
Electrical Engineering from Minia University, Egypt in
2006 and 2009, respectively. In 2015, he received Ph.D.
from Electric Drives and Industry Automation Department,
Faculty of Mechatronics and Automation at Novosibirsk
State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia. He had
obtained postdoctoral Fellowship at the National research
university “MPEI,”Moscow Power Engineering Institute,
Moscow, Russia from September 2017 to March 2018.
Since 2007, he has been with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University,
Egypt as a Teaching Assistant, a Lecturer Assistant. From
2015 to 2020, He was Assistant Professor at Faculty of
Engineering, Minia University, Egypt. Dr. Diab was a
Visitor Researcher (Postdoctoral) at Green Power
Electronics Circuits Laboratory, Kyushu University, Japan
(awarded the MIF Research Fellowship 2019, Japan). Since
2020, he is Associate Professor with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia
University. His present research interests include renewable
energy systems, power electronics, and machines drives.
20 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2021), No. 0
