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Biomass productivity of Green Manure crop Sesbania cannabina Poir (Dhaincha) in different Planting Density Stress
Abstract
The present world is facing an acute shortage of biomass and developing countries require increase mass of firewood, fodder
and fibres. In view of filling these requirements an increased investigation into fast growing, nitrogen fixing and fibre
obtaining plant species has been required. Thus present study is an attempt to envisage the biomass productivity of Sesbania
cannabina Poir. in different planting densities. Sesbania cannabina Poir. is a multipurpose leguminous crop with many
unexplored economic uses. Environmental factors such as planting density greatly affect the biomass production of a plant
species. Plant products such as leaves, fibres etc. are directly correlated with the biomass production of a plant species.
Therefore it is important to study the effect of planting density on the biomass production of a plant. Planting densities affect
various parameters of plants such as germination percentage, survival percentage, plant height, stem breadth, number of
leaves, leaf length, pod length etc. Therefore present study is an attempt correlates the different planting densities with these
morphological parameters. The present study was conducted at Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, India. The
experiment was based on complete randomized block design with three replicates using five different planting densities viz.
1, 10, 25, 50 and 100. Means study showed that highest biological yield was achieved under plants within lowest density set.
The results of this experiment showed that planting density is an important effective factor on quantity and morphological
characteristics of plants that they can greatly affect yield of Sesbania cannabina Poir.
... evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year 1 . Quite interestingly, the Sesbania species are known for their remarkable tolerance to adverse soil, geographic and climatic conditions like saline and sodic soils, soil with high electrical conductivity 10 mS cm 1 2 , high alkalinity pH 10 3 , drought, waterlogging 4 , high annual temperature [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] and rainfall 570-2210 mm 5 with little or no input. ...
... It is a fast-growing, succulent and easily decomposable green manure crop which on mulching with soil increases the quantity of organic matter and nitrogen in soil 6 . This in turn results in higher yield for wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, sugar cane, etc. 4 . The concurrent growing of Sesbania with rice significantly reduces the count of grass, weeds and sedges in the field resulting in higher yield of rice due to increased nutrient uptake from soil in a competition free environment 7 . ...
Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. (Dhaincha) is a member of family Fabaceae spread over several countries in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Sesbania aculeata, Sesbania drummondii, Sesbania grandiflora, Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania sesban, and Sesbania speciosa are other members of this family. The agricultural, nutritional and pharmaceutical applications of Sesbania species are known to farmers, villagers, and the tribes since ages and are well studied by researchers. However, the significance of Sesbania as an industrial crop has not been recognized till now. The objective of this study was extraction and characterization of Sesbania cannabina seed oil (SCSO) for potential engineering applications. The seed oil was extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet extractor. Yield was only 2.32% w/w due to long storage at high temperature in seed house. Sesbania cannabina seed oil methyl ester (SCSOME) was prepared via esterification and transesterification for analysis of fatty acid composition of extracted oil. SCSO has high iodine value (118 g I2/100 g) and high saponification value (185.79 mg KOH/g) making the oil suitable for use as candle stocks or in soap making. However, these applications were ruled out on account of being insignificant for oil available in limited quantity. The oil has high viscosity index (174.19), high onset (382°C) and offset (450°C) decomposition temperatures, endothermic nature, and shear rate thickening behaviour. These properties make SCSO a good candidate for application as specialty lubricant required under severe operating conditions of high temperature and high shear rate or as insulating and cooling transformer oil.
graphical abstract Fullsize Image
... Biomass yield and yield contributing descriptors also varied due to the genetic makeup of dhaincha accessions (Chanda and Sarwar, 2017a). Srivastava and Kumar (2013) observed that plant population density stress had significantly affected on biological yield of Sesbania species. ...
... Excess plant population induced intra-competition for different natural resources, resulting shorter plant and base diameter, hence, biomass yield might decrease. Srivastava and Kumar (2013) reported that planting densities significantly influenced the yield contributing descriptors, viz. plant height, base diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and biomass yield, of S. cannabina. ...
