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Abstract— In this paper, a compact multi-service antenna
(MSA) is presented for sensing and communication using a
reconfigurable complementary spiral resonator. A three turns
complementary spiral resonator (3-CSR) is inserted in the
ground plane of a modified patch antenna to create a
miniaturized structure. Two Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN)
diodes (D1, D2) are also integrated with the 3-CSR to achieve
frequency reconfiguration. The proposed structure operates in
three different modes i.e., dual-band joint communication and
sensing antenna (JCASA), dual-band antenna, and single-band
antenna. The required mode can be selected by changing the
state of the PIN diodes. In mode-1, the first band (0.95–0.97
GHz) of the antenna is dedicated to sensing by using frequency
domain reflectometry (FDR), while the second band (1.53–1.56
GHz) is allocated to communication. The sensing ability of the
proposed structure is utilized to measure soil moisture using
FDR. Based on the frequency shift, permittivity of the soil is
observed to measure soil moisture. In mode-2 and mode-3, the
structure operates as a standard dual and single band antenna,
respectively, with a maximum gain of 1.5 dBi at 1.55 GHz. The
proposed planar structure, with its simple geometry and a high
sensitivity of 1.7 %, is a suitable candidate for precision farming.
The proposed structure is versatile and capable of being utilized
as a single or dual-band antenna and also measuring
permittivity of materials within the range of 1–20. Hence, it is
adaptable to a range of applications.
Index Terms— Complementary spiral resonator, frequency
domain reflectometry, JCASA, multi-service antenna, patch
antenna, reconfigurable antenna, RFID, sensor
I. INTRODUCTION
he usage of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for
automatic measurement has rapidly increased across
various applications. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) WSNs
reached a count of 50 billion in 2020, with a projected yearly
increase of 12% year [1, 2]. As a part of IoT networks, WSNs
have been widely used in various applications such as soil
moisture measurement, atmosphere monitoring, and animal
tracking for the implementation of smart agriculture [3]. The
deployment of sensors in outdoor locations enables remote
monitoring of soil parameters, such as moisture and humidity,
without the need of physical visits. Therefore, the use of
1A. Raza, R. Keshavarz and N. Shariati are with RF and Communication
Technologies (RFCT) research laboratory, School of Electrical and Data
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology
Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia. (e-mail: Ali.Raza-
1@student.uts.edu.au)
1E. Dutkiewicz is with the School of Electrical and Data Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo,
NSW 2007, Australia.
WSNs can enhance productivity by reducing manual labor
and enabling remote monitoring. This technology can also be
applied in livestock management [4], where wireless sensors
can track animal locations and transmit data to the base
station.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and microwave
sensors have gained significant attention in recent years [5,
6]. The basic principle of RFID technology involves using
electromagnetic waves in the Ultra-High Frequency (UHF)
band (0.840–0.955 GHz) to sense and transmit information
from a tag to a base station. The capability to identify,
measure, and communicate is crucial for effective
functioning of RFID sensors [7]. To perform these functions,
power is required, which can significantly affect the lifespan,
cost, sensing range, and complexity of an RFID system [8-
11]. Various RFID antenna designs have been proposed in the
literature for different applications [12-18]. Recently, a dual-
band circularly polarized (CP) crossed dipole antenna has
been proposed for RFID applications [12]. The antenna with
the size of 0.3×0.3, operates in the frequency range of
0.77–1.06 GHz and 2.22–2.95 GHz, but it exhibits a large
physical size. Another dual-band CP antenna is presented for
UHF RFID tag and wireless local area network (WLAN)
applications in [13]. The antenna size is 0.18×0.18 with a
gain of –0.6 dBi in the RFID band and 1.2 dBi in the WLAN
band, but the geometry is non-planar.
RFID tags can be broadly divided into two categories:
chipped and chipless [19]. In chipped RFID, an Application
Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) chip is integrated with the
structure for object identification [14-16]. A chipped UHF
RFID tag antenna is presented in [17]. The antenna, with the
dimensions of 0.23×0.07, operates in a single band (913–
925 MHz) to detect metallic objects using an ASIC chip. A
chipped RFID tag and sensor are presented for fluid detection
[18]. Both the tag and the sensor are separately designed and
are connected using a circulator to implement the sensing.
Another chipped RFID fluid sensor is presented to sense the
constitutive parameters of fluid [20]. Fluid flows between a
capacitive gap and affects the capacitance of the sensor,
2A. Raza and N. Shariati are also with Food Agility CRC Ltd, 175 Pitt St,
Sydney, NSW, Australia 2000.
