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A Study on Factors Affecting Cold Supply Chain Performance in India

December 2023

December 2023

DOI:10.4018/979-8-3693-0159-3.ch012

In book: Information Logistics for Organizational Empowerment and Effective Supply Chain Management (pp.224-240)

Authors:

Nilanjan Ray

JIS UNIVERSITY

Niyasha Patra

Brainware University

The cold chain is an essential part of the supply chain process for perishable products. Recent studies have shown a decisive lack of efficient operational arrangements for cold chain services in developing economies like India. The key integral factors of cold chain industries have been identified on the basis of an extensive literature review as well as analyzing the influencing factors through the KMO Test for identification of the factors of cold chain performance. The end result will establish a relationship between high driving powers with low dependences and high strategic dependencies with low significance. It will also identify the major inhibitors, their role in the operation, and their effect on a cold chain in India.

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Information Logistics

for Organizational

Empowerment and

Effective Supply Chain

Management

Hamed Nozari

Department of Management, Azad University of the Emirates,

Dubai, UAE

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Title: Information logistics for organizational empowerment and effective

supply chain management / edited by Hamed Nozari.

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bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book examines the

dimensions, components, and key indicators of logistics and smart supply

chains. Our goal in this book is to empower supply chains by identifying

the procedures and tools that can help make logistics smarter in today’s

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Leveraging ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence for Effective Customer Engagement

Rohit Bansal (Department of Management Studies, Vaish College of Engineering, Rohtak,

India) Abdul Hafaz Ngah (Faculty of Business Economics and Social Development Universiti

Malaysia Terenganu, Malaysia) Aziza Chakir (FSJES AC, Hassan II University, Casablanca,

Morocco) and Nishita Pruthi (Maharshi Dayanand Universit, India)

Human-Centered Approaches in Industry 5.0 Human-Machine Interaction, Virtual Reality

Training, and Customer Sentiment Analysis

Ahdi Hassan (Global Institute for Research Education and Scholarship, Amsterdam, The

Netherlands) Pushan Kumar Dutta (Amity University Kolkata, India) Subir Gupta (Swami

Vivekanand University, India) Ebrahim Mattar (College of Engineering, University of

Bahrain, Bahrain) and Satya Singh (Sharda University, Uzbekistan)

Intersecting Environmental Social Governance and AI for Business Sustainability

Cristina Raluca Gh. Popescu (University of Bucharest, Romania & The Bucharest University

of Economic Studies, Romania & The National Institute for Research and Development in

Environmental Protection, Romania & INCDPM, Bucharest, Romania & National Research

and Development Institute for Gas Turbines (COMOTI), Bucharest, Romania) and Poshan

Yu (Soochow University, China & Australian Studies Centre, Shanghai University, China)

Leveraging AI and Emotional Intelligence in Contemporary Business Organizations

Dipanker Sharma (Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India) Bhawana Bhardwaj

(Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India) and Mohinder Chand Dhiman (Central

University of Himachal Pradesh, India)

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Titles in this Series

For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit:

http://www.igi-global.com/book-series/advances-business-information-systems-analytics/37155

Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................. xv

Chapter 1

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes ....................1

Hamed Nozari, Azad University of the Emirates, Dubai, UAE

Chapter 2

IoE-Based Supply Chain Management ................................................................14

Maryam Rahmaty, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Iran

Chapter 3

Examining Dimensions, Components, and Key Performance Indicators of

Information Logistics in Industry 4.0 ..................................................................27

Mahmonir Bayanati, Islamic Azad University, Tehran West, Iran

Chapter 4

Supply Chain Information System for Sustainability and Interoperability of

Business Service ..................................................................................................40

Kamalendu Pal, University of London, UK

Chapter 5

Supply Chain Information System for Sustainability and Interoperability of

Business Service ..................................................................................................73

Kamalendu Pal, University of London, UK



Chapter 6

Opportunities and Challenges of Smart Supply Chain in Industry 5.0 ..............108

Aminmasoud Bakhshi Movahed, Iran University of Science and

Technology, Tehran, Iran

Ali Bakhshi Movahed, Iran University of Science and Technology,

Tehran, Iran

Hamed Nozari, Azad University of the Emirates, Dubai, UAE

Chapter 7

Employing AI in the Sustainability of Smart Commerce and Supply Chain ....139

Esmael Najaﬁ, Islamic Azad University of Science and Research,

Tehran, Iran

Iman Atighi, Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad

University, Kish, Iran

Chapter 8

A Conceptual Framework for Blockchain-Based, Intelligent, and Agile

Supply Chain ......................................................................................................150

Masoud Vaseei, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran

Chapter 9

Evaluation of Logistics 5.0 vs. Logistics 4.0 .....................................................163

Esra Boz, KTO Karatay University, Turkey

Anderson Rogério Faia Pinto, University of Araraquara, Brazil

Chapter 10

Leveraging Digital Data for Optimizing Supply Chain Performance ................185