Three separate field experiments were conducted to exploit biomass yield potential of dhaincha (Sesbania species) by different cultural practices. A total of six accessions from three Sesbania species, viz. S. bispinosa (#05, 71, 77 and 109), S. cannabina (#28) and S. sesban (#81), were used as experimental materials. Experimental treatments were population densities, viz. 180, 240 and 300 plants m-2; sowing dates, viz. 30 April, 15 May, 30 May and 15 June, and fertilizer doses, viz. 0 (without N/control), 10, 20 and 30 kg N ha-1. All the experiments were designed following randomized complete block design with three replications. Experiments on population density and sowing dates were conducted in the control condition (without any fertilizer application). The N-fertilizer was applied as top-dress at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and crops were harvested at 60 DAS. The maximum biomass (10.07 t ha-1) was obtained from 240 plants m-2. At 30 April sowing, plants produced the tallest height (199.69 cm), widest base diameter (1.02 cm), highest fresh weight (62.07 t ha-1) and biomass yield (14.73 t ha-1). There were no significant differences in biomass yield and yield contributing descriptors between 20 and 30 kg N ha-1. Among the species, S. bispinosa was the best performer in terms of biomass yield and yield contributing descriptors. It may be concluded that S. bispinosa (accession #71) could be cultivated with the population density 240 plants m-2, at 30 April, without any fertilizer application. In the case of later sowing, the 20 kg N ha-1 could be applied for the maximization of biomass yield.
... The maximum number of branches per plant were recorded in T 15 (nipping at 30, 40 DAS and foliar spray with cycocel @ 1000 ppm at 50 DAS) at 60 DAS and at harvest. It might be due to better cell division and cell elongation and diverting all the food material leading to higher biomass production resulting in better plant growth and development [18]. The removal of apical dominance might have promoted the development of lateral buds, resulting in more branches per plant [19]. ...
A field experiment entitled “standardization of nipping technique for enhancement of seed yield and quality in sunn hemp” was conducted during Kharif 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Seed Production Block, NSP, Seed Unit, UAS, Raichur. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with fifteen treatments including nipping and foliar spray of cycocel and their combinations in three replications. The results emanated from the experiment recorded maximum plant height (cm), early 50 per cent flowering and maturity in T1 (no nipping). Whereas, nipping at 30 and 40 DAS and foliar spray of cycocel at 50 DAS (T15) recorded maximum number of branches per plant, chlorophyll content (SPAD Values), leaf area (cm2), number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, seed yield (q ha-1), seed germination (%), total seedling length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg) and seedling vigour index I and II. While the nipping at 30 DAS and foliar spray of cycocel @ 1000 ppm at 40 DAS (T12) is a better option in terms of obtaining higher net returns and B:C ratio in sunn hemp. Whereas, maximum cost of cultivation was found in nipping at 30, 40 DAS and 50 DAS (T8).
... and Srivastava and Kumar (2013) found the same result in case of dhaincha.Figure followed by same letter(s) are statistically similar as per DMRT at 5%. ...
International Journal of Business, Social and Scientific Research (ISSN: 2309-7892) is a multidisciplinary open access, double blinded peer reviewed international journal that provides a rapid avenue to publish outstanding applied and basic researches in all the fields of business, social sciences and scientific research. We felt the absence of a comprehensive platform, whereby academics, researchers, scholars, analysts, more so anyone with special attention to find a comprehensive research publication website. The key objective of this journal is to promote interdisciplinary research from various regions of the globe. IJBSSR is a scientific publication of Agrofoundation (a nonprofit NGO) and published based on print and online. Article accepted for publication upon double blind peer review and the final evaluation of the revised (improve) version of the original submission is made available at ijbssr.com as soon as it is published. All materials published in the IJBSSR can be viewed and downloaded for free at the journal's website. Abstract A pot experiment was conducted on the rooftop garden of Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University during August 2015 to October 2015 to evaluate the performance of different Indol Butyric Acid concentrations on rooting of Dragon fruit stem cuttings. IBA concentration viz. T C = Control, T 50 = 50ppm, T 75 = 75ppm, T 100 = 100ppm were used as treatments in this experiment under Completely Randomized Design with 3 replication. Increasing IBA concentration gave better results in all the studied parameters with the highest root number (13.2), root length (12.7cm), root diameter (1.5mm), fresh weight (2.7g) and dry weight (0.8g) found in T 100 and the lowest of all these were found in T C (6.3, 5.7cm, 0.9mm, 0.3g, 0.2g respectively). So, the result suggests that treating Dragon fruit stem cuttings with 100ppm of IBA solution is best for successful establishment.
