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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 591
INTERNET OF THINGS: A REVIEW ON THEIR REQUISITE IN THE
DIGITAL ERA
S.Vanitha1*, P. Balasubramanie 2, K. S. Arvind 3, V.R.Niveditha 4, Saravanan Elumalai 5
1Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering
CMR University,
2Professor- Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Kongu Engineering College,
3Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering
MVJ College of Engineering.
4,5Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research
Institute University, Chennai, India.
Abstract
The Internet of Things is nothing but the amalgamation of connectivity between physical devices
and daily objects. This technology empowers how computers can gather meaningful information in
many ways, interconnect themselves with various enabling technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Big data Analytics, Cloud Computing and many more to track and count everything around us in their
glory. It is also not surprising to note that IoT is considered to be one of the “Disruptive
Technologies” with potential impacts in various fields like military, agriculture, medical, healthcare,
industrial automation and smart living. This paper addresses the need for internet of things, their
connecting devices, their architectures and popular frameworks and their application. Various visions
of Internet of Things application has been reviewed and discussed in this paper. Furthermore, the
shortcomings and research challenges in various applications have been deliberated in detail..
Keywords: Internet of Things; Artificial Intelligence; Big data Analytics; Cloud Computing;
Disruptive technologies.
1. Introduction
Internet of Things abbreviated as ‘IoT’ is a system of day to day objects, sensors and appliances
integrated with communication technologies for identifying, measuring, processing variable
information’s for efficient and betterment of daily lives. Internet of Things has grown to be an
important factor in the economical and industrial growth in today’s era. Their emerging fields vary
from agriculture development, e-commerce, industrial engineering, healthcare, smart home and cities
to autonomous vehicles and many more. According to Forbes Magazine, the growth of combined
markets of IoT was predicted to be around $520 billion by 2021 in which data center and analytics is
found to be the top IoT application segment [1]. The Internet of Things is interwoven with various
trending disciplines such as Artificial Intelligence, 5G, Big data Analytics and Blockchain. So it is
always difficult to identify its real impact on economic growth easily. The growth of Smartphone
technology also aids the growth of IoT with the help of Smartphone sensors. According to Gartner,
over than 28 billion IoT devices will have the ability to connect to the Internet by 2020.The Internet of
Things platform can grow to be one of the ubiquitous technologies if there is continuous cost
reduction and price drop in Wireless Communication and Sensors.
2. IoT Devices
IoT is a system based on its connected devices to provide services for collecting, accessing and
monitoring and managing data with the advent of technologies like Cloud Computing, Wireless
Communication and networking. The basic components of IoT device can be classified under the
following categories as suggested by Ray [2]
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 592
2.1 I/O Interfaces (Sensors and Actuators)
A sensor is a physical device that converts one form of energy into another. A sensor can also be
called as transducer. In terms of IoT, a sensor converts some physical event into an electrical impulse
that is interpreted for data collecting and accessing. Sensors can detect the event changes and
communicate them to other devices to serve its purpose. The communication parameters such as
temperature, sound, humidity, light and many other can be deduced by the sensors and communicated
to the processors and actuators to serve their purpose. There are many different types of sensors in an
IoT system as described in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Type of Sensors
An actuator is a physical device that receives a signal and act upon or within the physical
environment. In a sense, actuator is an opposite for sensor. It converts the electronic impulse into a
physical action. There are various types of actuators like pneumatic, electric, turbo, hydraulic, valve,
lock, rotary and many more. To understand the working of sensor and actuator in IoT, let us consider
Automatic Water Sprinkler system where the temperature sensor detects heat and soil moisture sensor
detects the water level in soil and send these signals to central processor of the system. The processor
then sends the signal to water sprinkler which is an actuator to turn on the sprinkler for water. The
Process flow of Automatic Water Sprinkler system is described in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Sensor to actuator flow in an Automatic Water Sprinkler system
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 593
2.2 Audio/Video Interfaces
Audio and Video interfaces for an IoT system are electrical or optical devices for carrying the
audio or video signals. With the evolution of speech and recognition, voice interfaces backed by IoT
enabling technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have become a crucial aspect
in IoT system. For instance, voice enabled IoT’s with voice recognition technologies like Siri, Google
Assistant, Alexa, Cortana have created a unique possibility for audio integration with IoT
systems. According to Wall Street Journal, Amazon has been trying to incorporate video interfaces to
their Smart Home IOT to provide a unique experience to its customers through “Amazon Echo
Show”. Video interface plays a crucial role in making more realistic experience for it to be the ‘smart
device’ in the future.