Mohamed Salim Amri Sakhri, VPNC Laboratory, Faculty of Law,

Economics, and Management Sciences of Jendouba, Tunisia

Chapter 11

Resist With Traditional or Promoting Green: How Innovation Stimulates

Firms’ Supply Chain Management Performance ...............................................201

Shahid Khalil, Malaysia University of Science and Technology,

Malaysia

Seyed Mohammadreza Ghadiri, Malaysia University of Science and

Technology, Malyasia



Chapter 12

A Study on Factors Aﬀecting Cold Supply Chain Performance in India ..........224

Azfar Imam, Zinka Logistics Solutions Pvt. Ltd., India

Nilanjan Ray, Institute of Leadership Entrepreneurship and

Development, India

Niyasha Patra, Institute of Leadership Entrepreneurship and

Development, India

Compilation of References .............................................................................. 241

About the Contributors ................................................................................... 272

Index .................................................................................................................. 274

Detailed Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................. xv

Chapter 1

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes ....................1

Hamed Nozari, Azad University of the Emirates, Dubai, UAE

Today’s world is full of technology. Humans and therefore businesses without the

presence of technology are doomed to fail. In order to analyze people and organizations,

it is no longer possible to rely only on the information that ﬂows through language.

In today’s world, decision-making should be based on behavior and performance

data. So, technologies will consider all aspects of life and the behavior of people,

organizations, and all related processes and will monitor them step by step so that

the results are as accurate as possible. In recent years, the concepts of Industry 4.0,

which included the emergence of transformative technologies, and Industry 5.0,

which emphasized sustainability, resilience, and human-centeredness, have grown.

But the next generation of industry, the 6.0 industrial generation, is also on the way.

It means the mixing of all processes, people, and things in technology and decision-

making based on intelligent mode. Therefore, in this research, a concept called

Supply Chain 6.0 has been described including its dimensions and components.

Chapter 2

IoE-Based Supply Chain Management ................................................................14

Maryam Rahmaty, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, Iran

In today’s world, technology is changing and developing every moment, and the

concept of the internet of everything (IoE) is actually something much broader

and beyond the internet of things. In addition to communication between objects

or devices, it includes communication between (people and machines) and (people

with people) through technological tools. In fact, the internet of things is part of

the internet of everything. IoE-based solutions can signiﬁcantly help to optimize

supply chain management and logistics processes and have more transparency in

this ﬁeld. On the other hand, the cooperation of IoE and the supply chain can also



help to reduce the costs of logistics. The role of IoE in supply chain management

is a strategic one because, in addition to optimizing processes, it can also bring

beneﬁts such as increasing service speed, increasing accuracy in services, etc. For

these reasons, in this chapter, the basic features and advantages of smart supply

chains based on IoE are examined and evaluated, and an analytical framework is

also provided for it.

Chapter 3

Examining Dimensions, Components, and Key Performance Indicators of

Information Logistics in Industry 4.0 ..................................................................27

Mahmonir Bayanati, Islamic Azad University, Tehran West, Iran

The emerging technologies that drive the fourth industrial revolution rely on the

knowledge and systems of previous industrial revolutions. The goal of the fourth

industrial revolution is to develop more agile, responsive, and customer-oriented

manufacturing industries. In this era, technologies with their potential to revolutionize

the production of goods and services intend to revolutionize the global economy as

well. The technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, beyond the eﬀects they

probably have on economic inequality, can have signiﬁcant negative side eﬀects

on various ﬁelds. As business becomes more competitive and complicated at the

international level, the need for managers to pay attention to technology-based

strategies in the new era is a competitive advantage for companies. For this reason,

an eﬀort has been made in this chapter to identify and evaluate the most important

dimensions, components, and key performance indicators in the ﬁeld of information

logistics and intelligent supply chain by emphasizing the literature on the subject.

Chapter 4

Supply Chain Information System for Sustainability and Interoperability of

Business Service ..................................................................................................40

Kamalendu Pal, University of London, UK

With the realization of environmental and social sustainability in developing and

using apparel products and services, stakeholders – particularly consumers- are

more concerned regarding these issues in business operations. In order to address

new developments and changing trends, apparel businesses are compelled to

identify and implement innovative and sustainable solutions for regular activities.

This chapter assesses how the textile and apparel supply chains can comply with

the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. In particular, verifying the

source of raw materials and maintaining visibility of merchandise products and

related services while moving through the value-chain networks is challenging and

maintains interoperable business sustainability. Information systems play a vital role

in maintaining operational sustainability. This chapter presents a blockchain-based

Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure powered by service-oriented computing



architecture as a solution for information processing for maintaining sustainable

supply chain operations.