... There were significant differences observed in plant height among the green manure crops throughout the growth period in two years ( Pramanik et al. (2009) also obtained the similar result, reporting higher plant height in Sesbania among evaluating different green manuring crops and stated that, S. rostrata gave the highest height followed by S. aculeata and C. juncea. Srivastava and Girjesh (2013) stated that the maximum plant height was observed with Sesbania spp. as 111.60 cm at the density level of 50 plants pot -1 at 45 DAS. It was observed that, S. rostrata, S. aculeata and C. juncea dry biomass yield increased rapidly apparently with the age of the plant compared to other green manuring crops. ...
A series of experiments were conducted on the Agronomy farm and laboratory of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to demonstrated a promising way of increasing soil organic matter, total N in pre sown and postharvest land by green manure cultivation and reducing the inorganic fertilizer inputs in rice production and finally observed the quality of grown T. aman seed in laboratory condition. Several green manures were found more potential in two years regarding their plant height, dry biomass production and better performance concerning organic matter, nitrogen and potassium contribution to soil and increased rice yield. Morphological characteristics of eight green manure crops were studied and incorporated at 45DAS for decomposition. One month after decomposition of green manure, rice (BRRI dhan66) plant was transplanted with 100% NPK (F 1) and 50% NPK (F 2) and pre sown rice soil, post-harvest soil nutrient statuses were studied. Result showed that Pre shown rice soil increased 0.5 to 0.6% SOM (2 nd year), 0.04% soil N (both year) and 0.04% soil K (1 st year) which ultimately increase rice yield 62% to 68% (with F1) and 10% to 42% in 1 st and 2 nd year. Post-harvest soil nutrient status shown the positive balance of (0.1% to 1%) organic matter and total N (0.04% to 0.7%) in the 1 st years and 2 nd years and P was found drastically increased in 2 nd year, respectively. Germination%, germination energy%, seedling length, fresh and dry weight of six month stored rice seedling also found highest from S. rostata and S. aculeata under laboratory condition. Incorporation of Sesbania aculeata, S. rostrata, V. unguiculata and Crotalaria juncea as GM with N significantly influenced the grain yield of rice and pre and post-harvest soil.
... All these yield contributing descriptors will enhance total biomass production of a crop in the field. If the germination percentage is lower than its optimum value then total biomass production will be lower (Srivastava and Kumar, 2013). ...
Seedling emergence and germination percentage of seeds play a vital role for optimum plant
population and biomass yield maximization of a crop in the field. An experiment was carried
out at Plant Systematics Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the month of April to May 2016 for the screening
of Sesbania accessions based on seed germination, vigour index and initial biomass yield. The
experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four replications. One
hundred and ten Sesbania accessions were used as experimental materials. Four hundred
healthy seeds, 100 seeds as one replication, of each accession were spread uniformly on
containers for the germination test. Cumulative germination percentage of seeds was counted
daily up to 10 days. After 10 days, 40 seedlings (10 from each replication) were taken from
each accession and measured. Quantitative descriptors viz. emergence (%) and germination (%)
of seeds, vigour index, shoot length, root length, base diameter and biomass yield, varied
significantly. Based on quantitative descriptors, Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)
and Principal Component analyses (PCA) were conducted. In PCA, the first three principal
components explained 82.64% of the total variations. In AHC, three individual clusters were
developed and six accessions always remained in the same cluster. These six accessions could
belong to same species. Based on their seed germination and initial seedling growth, five
accessions performed better and selected for further study. Field trials of these accessions are
needed to recommend one or more accessions as cultivar(s).