3A. Raza is a lecturer at the University of Engineering and Technology
(UET) Lahore, Pakistan and is currently pursuing his full-time PhD while on
study leave.
Compact Multi-Service Antenna for Sensing
and Communication Using Reconfigurable
Complementary Spiral Resonator
Ali Raza1, 2, 3, Rasool Keshavarz1, Eryk Dutkiewicz1, Negin Shariati1, 2
T
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which is then used to categorize the fluid, but the design
process is complex. Whereas, in chipless tags, an ASIC chip
is not required and detection is done using resonators [21-23].
Different types of resonators have been used in the literature
to engineer chipless tags including slot resonators [24], spiral
resonators [21], QR code-based resonators [22], natural
resonance [25], and split ring resonators (SRR) [26].
RFID microwave sensors have also been used to monitor
soil moisture in smart agriculture by measuring soil
permittivity. The amount of moisture in the soil is commonly
referred to as Volumetric Water Content (VWC), and a higher
value of VWC in the soil corresponds to a larger value of
permittivity. The penetration of the RF signal into the soil
depends on the frequency and dielectric properties of the soil
[5]. The penetration of the signal can be increased by
reducing the operating frequency of the sensor. This allows a
single sensor to cover a larger volume of soil, thereby
reducing the total number of sensors required in a wireless
sensor network. However, lower frequencies result in bulkier
structures that can be challenging to implement. Various
types of sensors have been proposed in the literature for
sensing, including capacitive sensors [27-30], frequency
domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors [31-40], and time
domain reflectometry sensors [41]. In capacitive sensors, an
excitation signal is applied to the sensor and the capacitance
value is measured based on the charging/discharging of the
capacitor through the resistance. The capacitance value is
then used to calculate the VWC in the soil, but the resistance
value is sensitive to temperature variations, which can result
in false measurements. A soil moisture sensor based on
metamaterial absorber is presented in [32]. The absorption of
the filter varies with different VWC levels in the soil at an
operating frequency of 625 MHz. However, the sensor
exhibits low sensitivity. Another soil moisture sensor based
on FDR is presented in [33]. A combination of spiral
resonators and complementary spiral resonators is used to
measure soil moisture. However, the resonance frequency of
the sensor is 4 GHz, which implies low penetration capacity
of the signal, also the sensor is very sensitive to different
volume under test (VUT) of the soil. Sensors for permittivity
measurement based on complementary split ring resonator
(CSRR) and complementary curved ring resonator (CCRR)
are presented in [34, 39, 40]. These sensors operate at 2.67
GHz, 2.7 GHz, and 3.49 GHz, respectively, and demonstrate
high sensitivity. However, the permittivity measurement
depends on the thickness of the material under test (MUT),
and distance between the sensor and MUT due to high
operating frequency. CSRR based sensors are also presented
for microfluid characterization [35-38]. The resonance
frequency of the sensor changes with different microfluids,
but the sensitivity is low. Recently, a microwave sensor and
an antenna are integrated in a dual-function structure for
sensing and communication [42]. The sensor operates at a
higher frequency of 4.7 GHz, while antenna operates at 2.45
GHz. The sensor comprises of a frequency-selective filter to
characterize different substrates, but the sensor lacks sharp
resonances, which is necessary for accurate measurement,
and it exhibits high frequency and low sensitivity.
The proposed compact multi-service antenna (MSA)
operates in three modes: dual-band joint communication and
sensing antenna (JCASA), dual-band antenna, and single-
band antenna. A three turns complementary spiral resonator
(3-CSR) is used with a modified patch to achieve
miniaturization [43, 44]. Two Positive-Intrinsic-Negative
(PIN) diodes (D1 and D2) are integrated with the 3-CSR
structure and three different ON/OFF configurations have
been used, i.e., 00, 10, and 11, with ‘0’ representing the OFF
state and ‘1’ representing the ON state of the diode. The
required mode can be selected by changing the configuration
of diodes. For ‘00’ case, the structure operates as dual-band
JCASA and has the ability to sense and communicate. This
mode is used to measure soil moisture by using FDR in the
first band, while the second band is used for communication.
The proposed MSA possesses an adaptive nature and can be
used to measure the permittivity of any MUT within the range
of 1–20. Due to its sensing and communication ability, the
MSA is a good candidate for soil moisture measurement in
precision farming. The proposed MSA is also suitable for
standard single and dual band antenna applications.
Major contributions of this paper are summarized as
follows:
• The proposed structure features a compact design with
simple planar geometry, yet the resonance frequency
of the unloaded sensor is 960 MHz. This characteristic
makes it suitable for covering a large VUT of soil.