Chapter 5

Supply Chain Information System for Sustainability and Interoperability of

Business Service ..................................................................................................73

Kamalendu Pal, University of London, UK

Recent Semantic Web Technology developments indicate possible advancements in

supply chain management. In particular, the innovative business process automation

based on SWT attracted much interest from the logistics, manufacturing, packing,

and transportation industries. This technology combines a set of new mechanisms

with grounded knowledge representation techniques to address the needs of formal

information modelling and reasoning for web-based services. This chapter provides

a high-level summary of SWT to help better understand this technology’s impact on

broader enterprise information architectures. In many cases, it also reuses familiar

concepts with a new twist. For example, “ontologies” for “data dictionaries” and

“semantic model” for “data model.” This chapter presents the usefulness of a proposed

architecture by applying theory to integrating data from multiple heterogeneous

sources, which entails dealing with semantic mapping between source schema and

Resource Description Framework (RDF) ontology, which are described declaratively

using a speciﬁc query language (i.e., SPARQL) queries. Finally, the semantics of

query rewriting are further discussed, and a query rewriting algorithm is presented.

Chapter 6

Opportunities and Challenges of Smart Supply Chain in Industry 5.0 ..............108

Aminmasoud Bakhshi Movahed, Iran University of Science and

Technology, Tehran, Iran

Ali Bakhshi Movahed, Iran University of Science and Technology,

Tehran, Iran

Hamed Nozari, Azad University of the Emirates, Dubai, UAE

The smart supply chain (SSC) attempts to improve the general concept of the

supply chain. The existential philosophy of Industry 5.0 is to develop the previous

generation of the industry. Smart supply chain in the Industry 5.0 can be introduced

as the Supply Chain 5.0 which includes three essential features. This study aims to

review the smart supply chain. For this objective, smart supply chain opportunities

(SSCO) and smart supply chain challenges (SSCC) are analyzed based on Industry

5.0. This study explains the industrial revolutions from the ﬁrst one to the ﬁfth one. In

this chapter, SSC and Industry 5.0 are identiﬁed and deﬁned brieﬂy. Thus, SSC and

Industry 5.0 are connected meticulously. For precise investigation, the opportunities

and challenges of SSC are explained. As a result, the conceptual framework has been

achieved. Using the Delphi method to reach a consensus of a group of experts to



validate the extracted indicators is necessary for this chapter. Finally, the conceptual

framework demonstrates a smart supply chain based on Industry 5.0.

Chapter 7

Employing AI in the Sustainability of Smart Commerce and Supply Chain ....139

Esmael Najaﬁ, Islamic Azad University of Science and Research,

Tehran, Iran

Iman Atighi, Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad

University, Kish, Iran

Artiﬁcial intelligence and machine learning are overcoming more businesses and

distinctive angles of our lives daily. Of course, the coordination industry isn’t absolved

from this. Manufactured insights and machine learning within the coordination

industry can play a vast and successful part in the ﬁeld of the supply chain. By

utilizing this innovation, forms can be optimized, botches made by people can be

maintained a strategic distance from, and future openings and challenges can be

anticipated. In this manner, business productivity and success will be given. In this

chapter, subtle elements are mentioned about the beneﬁts of utilizing and executing

manufactured intelligence technology within the supply chain, and by perusing these

things, you may get the signiﬁcance of how counterfeit intelligence and machine

learning calculations can oﬀer assistance in creating your commerce.

Chapter 8

A Conceptual Framework for Blockchain-Based, Intelligent, and Agile

Supply Chain ......................................................................................................150

Masoud Vaseei, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran

Traditional supply chain administration regularly depends on centralized frameworks,

manual forms, and data silos. This could lead to wastefulness, lack of transparency,

and expanded risk of extortion and falsiﬁcation. As businesses proceed to expand

globally and customer requests increments, there is a developing requirement for

more prominent straightforwardness, eﬀectiveness, and security in supply chain

administration. Using blockchain technology, businesses can see the movement of

goods throughout the supply chain in real-time. It enables data sharing among all

parties involved, provides a source of truth, and fosters trust among stakeholders.

Blockchain technology can oﬀer assistance in computerizing and streamlining supply

chain forms, counting acquirement, inventory administration, and procurement. This

may lead to taking a toll on investment funds and expanded operational proﬁciency.

In this chapter, a conceptual system for intelligent supply chains based on blockchain

is given. It shows the causal connections of the compelling components in these

smart supply chains.



Chapter 9

Evaluation of Logistics 5.0 vs. Logistics 4.0 .....................................................163

Esra Boz, KTO Karatay University, Turkey

Anderson Rogério Faia Pinto, University of Araraquara, Brazil

The logistics industry faces an adaptation process and is impacted by advances in

technology, just like other industries. For this adaptation process to be accomplished

correctly, the state of technology in today’s age must be accurately understood and

applied. Essentially, the concept of Logistics 5.0 refers to the methods in which

logistics is used in Industry 5.0. The notion needs to be taken seriously by both the

government (to oﬀer incentives and opportunities for businesses to compete in this

area) and the private sector (to investigate current developments and ensure their

implementation in order to stay ahead of its competitors). The purpose of this research

is to introduce the concept of Logistics 5.0 and explain how it works, as well as to

inform the general public, executives in businesses, and academics on the subject.