A field experiment was conducted at Forest Nursery and research Centre (College of
Forestry) of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Prayagraj during kharif
season 2019 with sixteen treatments replicated thrice in a randomized block design to efficiency of different
Manures on the growth and yield of Rice (Oryza sativa) under open condition along with discussion on the
experiment finding in the light of scientific reasons to understand the cause and effect relationship dully
supported by finding. The data regarding growth, yield attributes, yield, soil physic-chemical parameter
were recorded at suitable crop growth stage, respectively were the manures in the experimental field. Among
the organic manure, green manure, green leaf manure with control treatments, result shows that
significantly. The maximum performance of grain yield observed in T6 (44.41 q ha-1) (50% goat manure +
50% green manure (Crotalaria juncea) followed by T10 (43.55q ha-1) (50% goat manure + 50% green leaf
manure (Pongamia glabra) respectively and minimum grain yield recorded in T0 (37.06 q ha-1) (control). The
maximum performance of straw yield observed in T6 (25.23q ha-1) (50% goat manure + 50% green manure
(Crotalaria juncea) and minimum straw yield recorded in T0 (23.63q ha-1) (control). The maximum
performance of biological yield observed in T6 (69.64 q ha-1) (50% goat manure + 50% green manure
(Crotalaria juncea) and minimum biological yield recorded in T0 (60.70q ha-1) (control). The maximum
performance of harvest index observed in T6 (63.76%) (50% goat manure + 50% green manure Crotalaria
juncea) and minimum harvest index recorded in T0 (61.06%) (control) under open condition.
An experiment was conducted at Sher-e-bangla Agricultural University during May to July, 2016 to examine the morpho-physical potentiality of eight green manure species and these species are viz. Sesbania aculeata, Sesbania rostrata, Crotalaria juncea, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna mungo, Vigna radiata, Leaucena leaucocephal and Mimosa pudica. Leaves number, biomass production and nodulation are an important character of any green manuring crops as these crops are very potential for increasing soil fertility after incorporation. The growth habits of these species were studied from 15 DAS to 45DAS whereas dry matter/plant and nodulation data were taken from 25 DAS to 50DAS. At 45DAS, Sesbania aculeata, Sesbania rostrata and Vigna unguiculata shown 53% to 149% higher plant height compared to Vigna mungo, although C. juncea performed better at 30DAS compared to V. unguiculata . Again, C. juncea along with S. rostrata and S. aculeata gave the highest fresh biomass (24% to 72%), dry biomass (2.6t/ha to 5.25t/ha), dry matter plant-1 (60% to 83%) and nodulation compared to rest green manures at 45DAS whereas V. unguiculata produced higher dry matter plant-1 at 20DAS but later it declined insignificantly at 50DAS.The lowest performance was observed from V. mungo followed by V. radiata and M. pudica. It was shown that S. rostrata, S. aculeata, C. juncea, V. unguiculata and L.leucocephala performed better regarding biomass, dry matter and nodule production.
This article states the importance of white mold disease in bean production worldwide; briefly discusses the etiology and epidemiology of the fungus and the disease; and reviews an integrated control measure that includes a) site selection, b) no-till and rotation, c) seed treatment. d) resistant cultivar, e) plant type, f) row width and plant density, g) chemical control and h) biological control for which various bioagents are summarized and the recent advances in two high profile bioagents Gliocladium virens and Coniothyrium minitans are discussed further.
In the early days of agriculture, man must have learned of the competition among individual plants within a crop or intraspecific competition, even though his knowledge was purely in empirical terms. He must have learned by experience that if the sowing rate were sparse, his harvest would be lean, and conversely that if the seed rate were increased beyond a certain value, the plants would be spindly and poorly grown. The fuller understanding of competition among plants requires a greater knowledge of the response of plants to their environment, especially of the response to the environmental stresses created by neighbors. Plant physiologists have studied the single plant, and agronomists have looked at the whole crop, but the plant within the community has scarcely been investigated. This is a field which promises both scientific depth and great potential reward in terms of crop production.
