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ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȋǤͻǦͳͳͺȌ
ͻ
Stupid as a Coin: Meaning and rhyming similes in Vietnamese
ǡǡ
Ǯ ǡ ǡ Ƭ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
Keywords: Ǣ Ǣ Ǣ
ǢǢ
1. Introduction
Ǥ
Ǥ
ȋcfǤǡͳͻͻǢǡͳͻͷͷȌǤ
ǣ ȋȌ
ȋȌ Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
2. Meaning and Rhyming similes in Vietnamese
ȋcfǤ ǡ ͳͻͻͺǡ Ǥ ͳͳͳȌǤ ȋʹͲͳͲǡ Ǥ ͳͻͲȌǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
ͳǤ
Ǯዘዏዛ¯ñׯØǯ
ǣ
ȀᖠǣăᖪᖩᖠᖜȀ
ͻͺȁƬǮ
ǣ
Ǥ
ǣ
Ǥ
ǡ
nhрǮǯǤǡ Ȅ
ǡȄǤ
Ǥ
ǯ Dz dz Dz
dzǡ
ȋi.e.ǡȌǤ
ʹǤ
ǮØኸØዛዓዛǯ
ǣ
ȀǣăᖩᖪᖩȀ
ǣ
Ǥ
ǣ
ȋǤfresh as a daisyȌǤ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥǣ
͵Ǥ
Ǯèoዛèoǯ
ǣ
ȀăᖡᖪᖩᖜᖡȀ
ǣ
ǣ
ȋsemanticpoor as
a church mouseȌ
ͶǤ
Ǯ²áiáiǯ
ǣ
ȀᖠᖲᦵᢛᖜᦵᢛȀ
ǣ
ǣ
ȋ semantic
cunning as a foxȌ
͵ǡ Ǯ°ǯȀᖡȀ Ǯ°ǯDzdz Ǯ°ǯ
DzdzǤ
Ǥsemanticpoor as a
church mouseǤ
ͶǡǮǯȀᦵᢛȀǮǯDzdzǮǯDzdzǡ
Ȃ foxǡ
Ǥ
2.1. Analysis of Meaning Similes
2.1.1. Meaning choice
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥǡ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͻͻ
ǡǡǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
ͷǤ
Øኸ¯ዂዛ²
ǣ
ȀᖪᖩȀ
ǣ
ǣ
ȋȌǤ
ǡǤ
ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ
ȋǡͳͻͻͺǡǤͳͺȌǤ
ǣ
Ǥ
ኸዛዊ
ǣ
ǣ
ȋcfǤǣugly as sinȌ
Ǥ
ዛዘ
ǣ
ǣ
ȋcfǤǣstupid as an assȌ
ͺǤ
Øዛï
ǣ
ǣ
ȋcfǤǣsmelly as a skunkȌ
ǣ
Ǥ
ኹዛ°
ȋcfǤ
thin as a bean poleȌ
ዛዠ
ȋcfǤ
fast as lightningȌ
×ዛዛ
ȋcfǤ
cry like a babyȌ
×ዛዅ
ኸዛዊ
ȋcfǤ
ugly as sinȌ
ዎ¯ዛዠ
ȋcfǤ
black as inkȌ
ͳͲͲȁƬǮ
Ǧ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
ǣ
ͻǤ
0ዂ ዛ ² ȋǣ Ȍ
ǣ
0ዂዛȋǣȌ
0ዂዛȋǣȌ
ͳͲǤ
Ǯኹዓዛዓǯ
ǣ
ǣ
ȋǤǣȌǢ
ǣ
ኹዛ°ȋȌ
ȋȌዢȋȌ
¯×ȋȌ
2.1.2. Structure
Full structure
ǡ
Ǥǡǣ
ͳȌ
ʹȌ
͵Ȍ
ȋǡͳͻͻͻǡǤͳͲȌǤ
ǮØኸዛǯȋǣȌǤ
ǡǮØኸǯȋȌǡǮǯȋȌ
ǮዛǯȋȌǡǮǯȋȌ
Ǥ
Grammatical structures
ǡǣ
ͳͳǤ
ዌ
ዎ
ዛ
Ö
ȋȌ
ȋȌ
ȋȌ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͲͳ
ǣ
ͳʹǤ
ዛ
ȋȌ
ǣ
ͳ͵Ǥ
$
ዛ
ዐ
ǣ
ͳͶǤ
0ዕዛዕ
ዛ
ዌዅ
ȋȌ
ǣ
ǯ
ͳͷǤ
×
ዏ
ዛ
Ø
×
ዛዔ
ȋȌ
ǣ
ͳǤ
ዛ
×
ǣ
ǡ