The study compared Logistics 5.0 to Logistics 4.0 and explains the changes it made.

Chapter 10

Leveraging Digital Data for Optimizing Supply Chain Performance ................185

Mohamed Salim Amri Sakhri, VPNC Laboratory, Faculty of Law,

Economics, and Management Sciences of Jendouba, Tunisia

The integration of advanced technologies into the various components of the supply

chain is what makes up a digital supply chain. By harnessing the power of digital,

companies gain valuable insights into the roles and relationships of each participant,

leading to an evolution of the entire network. Today, digital is an integral part of

modern supply networks and industries. In this chapter, the authors dive into the

world of digital supply chains and explore how advanced technologies are shaping the

logistics industry. They examine the evolution of supply chain digitalisation and its

importance to modern businesses. They also look at the role of data analytics and its

impact on improving supply chain performance. Finally, they present the application

of a selected data analysis method to the database of the logistics department of an

international industrial company to better understand its current state.



Chapter 11

Resist With Traditional or Promoting Green: How Innovation Stimulates

Firms’ Supply Chain Management Performance ...............................................201

Shahid Khalil, Malaysia University of Science and Technology,

Malaysia

Seyed Mohammadreza Ghadiri, Malaysia University of Science and

Technology, Malyasia

Environmental issues emerge along with the development of ﬁrm performance, and

it is a challenge to the business world. The aim of this study is to investigate the

impact of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices on ﬁrm performance.

In addition, this study also examined the role of green innovation in between

GSCM and ﬁrm performance. The data is collected from 369 participants across

123 multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in Pakistan through purposive

sampling technique. SmartPLS is employed to analyze the data. The results reveal that

GSCM has positive and signiﬁcant impact on green innovation and ﬁrm performance.

Moreover, green innovation mediates the relationship between GSCM and ﬁrm

performance. Researchers, practitioners, and industry leaders, while designing their

environmental policies to experience the comparative beneﬁts for both business and

society, can use this inﬂuence of environmentally friendly practices.

Chapter 12

A Study on Factors Aﬀecting Cold Supply Chain Performance in India ..........224

Azfar Imam, Zinka Logistics Solutions Pvt. Ltd., India

Nilanjan Ray, Institute of Leadership Entrepreneurship and

Development, India

Niyasha Patra, Institute of Leadership Entrepreneurship and

Development, India

The cold chain is an essential part of the supply chain process for perishable products.

Recent studies have shown a decisive lack of eﬃcient operational arrangements for

cold chain services in developing economies like India. The key integral factors

of cold chain industries have been identiﬁed on the basis of an extensive literature

review as well as analyzing the inﬂuencing factors through the KMO Test for

identiﬁcation of the factors of cold chain performance. The end result will establish

a relationship between high driving powers with low dependences and high strategic

dependencies with low signiﬁcance. It will also identify the major inhibitors, their

role in the operation, and their eﬀect on a cold chain in India.



Compilation of References .............................................................................. 241

About the Contributors ................................................................................... 272

Index .................................................................................................................. 274

Preface

Logistics means the movement of goods from one point to another, which includes

two processes of transportation and warehousing. Therefore, logistics is one of the

main parts of supply chains and it can be defined as the process of planning and

efficient implementation of transportation and storage of goods, from the point of

production to consumption. The goal of logistics is to meet customer needs at the

right time and in a cost-effective manner. Today, logistics has played a vital role in the

movement of equipment and goods and currently plays a key role in the movement

of commercial goods in the supply chain.

Considering that today’s world is a world of information and a large amount of

data is created in all the processes of the supply chain and the tools of transformative

technologies are involved in these processes, therefore the concept of logistics and

supply chain is also mixed with information and the concept of logistics and chain

Information supply has been formed. There is a constant need for information,

especially in warehouse management, which directly affects the efficiency of the

entire system. The better processes are linked and the workflow optimized, the less

effort and potential sources of error. But by no means does every organizational

unit, regardless of its approach, focus holistically on information flow management.

But when two companies work closely together and exchange information regularly,

the value of each One of the information is not the same for each actor, so the

transmission of unnecessary data should always be avoided. The presence of data and

information based on transformative technologies such as the Internet of Things and

artificial intelligence in supply chain processes can always bring many advantages

and challenges. For this reason, in today’s era, it is necessary to pay attention to this

concept and related technologies affecting the supply chain.

The chapters provide insights into the transformative journey from Industry

4.0 to Industry 5.0 and now towards the imminent Industry 6.0, encapsulating the

integration of technology, human-centeredness, and sustainability.

Chapter 1 sets the stage by emphasizing the critical role of technology in today’s

competitive landscape. It explores the evolution from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 and

introduces the concept of Supply Chains 6.0, aiming to define its dimensions and

Preface

components. The focus is on the amalgamation of processes, people, and technology,

paving the way for intelligent decision-making.