2.3 Storage Interfaces
Often, the data acquired through IOT devices are meant to be processed to make realistic decisions
and they need to be stored for future usage. Hence the growing need for digital storage for IOT
system. It varies from volatile to nonvolatile storage technology. Current storage technologies include
Hard disk drives (HDD), Flash disk drives (FDD), Magnetic tape, Optical storage, Flash memory and
many more. The crucial part of storage interface is selecting an appropriate one for the IOT system
design under consideration. The factors to consider for selecting a suitable storage interfaces in IoT
are date rate, cost, response time. There are many storage interfaces to consider namely SATA, SAS,
FC and many more.A comparison of these storage interfaces [40] are given below in Table 1.
Table 1: A comparison on Storage interfaces for IoT
Storage
interface
Abbreviation
Uses
Date rate
Cost
SATA
Serial
AT
Attachm
ent
Connecting
hard disk
drives,
optical
drives, and
solid-state
drives
Upto 16 Gbps
Low
Parallel SCSI
Parallel Small
Computer
System
Interface
Connecting
RAID devices
Upto 3 Gbps
High
SAS
Serial
Attached
SCSI
Connect
ing
Devices
Upto 24 Gbps
High
FC
Fibre Channel
Connecti
ng
Devices
and
network
interface
s
Upto 128 Gbps
Very High
2.4 Connectivity
An IOT system will require a proper connectivity and reliable communication to share data across
networks.IOT Connectivity technologies has been classified into two groups namely mobile-based
and LOWPAN (Low Power Wide Area Network). Mobile- based IOT connectivity is a licensed
connectivity that supports high data rate and are expensive. LOWPAN are suitable for customized
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 594
IOT systems with low data rates and they are comparatively less expensive. There are also several
other connectivity options like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Near-Field Communication (NFC), Zigbee and
Satellite Communication.
2.5 Processor
The category of processors required inside IOT connected devices is generally affected by the sort of
sensing required for the IOT application. For instance, some IOT systems which involve temperature,
humidity measurement require low-end processors. Other IOT systems which involve big data like
audio and video, multimedia rich video and high density compute nodes may require high-end
processors. How fast your IOT devices needs to process (clock speed) and how much information it
can handle (data I/O bus size) determines the microprocessor type for an IOT system. Depending on
IOT application, the system may have a very simple microprocessor or a much faster and larger one.
Figure 3: Four Stages of IOT Architecture
2.6 Memory Interfaces
With storage perspective, memory is classified as volatile and non-volatile. Non- volatile memory has
the power of retaining the data in spite of power failures but has low speed. Volatile memory has high
speed but does retain the data in case of power failures. Owing to the cost factor, inexpensive non-
volatile memory is often preferred. For storing crucial data, flash memory is desirable in IOT
applications. There are two types of flash memory namely NOR and NAND flash memory. NAND
flash is suitable for data storage IOT applications due to its higher storage and low cost capabilities.
NOR flash is suitable for IOT application that requires Code Storage and for applications which has
low standby power consumption. For high-end power consuming IOT applications, traditional DRAM
(DRAM1/DRAM2/DRAM3) memory is a viable option. Low power DDR can be used for
applications with low standby power consumption and higher performance.