Additionally, the structure includes a communication
unit in mode-1 to transfer information to the base
station.
• Besides joint sensing and communication, the
integration of 3-CSR and PIN diodes results in a multi-
service structure that can function as a standard
single/dual band antenna.
• The proposed structure is adaptive and suitable to
measure the permittivity of any MUT within the range
of 1–20.
• The design procedure along with the equivalent model
of MSA is presented as a design guide for future work
in joint communication and sensing systems.
The organization of this paper is as follows: Design guide,
theoretical analysis, and working principle of JCASA are
provided in Section II. Simulation and measurement results
are presented in Section III. Finally, the conclusion is
provided in Section IV.
II. MULTI-SERVICE ANTENNA DESIGN, THEORY AND
METHODOLOGY
The design, theory, and methodology of the proposed MSA
are discussed in the following subsections:
A. Multi-service Antenna Design
The antenna is designed on Rogers RO4003C substrate
( ) with dimensions
of . Initially, a conventional patch antenna was
designed and simulated at 3.2 GHz in CST MWS 2019 as
shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1(a) represents the top side and Fig.
1(b) represents the bottom side of the patch antenna with the
inset feed. To achieve dual resonance, two additional patches
and two slots are inserted as shown in Fig. 1(c).
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Fig. 1. Design procedure of the proposed antenna, (a) top view of the
conventional patch, (b) bottom view of the conventional patch, (c) top view
of the modified patch, (d) bottom view of the modified patch
This modification generated two resonances at 3.2 GHz
and 3.4 GHz. In order to reduce the antenna size, a 3-CSR is
inserted in the ground plane of the modified patch as shown
in Fig. 1(d). The reflection coefficients of the antenna at
different stages are shown in Fig. 2.
The resonance frequency of a resonator depends on the
equivalent values of inductance (L) and capacitance (C) and
by changing these values, the resonance frequency can be
switched. To change the resonance frequency of the 3-CSR
structure, two PIN diodes (D1 and D2) are integrated with the
3-CSR to realize a three turns reconfigurable complementary
spiral resonator (3-RCSR). The optimal position for the PIN
diodes is selected based on a parametric analysis of the
frequency response, which is conducted by placing the diodes
at various positions. The integration of the PIN diodes
Fig. 2. Simulated reflection coefficients of the patch antenna
Fig. 3. Geometry of the proposed antenna, (a) top view, (b) bottom view, (c)
magnified view (all dimensions are in mm)
results in the achievement of another operating band at 0.96
GHz, which further reduces the size of the antenna. The diode
model Skyworks SMP1322 is utilized for the design. In
Section III, the simulation and measurement results of the
MSA for different diode states are discussed.
The geometry of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 3,
where Fig. 3(a) represents the modified patch and Fig. 3(b)
represents the 3-RCSR. The diode is modeled as a lumped
circuit in ON and OFF states. Different antenna applications
are achieved by varying the state of the diodes i.e., 00, 10,
and 11. DC blockers are introduced to prevent the shorting of
the positive and negative pins of the Direct Current (DC)
voltage as shown in Fig. 3. A biasing network is also
designed for the diodes at the top side of the same substrate
which is connected to the diodes using vias. The biasing
circuit for each diode consists of two RF chokes (L1 and L2)
and two resistors (R1 and R2).
B. MSA Theory
The equivalent circuit (EC) of a 3-CSR consists of an LC
circuit with two series inductors (L0) and a capacitor (Cc) as
shown in Fig. 4(a) [45]. The ECs of the PIN diode are shown
in Fig. 4(b) and Fig. 4(c). The resonance frequency can be
calculated using (1), where LC is the equivalent inductance.
The value of inductance (L0) depends on the line impedance
(Z0), effective permittivity (), speed of light (c), and line
length (l) as represented by (2) [46]. The values of Z0 and
can be calculated using (3) and (4) [47]. The lengths (l) of the
smallest and largest turns are 125 mm and 140 mm,
respectively. The width (W) of a single turn is 1 mm and
thickness of the substrate (h) is 1.6 mm.
(1)
(2)
The integration of the PIN diodes with the 3-CSR modifies
the behavior of the LC circuit, resulting in a dual-band
(0.96/1.55 GHz) structure. Modified EC of the 3-RCSR is
shown in Fig. 5 and the diodes can be modeled as lumped
components as shown in Fig. 4. Different states of the diodes
modify the values of inductance and capacitance and change
the resonance frequency according to (1).