In Chapter 2, the broader concept of the Internet of Everything (IoE) takes

center stage. It explores how IoE, surpassing the Internet of Things, facilitates

communication not only between objects but also between people and machines.

The chapter provides an analytical framework for the advantages and features of

smart supply chains based on IoE, underscoring its strategic role in optimizing

supply chain management and enhancing transparency.

Focusing on the fourth industrial revolution, Chapter 3 elucidates how emerging

technologies drive agility, responsiveness, and customer-oriented manufacturing. It

delves into the potential negative side effects of these technologies and emphasizes

the need for technology-based strategies in information logistics and intelligent

supply chain management.

Chapter 4 examines the essential role of sustainability and green supply chain

management in the textile and apparel industry. It explores how IoT applications

can enhance visibility, but also addresses the challenges, presenting blockchain

technology as a solution to ensure information processing while maintaining data

security.

Chapter 5 introduces Semantic Web Technology (SWT) and its impact on enterprise

information architectures. It explores how SWT combines new mechanisms with

grounded knowledge representation techniques, emphasizing its utility in integrating

data from multiple sources. The chapter concludes with a discussion on query

rewriting and a proposed architecture.

Focusing on Industry 5.0, Chapter 6 explores the concept of the smart supply chain

(SSC). It identifies opportunities and challenges based on Industry 5.0, connecting

the industrial revolutions and providing a conceptual framework for a smart supply

chain. The chapter emphasizes the use of the Delphi method for expert validation.

Chapter 7 delves into the integration of artificial intelligence and machine

learning in supply chain coordination. It highlights the transformative role of these

technologies in optimizing processes, avoiding human errors, and predicting future

opportunities and challenges, ultimately enhancing business efficiency and success.

Focusing on the limitations of traditional supply chain management, Chapter 8

introduces blockchain technology as a solution. It explores how blockchain enables

real-time tracking, data sharing, and trust among stakeholders. The chapter provides a

conceptual framework for intelligent supply chains based on blockchain, emphasizing

its causal connections.

Chapter 9 sheds light on the logistics industry’s adaptation process and the concept

of Logistics 5.0. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and applying current

technological advancements for both the government and the private sector to stay

xvi

Preface

competitive. The research compares Logistics 5.0 with Logistics 4.0, explaining

the changes it brings.

Chapter 10 explores the integration of advanced technologies into supply chains,

forming digital supply chains. It delves into the role of digitalization in modern

supply networks, emphasizing data analytics and its impact on improving supply

chain performance. The chapter also presents a practical application of data analysis

in an international industrial company’s logistics department.

Examining the intersection of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices

and firm performance, Chapter 11 presents data collected from multinational

corporations operating in Pakistan. The study highlights the positive impact of

GSCM on green innovation and firm performance, emphasizing the mediating role

of green innovation.

Focusing on the critical role of the cold chain in the supply chain process,

Chapter 12 addresses the lack of efficient operational arrangements in developing

economies like India. Through extensive literature review and the KMO Test, the

chapter identifies key factors influencing cold chain performance, establishing

relationships between driving forces, dependencies, and inhibitors.

This book has tried to strictly examine the transformational technologies, and

their impact on the supply chain and information logistics space, and to determine

the role of these data collection and analysis tools in the operational efficiency of

supply chains. Understanding causal relationships and the effects of active players

in tires full of information and smart supply chains can always help the effective

implementation of these smart systems in the new era.

Hamed Nozari

Azad University of the Emirates, UAE

xvii

Chapter 1

DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-0159-3.ch001

ABSTRACT

Today’s world is full of technology. Humans and therefore businesses without the

presence of technology are doomed to fail. In order to analyze people and organizations,

it is no longer possible to rely only on the information that ﬂows through language.

In today’s world, decision-making should be based on behavior and performance

data. So, technologies will consider all aspects of life and the behavior of people,

organizations, and all related processes and will monitor them step by step so that

the results are as accurate as possible. In recent years, the concepts of Industry

4.0, which included the emergence of transformative technologies, and Industry

5.0, which emphasized sustainability, resilience, and human-centeredness, have

grown. But the next generation of industry, the 6.0 industrial generation, is also on

the way. It means the mixing of all processes, people, and things in technology and

decision-making based on intelligent mode. Therefore, in this research, a concept

called Supply Chain 6.0 has been described including its dimensions and components.

INTRODUCTION

Rapid changes and advances in information technology have made supply chain

management undergo fundamental changes. New technologies and their applications

Supply Chain 6.0 and

Moving Towards Hyper-

Intelligent Processes

Hamed Nozari

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-6708

Azad University of the Emirates, Dubai, UAE

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

in various industries and services have given various capabilities to companies.