ǣ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ϊ
Ȁ
Ȁ
ǦǦ
Ȁ
ǦǦ
Ȁ
Ǧ
General structure
ȋȌ ȋȌ
ȋȌȋǡȌǮǯǮǯǤ
ȀȀȀ
ȋǡȌǡǮǯ ǮǯǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǣ
ͳͲʹȁƬǮ
ǣ
ͳǤ0
ዛ
ዠ
Ȁ
ǣ
2.1.3. Elements
ǡ
ǣ
ǣ
ͳͺǤ
×ዛዛ
ǣ
ȋǤǣcry like a babyȌ
ͳͻǤ
ዛኸ
ǣ
ȋǤǣsnore like sawing logsȌ
ʹͲǤ
ኼዛî
ǣ
ȋǤǣslow as a snail, slow as a
tortoiseȌ
ǣ
ʹͳǤ
ኡዛዘ
ǣ
ȋǤǣnoisy as crowsȌ
ʹʹǤ
×ዛ
ǣ
ʹ͵Ǥ
ዛ¯ዐ
ǣ
ȋǤǣrun as fast
as a windȌ
Ȁ
ȋȌ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͲ͵
ǣ
ʹͶǤ
×ዛ×ኽ
ǣ
ǣ
ʹͷǤ
ዐዛዟ¯×¯²ዛ
ǣ
ʹǤ
ዓዔዛዔ
ǣ
ʹǤ
ዛዂ
ǣ
ȋǤ
like a headless chickenǡȌ
ǣ
ʹͺǤ
ዛዕØዌዛዌØ
ǣ
Ǥ
ʹͻǤ
×ዛዏÖ×ወ
ǣ
Ǥ
2.1.4. Connecting words
ǣ
x ǮዛǯǮዛǯǡǮኾǯǡǮዠዛǯǡǮǯȀǮǯ
x ǮዓǯǮǦǯ
x ǮØኾǯǡǮኾǯǡǮØǯǡǮǯǡǮǯ
ǣ
͵ͲǤ
ኹዛዚ
ǣ
ͳͲͶȁƬǮ
͵ͳǤ
ኽ
ǣ
͵ʹǤ
ዕዓዑ
ǣ
2.2. Analysis of Rhyming similes
2.2.1. Meaning choice
ǡ
Ǥǣ
͵͵Ǥ
ዛ²
ǣ
ȀăᖪᖩȀ
ǣ
ǣ
͵ͶǤ
Ǯinhዛinhinhǯ
ǣ
ȀăᖪᖩăăȀ
ǣ
ǣ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ Ǯ ǯ
ȋȌǮǯȋǮȌǤ
ǣ
͵ͷǤ
éoዛéo
ǣ
ȀᖪᖩȀ
ǣ
ǣ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ Ȅ
Ȅ bite
the bulletǡas dead as a doornail, snug as a bug
ȋȌas dead as a Dodoǣ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͲͷ
͵Ǥ
лȋዛȌ¯¯л
ǣ
ȀȀ
ǣ
ǣ
ǣ
Ǥ
eoዛeo
аnዛаnаn
iêuዛiêu
ЙtዛЙt
ǡ
Ǧ Ǥ
ǡǤ
2.2.1.1. Phonetic Matching
ȋǡʹͲͲ͵ǡǤʹͶǦʹͻȌ
Ǧ
Ǥ myth
ȋΪȌ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǧ Ȁ
Ǥǡ
Ǥ
maydayǡ
m’aiderǮȋȌ Ǩǯ ȋ
ͳͻʹǢ Oxford English DictionaryȏOEDȐȌȀ
m’aidezǮǨǯȋaidez moiȌ
venez m’aiderǮ ǨǯȋǤ OEDȌǤ Ǧ
May day ǮǯǤ
au secoursǮǨǡ
ͳͲȁƬǮ
Ǩǯaidez moi ǮǨǯ
ǡȋȌ
ahuakatl, ǮPerseagratissimaǡǯȋǤǮǯȌǡ
aguacateȋ Ǯǯ
agua ǮǯȌǤǡ
avocadoǡ Ǥ Ǯǯ ȋcfǤ
abogado Ǯǯǡ Ǥ evocado Ǯǡ
ǡǯȌǡǡ Ǯǯ
Ǧȋǡ
ȌǤ avocado
alligator (pear)ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
bimbo ȋǮǯȌ Ǯǯǡ giuro ȋǮǯȌ Ǯǯǡ
grasso ȋǮǡǯȌǮǯȋǡͳͻͳͺǡǤʹʹͷȌǤ
Austin Waco ȋȌHastaluego ǮǢǯȋǤ
ǮǯȌǤ
2.2.1.2. Euphemisms
partial
ǤǦ
ǣ
x gosh!ȋͳͷǡOEDȌGod!ȋͳ͵ͶͲǡOEDȌǤ
x darn!ȋͳͺͶͲǡOEDȌdamn!ȋͳͲǡOEDȌǤ
x frigȋǤfrig you! ͳͻ͵ǡOEDȌfuckǢ frigging hell!fuckin’ hell!