2.7 Graphics
Graphical Processing Units (GPU) is used to process graphic applications in IOT. When there are
high number of feature and object processing, GPU is recommended because they can perform
operations in Parallel. But GPU requires significant power and they are suitable for IOT applications
that can tradeoff between performance and power consumption.
3. IoT Architectures
There are four stages in any IOT architecture namely data collection, data aggregation and
conversion, data pre- processing and data management which is described in the figure 3.
3.1 Three-layered IoT Architecture
The conventional IOT architecture also known as Three-layered Architecture is the commonly used
IoT architecture as discussed in [3-4].This traditional architecture is made up of three layers namely
Perception layer, network layer and Application layer. The perception Layer consists of sensors and
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 595
actuators for data collection in IOT environment. The network layer is responsible for transmitting,
processing and data aggregation. The application layer is responsible for providing application
specific services in an IOT environment.
Figure 4: Three-layered IoT Architecture
3.2 Five-Layered Architecture
The Three-layered IoT Architecture is suitable for simple IoT applications and they are not sufficient
for IOT research. The network layer in Three-layered IoT Architecture has been expanded to
transport, processing and business layer in addition to the existing layers namely perception and
application layer as in figure 5.The role of application and perception layer is same as Three-layered
IoT Architecture. The transport layer is responsible for transmitting the information through Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Near-Field Communication (NFC) and 5G.The Processing layer is responsible for
analyzing, integrating and storing the data that are transferred through transport layer. The Business
layer is responsible for representing the data received from processing layer in business model.
Figure 5: Five-layered IoT Architecture
3.3 Unit IOT Architecture
This kind of architecture is proposed to be a future IOT architecture by Ning and Wang [4]. This
architecture’s working is similar to human nervous system with a data center. This system has three
main parts namely brain (management data center),spinal cord(control nodes in a distributed manner)
and a network of nerves(Sensors, Actuators and Network) as described in figure 6.The working of this
architecture begins with data collection bys sensors and they are transmitted to the control nodes
through the IoT network. The received data is then processed and actuated to perform their designated
purpose and data is stored in the management data center.
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 596
Figure 6: Unit IOT Architecture
Table 2: Comparison of IoT Frameworks
KA
A
IoT
AWS
IoT
Device
Hive
ZETTA
ThingS
peak
Node-
RED
Open
Source/C
losed
source
Open
Source(A
pach e)
Ama
zon
Web
Servi
ce
Lice
nsed
Open
Source(
Apac
he)
Open
Source
Open
Source
Open
Source(Apa
che)
Languag
e
Support
KAA
platform
program
ming
C,C++,
Java
,
JavaSc
ript
and
Pytho
n
Multi-
languag
e
support
with
Android
and iOS
libraries
NodeJS,
REST
and a
flow
based
reactive
program
ming
develop
ment
MATLA
B
NodeJ
S and
Javas
cript
Virtual
Machine
VM
VM/JV
M
VM/JV
M
VM
VM
Azure
Virtua
l
Machi
ne
Multi-
Platfor
m
support
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Multithrea
ding
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 597
Third
party
integr
ation
RES
T
API
REST
API
REST
API
REST
API,
Siren
hyperm
edia
APIs
RESTf
ul and
MQTT
APIs
MQT
T
APIs
Communica
tion
Protocol
s
HTTPS,
COA
P,
MQT
T
MQTT,
HT
TP
1.1
Web
socket
s or
MQTT
HTTP
,Z2Z
Connecti
ons
MQTT,
HT
TP
1.1
Firmat
a
Devic
e
Manage
ment
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Data
Analytics
NOSQ
L
Support
Amazo
n
kinesi
s
Apac
he
Spark
and
Spark
Strea
ming
suppo
rt
-
MATL
AB
Analytic
s
3.4 Ubiquitous IOT Architecture
Ubiquitous IoT architecture refers to the global IoT but it also includes national IoT, industrial IoT or
local IoT. Like Unit IOT Architecture , the Ubiquitous IoT architecture defines three management and
data centers: national management and data center (nM&DC) for national IoT, industry management
and data center (iM&DC) for industry IoT, and Local management and data center (lM&DC) for
regional IoT as in [5].