Establishing various and many communications, the combination of capabilities

and competencies are of this category. In today’s world, endeavors to computerize

and intelligentize forms have a special place, so all businesses are included in this

issue. One of these areas is supply chain management frameworks that form the

most techniques in all types of businesses (Fallah and Nozari, 2021).

Supply chains are the beating heart of businesses today because they include

all operational processes, from supply and communication with suppliers to sales

and distribution. Therefore, the correct understanding and proper planning of the

processes in this chain are very important. Accuracy in calculations and schedules,

waste management, and financial flow in these chains make businesses win against

competitors (Nahr et al., 2021).

Therefore, it can be concluded that any tool that can help in the facilitation

and accuracy of these processes, if it does not disturb the optimization of other

processes, can be used in this chain. The transformative technologies in the serious

era are these tools. As we know, data has always existed in all business processes.

However, due to the lack of suitable tools, the possibility of obtaining a lot of data,

or the possibility of analyzing the obtained data, these two problems have been

solved with transformative technologies. In addition to the possibility of refining

and storing large amounts of data that exist in all processes, it is also possible to

extract semi-structured and unstructured data in the new era. Communication and

interactive systems have multiplied the amount of production data in all supply

chain processes.

For this reason, big data analysis and data science technology have been growing

rapidly in recent years. The Internet of Things connects all devices in the supply

chain to the Internet, and artificial intelligence provides analytical capabilities to the

supply chain. The combination of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things is

an advanced technology that integrates the capabilities of artificial intelligence and

the Internet of Things. This technology is called artificial intelligence of things and

gives high analytical power to decision-making processes. Blockchain technology

ensures transparency and honesty in the data and improves the financial processes of

the supply chain. Online platforms and social networks enable an interactive space

between people and processes throughout the chain and a large volume of structured

data. They produce structured and unstructured. Most of these technologies together

created supply chain 4.0 in the context of industry 5.0. The alignment of all these

technologies together with an emphasis on creating sustainable and resilient supply

chains that are also human-centered, made Supply Chains 5.0. But the 6.0 generation

of industry is beyond all these things. In addition to covering all items in Industry

5.0 and Industry 4.0, it manages all processes, objects, and people in such a way

as to be agile, stable, and resilient, which, like natural intelligence, minimizes the

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

amount of error in Have these chains. In other words, it means the presence of natural

intelligence in stable, resilient, and agile supply chain processes and integrated with

all technological capabilities such as speed, accuracy, transparency, security, etc.

They affect the improvement and optimization of processes.

Considering the ever-increasing growth of intelligence in all businesses, this

research has tried to present a conceptual framework for this system by introducing

the 6.0 supply chain based on the 6.0 industry. For this purpose, all elements of

supply chains are analyzed separately, and the cause-and-effect relationships of the

elements of this super-intelligent system are explained. A correct understanding

of this system can facilitate the implementation of these systems in innovative

organizations.

INDUSTRY 6.0

Industry 6.0 will be the convergence of many researchers’ ideas in the technology age.

Industry 6.0 is beyond the idea of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. In Industry 6.0, all

operations are controlled by the human mind. This idea combines human intelligence,

artificial intelligence, cloud computing energy, and human and robot big data. And

quantum computing, in which satellite and industrial robots (artificial intelligence)

are activated. This industry centers on giving virtualized anti-fragile generation

and anti-fragile administrations centered on customer-centric, customer-centric

ethos, profoundly associated businesses with dynamic supply chains, automated

adaptability, and internal value networks where appropriate, intelligent inside or

exterior the organization of different sorts. There’s a center. This industrial revolution

leverages quantum computing to illuminate the massive and complex calculations

of current artificial intelligence models and machine learning strategies, opening

the entryways to unused programming and artificial intelligence calculations and

making human work more open and common (Chourasia et al., 2022). Figure 1

shows the boundaries of Industry 4.0 to Industry 6.0.

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

In Industry 6.0, the past industrial revolutions mature, and natural intelligence

enters the analytical space of technologies. The speed of advanced calculations

increases dramatically, the accuracy of calculations increases, and the number of

errors becomes minimal. In such circumstances, the importance of security and

privacy Private will also increase, and moral security issues will be more attention

than in the past.

Figure 1. The most important features of Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, and Industry 6.0

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OF EVERYTHING (AIOE)

The Internet of Things, or IoT for short, refers to the billions of physical devices

worldwide connected to the Internet and collect information and share it with the

user and other connected devices. This technology has become an epidemic in recent

years and has spread in all life and business processes. Smart and connected devices

have become a part of the daily life of all people, and this shows how practical this

concept has been (Nozari et al., 2021).

With the help of tools such as sensors, smartphones, tablets, RFIDs, and other

connected devices, the Internet of Things is one of the most important sources of

big data production. Data that may have always existed but it was impossible to

access. Also, with the presence of tools such as social networks and all kinds of smart

communication devices, data is obtained that did not exist in the past. Therefore,

the Internet of Things is a tool for extracting and refining large and useful data. The

Internet of Things has a four-layer architecture. The layers of extraction, refinement,

analysis, and decision-making form the main layers of the Internet of Things (Nozari

et al., 2022, Nozari and Ghahremani-Nahr and Najafi, 2023)).