x (What the) dickens! ȋͳͷͻͺǡOEDȌdevil!
x heck ȋͳͺͷǡOEDȌhellǤ
x blooming ȋǤǮǡǨǯͳͺͺʹǡOEDȌbloodyǤ
x blinking (ͳͻͳͶǡǡǤbleedingǡballyruddy) bloodyǤ
x shoot! ȋ ͳͻ͵Ͷǡ OEDȌ sugar!shit! ȋ ͳͻʹͲǡ
OEDȌǤ
Ǧ cavolo!ȋǤǮǯȌ cazzo!ȋǤǮǯ
shit!Ȍǡ incavolarsi ȋǮ
ǡ ǯ Ȍ incazzarsi ȋǮ
ǯȌǡmercoledì!ȋǤ ǮǯȌ merda! ȋǮǯȌǡ porca
mattina ȋǤ Ǯ ǯȌ porcaMadonna ȋǮDzdz
ǯȌǤ
ʤʣʥʱ ʱʥʫkos sódaǡ Ǥ Ǯ Ǧ
ǯǡ˗ʺʧʠ ʱʥʫkus ókhtakǡǤ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͲ
Ǯǯǯ˗ʮʠ ʱʥʫkus émakǡǤǮǯǯǤ
2.2.1.3 Cockney Rhyming Slang
ǡ
ȋȌ
ǡ
ǮǯǤǣ
x Adam & EveȂeve
x Jelly BoneȂone
x Sharp & Blunt Ȃunt
x Donald Duck ȂuckȀuck
x Tea LeafȂief
x Buckle My Shoe Ȃew
ǡ
ȋ Ȍ
Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ȋ
ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ ȚͳǤʹǤͶȌ
ȋǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ ȚͳǤʹǤͷȌǡ tout courtǤ
ǣ
x Trouble & StrifeStruggle & StrifeȂife
x Sorry & SadȂad
x Sorrowful Tale Ȃail
x Edward HeathȂeethȋ ǯ
Ǣ Ǥ Edwardsǡ
ǮǯȌ
x Ten to TwoȀFour by TwoȂewȋǮ
ǡ ǯǡ ȏcfǤ ǡ ͳͻͻʹǡ
ȐȌǤ Four by Two ȋȌ
ǡ Ͷʹǡ
ȋǡȌǤ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥǣ
͵Ǥ
ЯtዛЯt
ǣ
ȀᖜᖪᖩᖜᖜȀ
ǣ
ȋȌ
ǣ
ͳͲͺȁƬǮ
ǡ ǮЯtǯ ǮЯtǯ
ȀᖜȀǤǡanimals
ȋe.g.ǡȚʹǤʹǤ͵ȌǤǡ
Ǥ
2.2.2. Structure
ǣ
ǡǤǣ
u
ዛ
¯ዏuȋͳȌȀᖜăȀ
ȀăȀ
ȀăᖩȀ
u ȋʹȌȀȀ
uȋ͵ȌǯȀᖠȀ
ǮǯǮuǯǮuǯǡǮuǯǮuǯǤǡ
Ǥ
ǮǯǤ
Full structureǣ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ ȋȀȌǡ
ǤǮ×ዏዛዏዏǯȋǣ
ȀȌǡǮ×ǯȋȀȌǡǮዏǯȋȌ
ǡǮዏዏǯȋȌǡ
ǮዛǯȋȌǤ
Grammatical structures:
ǣ
Ȁ
ȋȀȌ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͲͻ
͵ͺǤ
ua
ዛ
ua
ȋȌ
ȋȌ
ǣ
͵ͻǤ
Кy
ዛ
Кy
ȋȌ
ǣ
General structureǣ
ǣ
ǣ
anh
ዛ
anh
ǣǡǤǣquick as a winkȌ
2.2.3. The elements of rhyming similes
ǡ
Ǥǡǡ
Ǥ
ǮȀǯǡǮዏዛዏዏǯȋǣ
ȌǮዏዏዏǯǡǮዛǯ
ȋȌǤǣ
ǣ
ͶͲǤ
ǮeoዛeoǯȋǣȌ
ͶͳǤ
ǮЮዛЮǯȋǣȌ
ͶʹǤ
ǮЙuዛЙuǯȋǣȌ
Ȁ
ȋȀȌ
ͳͳͲȁƬǮ
ǣ
Ͷ͵Ǥ
ǮØЫዛЫǯȋǣȌ
ͶͶǤ
ǮôngôngዛôngǯȋǣȌ
ͶͷǤ
ǮውoiዛoiǯȋǣȌȋȌ
ǣ
ͶǤ
ǮØinhዛinhinhǯȋǣȌ
ͶǤ
ǮዏnhiênዛׯiênǯȋǣÃȌ
ͶͺǤ
Ǯ² àoዛ àoàoǯ ȋǣ Ǧ
Ȍ
2.2.4. Connecting words
ǡ
ǮዛǯǡǮǯǮǯǤ
ǣ
ͶͻǤ
aoዛaoȋǣȌ
ͷͲǤ
0áዛáȋǣȌ
3. Meaning versus rhyming similes
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ȋǦȌǤ
ȋǦȌ
ȋȌǣ
ȋǦȌǤ
ǣ
ͷͳǤ
×
ዛ
±
Ǧ
ǣ
ͷʹǤ
ዛ
¯ዊ
¯×
Ǧ
ǣ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͳͳ
ǡȋǦȌǡ
ȋȌ
ǣ
ͷ͵Ǥ
óc
ዛ
¯ዎ
óc
ȋȌ
ǣ
ͷ͵Ǥ
¿мжng
ዛ
¯мжng
ȋȌ
ǣ
ͷͶǤ
б
ዛ
б
ȋȌ
ǣ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
ǮǯǤ
Ǥ ǡ
ȋǡ Ȍ
Ǥ
ǮǯǤǣ
ͷǤǮ ዛዐ²ǯȋǣ Ȍ
Ǯዛዐ²ǯǡǮǯDzdzǤ
ǣ
ͷǤǮ²ዛ×ǯȋǣȌ
Ǯዛ×ǯǡǮ²ǯǤ
ǡǣ
x ȋǡȌ
x ȋǡȌ
Ǥ
ǡǤ
ǣ
ͷͺǤǮuዛ¯ዏuǯȋǣȌ
ͳͳʹȁƬǮ
ǮǯȋȌǡǮዛ¯ዏǯ
ȋ ȌǤ ǡ Ǥ in
contradistinction ǡ
Ǥme Germansare coldǮ
ǯǡGermanGerman bandsǡ
handsǤ ǡ
berk Ǯǯ
Berkeley Hunt Berkshire Huntǡcuntȋ
you silly cuntȌǤ
ǮǯǣǮዙዛî
ዙǯ ȋǣ Ȍ Ǯዙ î ዙǯǤ
ǡǮኡዛǯȋǣȌ
ǮኡǯǤǡǡ
ǮǯǤ
Ǥ
ǡǮዛǯȋȌ
ǮዛǯǮዛǯǡǮኾǯǡǮዠ
ዛǯ ǮǯȀǮǯǡǮዓǯ ǮǦ ǯǮØ ኾǯǡǮ
ኾǯǡǮØǯǡǮǯǡǮǯǤ
4. Borrowings in meaning and rhyming similes
Ǯ ǡ
ǯȋǡͳͻ͵ǡ ǤͻͷȌǤ
ǣǡi.e.,
ȋcfǤ ǡ ͳͻͷ͵ǡ Ǥ ͵͵Ǣ ǡ Ǥǡ ͳͻͻͺǢ Ǧ
ǡ ͳͻͻ͵ǡ Ǥ ͳǢ ǡ ͳͻͺͻǡ Ǥ ʹͳʹǢ ǡ ͳͻͺͻǡ Ǥ ʹͲǢ
ǡͳͻͺͻǡǤͷǢǡͳͻͺʹǡǤ͵͵ǢƬǡͳͻǡǤ
ͳȌǡ ǡ
ǡȋcfǤƬǡͳͻͺǡ
ǤͳͳͺǦͳʹͲǢǡͳͻͻͶǡǤͳͻͶǦͳͻͷǢǡͳͻͻǡǤ͵ͻǢǡͳͻͺͻǡ
Ǥ ͶͻǦͷͳǢ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͺͻǡ Ǥ ͵Ͳ͵Ǧ͵ͲǢ ǡ ͳͻͺͻǡ Ǥ ͵ͳͺǢ ǡ