A single field experiment was established in 2001 at the Safford Agricultural Center to evaluate the effects planting method and seeding rate have on plant population and yield of an Upland cotton cultivar Deltapine DP655BR. Two planting methods; planting into moisture (pre-irrigate) and dry plant/water-up, were main effects with three seeding rates of 10, 20, and 30 lbs./acre as sub-effects. These effects were evaluated with respect to stand establishment and yield. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences with respect to planting method for either plant population or yield, so data was combined across main effects. Significant differences were observed in plant population and yield as a function of seeding rate. A linear increase in yield with plant population was observed. These results are not consistent with previous research performed examining plant population effects on yield. This experiment will be conducted again in 2002 in an effort to validate results observed in 2001.
A single field study was established to evaluate the effects of planting date (PD) on the yield and fiber quality characteristics of several cotton varieties commonly grown in the Upper Gila River Valley of Safford. Eight varieties selected for evaluation in 2003 ranged from medium to medium-full varieties. These varieties included two Delta and Pine varieties (DP555BR and DP655BR), two Fiber Max varieties (FM989BR and FM991BR), two Stoneville varieties (ST5303R and ST5599BR), one CPCSD variety (Riata), and one variety from the Arizona Cotton Growers Association breeding program (AG3601). These eight varieties were planted on three separate planting dates (1 April, 23 April, and 12 May; 341, 525, and 779 heat units accumulated after January 1, respectively) in a split-plot within a randomized complete block design with four replications. Overall analysis of variance revealed significant differences due to main effects (PD; OSL=0.00043), sub effects (variety; OSL=0.0029), and interaction effects (PD*variety; OSL=0.0266). Extremely cool conditions surrounding the first PD resulted in significantly lower yields that the other two planting dates. Yields for PD 1 ranged from 506 lbs. lint/acre to about 850 lbs. lint/acre with DP555BR producing the highest and CPCSD Riata producing the lowest yield. Conditions surrounding the second PD were much improved over PD 1. However, soil temperatures still hovered near to and below the optimum temperature of 65oF. Yields were dramatically higher in PD 2 when compared to PD 1, ranging from a low of 847 lbs. lint/acre (AG3601) to 1139 lbs. lint/acre (FM991BR). PD 3 resulted in the best conditions for seedling emergence and stand establishment and produced the highest yield. Yields ranged from a low of 945 lbs. lint/acre (CPCSD Riata) to 1465 lbs. lint/acre (FM991BR). Fiber quality data demonstrated a couple of interesting trends. Micronaire tended to increase with later plantings for most varieties while fiber length had an inverse relationship with PD. Micronaire levels tended to be high enough to be discounted for every variety in at least one and usually two PDs, except for Riata. Riata had the lowest micronaire, and the longest and strongest fiber grades. These results are consistent with other evaluations of the high fiber quality associated with many of the California Acala varieties. However, relatively lower yields for this variety currently make it an unsuitable variety for this region despite the high fiber quality. Results from this evaluation demonstrate the importance of monitoring soil temperature and keeping a close eye on local weather forecasts when making planting date decisions regardless of the calendar date.
The effect of 15- and 30-cm row spacings and 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 kg ha−1 seeding rates on growth characteristics, as measured by growth analysis, of summer rape (Brassica napus L.) was studied under southern Manitoba growing conditions. Growing degree days (GDD) was used in the growth analysis formulae as a measurement of time. Over all seeding rates, summer rape grown in rows spaced 15 cm apart produced more dry weight (W), a greater leaf area index (LAI) and a greater leaf area duration (LAD) than when grown in rows spaced 30 cm apart. The 15-cm row spacing treatments had a higher crop growth rate (CGR) and a greater net assimilation rate (NAR) than the 30-cm row spacing treatments. Summer rape grown at seeding rates of 6.0 and 12.0 kg ha−1 had a greater W, LAI and LAD during vegetative development than summer rape grown at seeding rates of 1.5 and 3.0 kg ha−1. This was primarily due to increased plant density. After flowering there were no differences for W, LAI and LAD attributable to differences i...
The effects of seeding date and seeding rate on the agronomic characteristics of five genotypes of Brassica napus L. were studied for 2 yr at two locations in western Canada. Delayed seeding resulted in a significant increase in vegetative and total yield but a significant decrease in seed yield, harvest index, plant density, racemes per plant and racemes per unit area. Seeding date had no significant effect on seed yield per plant, 1000-seed weight and plant height. Increased seeding rate resulted in a significant increase in plant density, and racemes per unit area, but a significant decrease in harvest index, racemes per plant, seed yield per plant and plant height. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed, vegetative or total yield and 1000-seed weight. There were significant differences due to genotypes for all variables except for total yield and racemes per unit area.