With the spread of the Internet of Things technology, this technology took on

new dimensions. In the Internet of Things, only the connection of things through

the Internet was thought of, and little by little, people and all the relationships

between things and humans were included in this framework, and the concept of a

new thing was formed as the Internet of Everything. The architecture of the Internet

of Everything is shown in Figure 2. As can be seen, this concept connects people

and processes to the Internet in addition to things.

Figure 2. IoE architecture

Source: Sadhu et al. (2022)

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

Including IoE innovation in the process can moreover lead to the establishment

of smart network technology. Smart network technology permits users to integrate

communication systems, control and electrical flow, degree utilization, screen the

well-being of their systems, and computerize their control systems among other

things. Smart grids permit users to create better business decisions and to form

estimates for the end of the.

After the development of IoE, the combination of Internet of Things technology

with other technologies was also formed, and other ultra-advanced technologies were

also created. The combination of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things

(IoT) has the potential to alter the way industries, businesses, and economies work.

The overlap of these two technologies together creates Artificial Intelligence of

Things or AIoT technology, which is a powerful and analytical technology. Utilizing

artificial intelligence, IoT can create smart innovations that mirror brilliant behavior

and make decisions with negligible or no human intercession. Whereas the Web of

Things is approximately gadgets that interface with each other over the Internet, AI

centers on devices that learn from their data and encounters.

Given that IoT gadgets are used to gather and utilize data, machine learning,

and artificial intelligence permit us to understand and progress the information

collected from physical gadgets. Expert systems are utilized in IoT to include more

esteem to IoT by better understanding data from associated gadgets. As a group of

associated gadgets collect and total crude information, computer program programs

with machine insights capabilities analyze the information. After an exhaustive audit,

the ultimate result contains valuable data (Nozari et al., 2023).

AIoT crunches ceaseless data streams and finds designs that conventional

estimations cannot recognize and find. In addition, machine learning combined

with manufactured insights can foresee operational conditions and recognize

parameters that have to be changed to attain the desired results. As a result, IoT can

reveal which data and processes are repetitive and time-consuming and recognize

fine-tuned assignments to extend productivity. The architecture of this technology

is shown in Figure 3.

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

As shown in Figure 3, AIoT adds analytical power to the big data from the Internet

of Things. A more complete and advanced version of artificial intelligence of things

can be called artificial intelligence of everything or AIoE.

AIoE means connecting everything to the intelligent internet. All objects, all

people, and all relationships and processes are connected in this technology and

artificial intelligence refines and analyzes all data with the help of analytical tools

such as machine learning and deep learning and prepares it for decision-making.

This technology creates an integrated and comprehensive data collection and analysis

system throughout the processes of today’s life. Undoubtedly, the power of the

ultra-advanced analyzer can bring agility, stability, and deep resilience. Of course,

it should be noted that the parameters of ethical principles must be observed in this

technology that casts a shadow on all aspects of life. The framework of artificial

intelligence of everything is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3. AIoT architecture

Source: Huang et al. (2021)

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

Figure 4 shows that AIoE integrates all people, processes, and things into an

AIoT-based analytical process. This means a super-intelligent state that casts a

shadow over all aspects, components, and behaviors in daily life and can analyze

and manage all processes with a high volume of big data. Today, AIoE is moving

towards the mainstream with increasing speed.

SUPPLY CHAIN 6.0

The supply chain will be one of the areas affected by the sixth industrial revolution

and digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, advanced robotics, and big

data analytics in the near future. The concept of the super-intelligent factory can

be found in AIoE-based supply chain intelligence. In some leading countries, this

topic and its operational aspects have been well implemented significantly. Placing

sensors in everything, creating networks wherever necessary, automating everything

that is needed, and analyzing everything that leads to improved performance and

customer satisfaction will be among the achievements of this revolution in the supply

chain. Of course, all these things there was a different scale in the 4th Industrial

Figure 4. A framework for artificial intelligence of everything

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

Revolution and the 5th Industrial Revolution. But the performance level in Industrial

Revolution 6.0 will be really different. In such a way, privacy issues and security

aspects are really worrying, that is, more worrying than Industry 4.0 and Industry

5.0. Smart supply chains 6.0 have been investigated.

Super Smart Procurement and Supply

In the procurement sector, due to AIoE technology, it is necessary to communicate

with suppliers in a completely intelligent manner. Based on the data of the

production unit, the amount of raw materials and the amount needed are provided

in a specific schedule. The amount of suppliers’ inventory is calculated based on

sales-based inventory data in integrated and intelligent systems, emphasizing artificial

intelligence capabilities. The price inquiry is obtained based on integrated price data

in intelligent systems and the supplier is selected optimally. Order registration is

done automatically. Payment is made based on supply chain financing. On the other

hand, the transportation of goods from the place of supply to the place of delivery

is monitored using intelligent systems based on the Internet of Things, and after

the clearance of goods and the departure of materials from the truck, the document

of entry into the warehouse is registered in a fully intelligent manner. The stock

of the warehouse changes automatically. It is evaluated based on the data obtained

from the Internet of Things and the most optimal placement based on artificial

intelligence is done. On the other hand, all the administrative supplies and necessities

needed by the employees are also felt based on the needs of the employees using

IoE technology and are provided based on the needs. The level of satisfaction from

suppliers is based on intelligent social interaction systems.