3.5 Component based IoT architecture
In this component based IoT architecture, the accessors namely sensors and actuators interact with
each other in a concurrent, time-stamped, discrete event semantics which is then combined with a
widely used pattern called asynchronous atomic callbacks (AACs).This architecture also embraces the
heterogeneity with time- stamped messages according to Brooks in [6].
3.6 EPC based IoT architecture
The key concept of the architecture is EPC network over heterogeneous access network.This
architecture mainly focused on ZigBee network and the architecture used a Constrained Application
Protocol (CoAP) instead of Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over ZigBee to provide peer-peer
communication.This architecture also uses a pseudo Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) protocol for
JOIN/LEAVE management of sensor nodes as detailed by Hada in [7].
4. IoT Frameworks
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 598
With advent of IoT enabling technologies like Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data
Analytics, there are various IoT frameworks [34,35,36,37,38,39] that are trending in the current
market. The comparison of some of the popularly used IoT frameworks is discussed in the table 2.
5. Applications of IoT
5.1 IoT in Agriculture
Internets of Things (IoT) have gained a momentum with the advent of Modernization in Agriculture.
They have their applications in precision agriculture, controlled, environment agriculture, open-field
agriculture and food supply chain tracking[8].IoT Plays a crucial role in collecting the data and
making a decision which helps in improving and monitoring the growth of crops by the farmers. They
help the farmers in predicting the climatic changes, pest control, predicting the water requirement for
crops, tracking insect and animal invasion in the field, tracking the agricultural produces using RFID,
transporting the agricultural produces to the wholesale reseller. Apart from these, IoT also plays a
major role in monitoring indoor and outdoor gardens and greenhouses thereby increasing the crop life
and yields.
Figure 7: IoT in Agriculture
5.2 IoT in Aerospace and Defense
According to Allied Market research, IoT market in aerospace and defense is expected to reach a
CAGR of 11.8 percent by 2023. The various roles of IoT in Aerospace are for establishing interaction
with crew and mission-control of spacecrafts, for identifying failures and anomalies in the spacecrafts
and aviation equipments. Similarly there are various roles played by IoT devices in defense namely
defense fleet management, defense equipment management, health monitoring for the defense
personnel’s, automatic detection of unidentified autonomous vehicle intrusion in neighboring
countries Line of Control (LoC) which ensures cost effectiveness and war fighter
effectiveness.[9]According to Allied Market research, IoT market in aerospace and defense is
expected to reach a CAGR of 11.8 percent by 2023. The various roles of IoT in Aerospace are for
establishing interaction with crew and mission-control of spacecrafts, for identifying failures and
anomalies in the spacecrafts and aviation equipments. Similarly there are various roles played by IoT
devices in defense namely defense fleet management, defense equipment management, health
monitoring for the defense personnel’s, automatic detection of unidentified autonomous vehicle
intrusion in neighboring countries Line of Control (LoC) which ensures cost effectiveness and war
fighter effectiveness.[9]
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 599
5.3 IoT in Automotive
Recent hype in IoT is the smart vehicle or driverless vehicle which has been popularized by the Tesla
Autopilot and Waymo, a Google LLC self-driving car. According to Netscribes market research, IoT
market in automotive industry is expected to reach nearly 100 billion dollars by 2023.Some of the IoT
applications in automotive industry are vehicle assistance technology like Google Maps and Google
Assistant, Apple’s Carplay, automotive vehicle maintenance to predict the vehicle status, ensuring
vehicle diagnostics, safety, surveillance and security.
5.4 IoT and Blockchain
According to IEEE technological briefs, Smart contracts, a popular Blockchain application is gaining
considerable popularity in IoT domain. Security in IoT is a big challenge and since the advent of
Blockchain, researchers are pondering ways to resolve security issues in IoT using Blockchain.