Poor seed germination and early seedling damage often reduce plant populations in the north-eastern cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing region of the USA. A field study was conducted at Clayton, NC, on a Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudult) to investigate responses of cotton reproductive development to reduced plant population. All flowers on plants grown at 2 and 12 plants m-2 were tagged so that associations among boll and lint quantity and quality, flowering date, and fruiting position could be determined. On plants grown at 2 plants m-2, 33 and 65% of their fiber came from flowers initiated before 88 days after planting (DAP) in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Plants grown at 12 plants m-2 produced 63 and 88% of their fiber from flowers initiated before 88 DAP in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Plant population did not affect total lint yield, however. Because of favorable late-season weather, plants grown at 2 plants m-2 produced more bolls on vegetative branches and at more distal sympodial positions than did plants grown at 12 plants m-2. Boll weight and micronaire were generally higher for earlier bolls at all positions for the lower population density. Later bolls exhibited poorer boll and fiber properties, indicating negative effects of reduced heat unit accumulation by later bolls. Our findings indicate that replanting, which might delay stand establishment by 3 to 4 wk, would be of little help toward improving fiber yield because it would rely more heavily on later produced bolls.
Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes exhibit variation in leaf types and leaf area index (LAI). The objective of this research was to characterize canopy development and yield of two cotton leaf types grown in varying plant population densities. Field experiments were conducted in 1991, 1992, and 1993 with both the okra‐leaf (low LAI) and normal‐leaf (high LAI) isolines of ‘DES 24‐8ne’ cotton with selected plant population densities (5, 10, and 15 plants m ⁻² ). Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) interception (1991–1992) LAI (1991–1993) were determined periodically and final lint yield was determined at maturity. Averaged across years, yields of okra‐leaf in narrow rows were 6 to 7% greater at 10 and 15 plants m ⁻² than at 5 plants m ⁻² . In 1991 and 1992, early‐season PPFD interception of okra‐leaf at 10 and 15 plants m ⁻² was greater than at 5 plants m ⁻² . In 1992 and 1993, okra‐leaf at 10 and 15 plants m ⁻² attained an LAI of 4.0 to 4.5 whereas the 5 plants m ⁻² density failed to reach 4.0. Therefore, both PPFD interception and LAI limited yield of okra‐leaf at 5 plants m ⁻² . In contrast to okra‐leaf, lint yields of normal‐leaf were 4 to 8% greater at 5 plants m ⁻² than at 10 and 15 plants m ⁻² . In 1991 and 1992, the lower yields of normal‐leaf at 10 and 15 plants m ⁻² were apparently associated with late‐season LAI values of 5.0 or greater, whereas the 5 plants m ⁻² density developed late‐season LAI values ranging from 4.0 to 4.8. These findings indicate that (i) optimal plant density was higher for okra‐leaf than for normal‐leaf and (ii) a maximum LAI between 4.0 and 5.0 was required to maximize cotton lint yields in this environment.
tion, resulting in greater fruit production per plant. Boll size was inversely related to population density. Mean net assimilation rate is relatively stable across a wide range of population from first flower to peak bloom also was related inversely to popula- densities. None of the published literature, however, tion density. The mainstem node of peak boll set increased with attempts to determine which components of final lint population density. Fruit production on a ground area basis was yield impart this yield stability across population densi- greater in the first sympodial position as population density increased, ties. Therefore, the objectives of this investigation were while fruit production on a ground area basis in third positions and to determine (i) how yield stability across population monopodial branches was greater as population density decreased. densities is achieved and (ii) how plant population influ- Accumulative seedcotton from sympodial branches also increased ences yield distribution in cotton under growing condi- with population density. Total fruit number and seedcotton yield per tions with high yield potential. area were not influenced by population density in these studies. Yield stability across population densities was achieved through manipula- tion of boll occurrence and weight.