Super Smart Production

The production department is one of the most important parts of the supply chain,

which has a multi-way relationship with the supply, sales and distribution, quality

control, maintenance, and financial departments. All the data related to MRP in relation

to the sales and distribution units and also the supply are automatically extracted,

analyzed, and scheduled based on AIoE. Qualitative data are intelligently entered

into the production path. Communication between the warehouse and production

warehouses is formed intelligently and based on MRP data. The communication

between the sales and distribution units is based on the data obtained from the Internet

of Things from distribution trucks and visitors and the amount of requirements of

each of the retailers.

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

Super Smart Sales and Distribution

The super-intelligent distribution and sales department is one of the most important

and active departments in Industry 6.0. Ordering and producing products using

IoE-based data from retailers’ inventory in a completely intelligent manner is one

of the most important parts of the supply chain. The intelligentization of this sector

also makes it easy for retailers to provide best-selling products. It also gives the

producers the possibility of optimal supply with proper timing. Super-intelligent

distribution systems give the distributor the task of timely supply using the road,

weather, and product type data. This is especially useful for smart distribution of

perishable products. The timing of product sales and the sales period in retailers

determine the level of satisfaction with products. Analyzing the data obtained from

the final consumer with the help of AIoE informs the understanding of the retailers

about the interest in the products, and as a result, this information is automatically

used for the optimal production of the products.

The conceptual framework presented in this research for super-intelligent supply

chain 6.0 based on AIoE (in Industry 6.0) is shown in Figure 5.

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

Supply chain 6.0 is an intelligent supply chain based on AIoE and is agile, stable,

resilient, and highly secure. So that its structure has complete integration between

all implementations, people, and processes. The speed of calculations and the power

of its analysis are very high and the error rate is at its lowest value. The flow of

data is done automatically and the amount of human intervention is the lowest. This

super-intelligent supply chain definitely has many challenges that can be addressed

in a separate research.

CONCLUSION

During the past years, the concept of Industry 4.0 has become very popular. From

an oven concept, it has actually found operational applications and important tools

Figure 5. Supply chain 6.0

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

have grown as transformative technologies in this industrial revolution. In this period,

technologies such as Internet of Things technology, artificial intelligence, big data

analysis and analytical tools, and blockchain technology grew as a collection of data

with decentralized management. These technologies transformed the industry and

gave industries, businesses, and people’s daily lives capabilities like a dream in the

past. Data that could never be extracted were identified by these technologies. Semi-

structured and unstructured data were added to the dataset. With these technologies,

the ability to calculate and analyze large volumes of data was created with a very

high growth rate. In this regard, conferences such as Smart City and Smart Business

were also created. Supply chains, as the beating heart of the organization’s processes,

were also involved in these technologies, and without a doubt, capabilities were

added to the supply chain that increased the speed and accuracy of the processes.

After Industry 4.0, the concept of Industry 5.0 and the supply chain 5.0 also grew.

In addition to emphasizing all transformative technologies and their capabilities in

processes, Supply Chain 5.0 also emphasizes all activities’ sustainability and future-

oriented effects. These supply chains also consider the resilience of the supply chain

based on these technologies. Therefore, green and sustainable supply, production, and

distribution systems are very important in this generation of industrial revolution.

However, the sixth industrial generation, followed by the 6.0 supply chain

discussed in this research, will be much different from the previous generations.

In supply chain 6.0, artificial intelligence approaches natural intelligence. Big

data calculations are quantum, and we will have the minimum amount of error in

addition to high speed. There is complete integration in all processes from supply

and purchase to distribution and sales and marketing. Intelligent communications

will bring super-intelligent operations, giving high stability and maximum reliability

to the supply chain processes.

This research tried to provide a conceptual framework by examining the

dimensions, components, and key indicators of supply chains 6.0. Also, the concept

of artificial intelligence of everything (AIoE) which is created from the overlap

of IoE and powerful artificial intelligence technologies was used for intelligent

communication. This technology has the ability to extract and analyze data in a

super-intelligent mode and creates a perfect interface between things, people, and

processes. Understanding this conceptual framework and examining the cause and

effect relationships of all activists and actors in this field can create a path for future

research.

Supply Chain 6.0 and Moving Towards Hyper-Intelligent Processes

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Chapter 2

DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-0159-3.ch002