Similarly, Blockchain can also used to store the IoT data to ensure accountability and security. The
use of the immutable distributed ledger for accessing the business data will also ensures trust and
transparency among the IoT business domain. But it has been widely suggested that private
Blockchain with eliminated Proof of Work will be a better choice for ensuring security in IoT.[10,11].
5.5 IoT in Biomedical
Biomedical data encompasses temperature reading of a patient, past blood history, measurement of
blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose and insulin level, laboratory vital signs, electrocardiogram report,
radiologic images and many more[12,13].There has been increasing demand for storing, retrieving
and analyzing the biomedical data in recent years. Internet of Things can be considered as right choice
for collaboration with such medical devices to achieve better medical care, diagnosis, and immediate
treatment.
5.6 IoT in Biotechnology
The term “Biotechnology” encompasses the process of applying some procedures on living organisms
for the improvement of human life like Crop cultivation, Domestic animal breeding and many more.
According to Saha et al, the use of IoT can enhance the data error in logging data thereby reduces the
drug failure rate.[14]
5.7 IoT in Construction
There is some misconception that construction field is technologically deprived. But that’s not always
true. Internet of Things has infiltrated the construction sector and has been growing since. The proper
use of IoT devices can improve the daily operations in construction. IoT wearables can be
used to monitoring the construction worker’s vitals to prevent accidents. The use of IoT will
also help the construction owners in tracking the attendance of the workforce, monitoring the use of
equipments and resources using RFID, NFC tags, QR Code, GPS and many more[15,16]. When
properly used, these IoT devices can also save energy using smart thermostats and power meters.
5.8 IoT in Energy Management
With growing demands and population, energy management has become a sustainable need. It is very
important to monitor, control and save the energy resource in the current era due to resource
depletion. IoT can be used to manage the energy consumption in domestic, commercial and
industrial sectors[17,18].The amount of energy consumed by all the aforementioned should be
continuously monitored for future insights to achieve energy saving.
5.9 IoT in Environmental Monitoring
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 9s, (2020), pp. 591-602
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC 600
The enabling technology of IoT plays a crucial role in environmental monitoring in the recent years.
They can be used for temperature monitoring, forest fire detection, wild life tracking, protecting rare
and extinct wildlife and waste management. They can also be used to check the air and water
pollution, harmful gases emitted by the industries and so on for the futuristic betterment. Smart waste
management with IoT has been receiving abundant responses in the developed countries for the
optimal classification of degradable and non- degradable waste [19].There has been increasing need
for indoor monitoring in some countries like Australia which led to the development of IoT wearables
[20].
5.10 IoT and Geospatial Archives
With improving remote sensing and geospatial archives, the IoT devices can be used for the
betterment of crop yield management by properly analyzing the geospatial data to predict the water
availability and crop growth [21].Furthermore, Geospatial information services can be used to track
the logistics and manage them properly using IoT devices and RFID [22-24].
6. Conclusion
Since the advent, Internet of Things has revolutionized the various fields like medical, military,
agriculture, healthcare and establishment of proper real time environmental monitoring in dense forest
areas and made education possible even in remote areas with the help of enabling technologies like
4G,5G, Mobile cloud, Smartphones and smart sensors. They have improved the quality of daily life
and industrial life for humans and ensured safety for all kind of life forms namely wildlife, domestic
and underwater lifeforms. Despite its advantages, some people are finding it disruptive because of
their inability and lack of knowledge to adopt these technologies for their business and daily life.
There is a popular saying that “There are two sides to every coin”. Research efforts also need to deal
with IoT integration and communication technologies in various domains of IoT. There is a current
lack of consistent approaches to the combined assessment of safety and security risks inherent in
deployment of IoT solutions which needed to be discussed in future. We presented a comprehensive
view of the IoT frameworks with their functionalities and features. Finally, we discussed the impact of
IoT in various fields in the paper and their future growth.
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