ͳͻͺͻǡǤ ͳͳʹǢƬǡͳͻͺͺǡǤͶͶǢǡͳͻͺʹǡǤ͵͵Ǧ
͵͵Ȍǡ
ȋǡ ͳͻͺͻǡ Ǥ ʹǢ ǡ ͳͻͺͻǡ Ǥ Ǣ ǡ ͳͻͻͳǡ Ǥ ͳͲʹǦͳͲ͵Ǣ
ǡͳͻͺʹǡǤ͵ͳͳǦ͵ͳ͵ȌǤ
ǮǯǮǯ
ȋǮǯȋǡͳͻͷ͵ȌǢǮ
ǯ ȋǡ ͳͻͺͺǢ cfǤ ǡ
ͳͻͻǢǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǮǯǮǯ
ȌǤ ǡ Ȃǡ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͳ͵
ǡȂǤ
Ǯ
ǯȋǡͳͻͷͲǡ ǤʹͳʹȌ Ǯ
ǯǯȋƬǡ
ͳͻͺͺǡǤʹͳȌǤ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
Ǣ
Ǥǣ
ͷͻǤ
Ǯኺኺዛኼǯ
ǣ
ȀᖪᖩȀ
ǣ
ǣ
Ǥ
Ǣ
ǡ ǡ
ǤǮኺኺዛኼǯ
ǡǤ
ǣ
ͲǤ
Ǯ±ዛǯ
ǣ
ȀᖪᖩȀ
ǣ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ Ǯǯ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
ͳͳͶȁƬǮ
ͳǤ
inዛin
ǣ
ȀᖪᖩȀ
ǣ
ʹǤ
ЙtዛÀЙtȋȌ
ǣ
ȀᖴᖪᖩᖴȀ
ǣ
͵Ǥ
£mዛ±£mȋȌ
ǣ
ȀᖴᖪᖩᖴȀ
ǣ
ͶǤ
ዅȂiȋȌi
ǣ
ȀᖜȀ
ǣ
ȋȌ
5.Concluding remarks
ǡ
Ǥǣ
Ǥͳ
Ǥ
ͳ
Summarizing Meaning and Rhyming Similes
Characteristics
Meaning similes
Rhyming similes
Ȁ
Ȁ
ዛǡዛǡኾǡዠዛǡ
ዓǡØኾǡ
ኾǡØǡǤ
ዛ
ǡ
Ǯǯ
Ȁ
ȋȌǡǤȋͶȌǡʹͲͳʹȁͳͳͷ
ǡ
ǡǡǤ
The Authors
ȋǣ ǤǤǤȌ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǯ ȋǣ ǤǤǤȌ
ǡǤ
ǡǡǡǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
ǡǤ
Journal of Language ContactǤ
ǡ ȋǮǯȌǡ ǡ
ǡǡǡǡ Ǥ
ȋȌǡ ȋȌǡ
ȋȌǡǤ
References
ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ Language Change. Progress or decay?ǣ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͵ȌǤ Structural Aspects of Language ChangeǤ ǣ
Ǥ
ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤǤǤ
Ǥ ȋǤȌǡ Investigating obsolescence. Studies in language
contraction and deathǡ ȋǤ ʹǦʹͺȌǤ ǣ
Ǥ
ͳͳȁƬǮ
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