:
(3.a)
(3.b)
:
(4.a)
(4.b)
X
Y
X
Y
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Fig. 4. Equivalent circuits, (a) 3-CSR, (b) PIN diode in ON State, and (c)
PIN Diode in OFF State
Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of the 3-RCSR
Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit of the proposed JCASA
Patch antenna at the top side of the substrate can be
considered as a right-handed transmission line of physical
length, consisting of series inductances and parallel
capacitances. A complete circuit of the patch antenna with 3-
RCSR is shown in Fig. 6, where the inductance of the patch
can be calculated using (2).
C. Working Principle of the JCASA
In RFID tags, a radio frequency (RF) reader sends a
continuous wave (CW) interrogating signal for a short period
of time. This interrogating signal is captured by the tag which
encodes the signal and sends it back to the reader.
The proposed MSA structure has a frequency tunable
feature, and antenna mode can be changed by switching the
state of the PIN diodes. A specified state of the diodes can be
used to select a required mode of the antenna. In the JCASA
mode, the proposed structure is used for sensing as well as
communication. A high-level block diagram of the proposed
system is shown in Fig. 7. A CW signal is sent from an
oscillator to the JCASA using a 3-port circulator, and the
reflected signal is measured using a power detector. The real
value of permittivity is measured using FDR. For the
experimental purpose, the oscillator and power detector are
replaced by a vector network analyzer as shown in Fig. 7(b).
The frequency shift in the first band is analyzed to measure
the permittivity [33, 34], while the second band is used to
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. Working principle of the proposed JCASA, (a) practical setup, (b)
experimental lab setup
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. Fabricated prototype of the antenna on Rogers substrate (
) with dimensions of
transfer the information to the base station. In general, the
proposed JCASA can sense the permittivity of any object
from 1 to 20.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To demonstrate the performance of the MSA, the proposed
antenna is simulated, designed, and optimized using CST
MWS 2019. The MSA is fabricated on a Rogers RO4003C
substrate, and the fabricated prototype is shown in Fig. 8.
A. Simulated and Measured MSA Results for Different
States
The proposed MSA can be used as a JCASA, dual-band
antenna, and single-band antenna. Simulated and measured
reflection coefficients of the antenna for different diode states
are shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10, respectively. Both
L0
L0
Cc
D1 D2
L0
L0
Cc
D1 D2
L1 L2
C
Top View Bottom View
50
50
(a) (b) (c)
3-RCSR
Patch
Antenna
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Fig. 9. Simulated reflection coefficient of the antenna for different states
Fig. 10. Measured reflection coefficient of the antenna for different states
TABLE I
MEASURED BANDWIDTHS OF THE PROPOSED MSA FOR DIFFERENT STATES
Mode
Diodes State
(D2, D1)
Band 1
(GHz)
Band 2
(GHz)
Application
1
00
0.95–0.97
1.53–1.56
Dual-band
JCASA
2
10
0.91–0.94
1.54–1.57
Dual-band
antenna
3
11
0.83–0.85
–
Single-band
antenna
simulation and measurement results represent similar
behavior, indicating the validity of the structure. Measured
impedance bandwidths of the MSA are summarized in Table
I against each state. The proposed MSA operates in three
modes by switching the state of the PIN diodes. For ‘00’ case
(mode-1), the antenna operates as dual-band JCASA, where
the first band (0.95–0.97 GHz) is used for sensing to measure
the permittivity (1–20) and the second band (1.53–1.56 GHz)
is allocated to communication. For ‘10’ and ‘11’, the
proposed antenna operates in dual-band mode (0.91–0.94
GHz, 1.54–1.57 GHz) and single-band mode (0.83–0.85
GHz), respectively.
To validate the communication unit, two–dimensional
(2D) gain patterns of the MSA are measured in xz and yz
planes. Simulated and measured 2D patterns at 0.93 GHz and
1.55 GHz are shown in Fig. 11. The proposed antenna shows
an omnidirectional radiation pattern and maximum gain of
the unloaded antenna is 1.5 dBi at 1.55 GHz. The resonance
frequency in the communication band changes from 1.54 to
1.35 GHz with the VWC of the soil. The radiation pattern of
the antenna remains omnidirectional at all resonances, but a
higher VWC reduces the antenna gain.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 11. Simulated and measured 2D Gain patterns of the proposed antenna,
(a) yz at 0.93 GHz, (b) xz at 0.93 GHz, (c) yz at 1.55 GHz, and (d) xz at 1.55
GHz
Fig. 12. Measurement setup for the sensing unit with unloaded and loaded
structure
B. Sensing Unit Results and Analysis
To verify the performance of the sensing unit in mode-1
for ‘00’ case, an experimental setup shown in Fig. 12 was
used to examine the fabricated prototype. The frequency
responses of the structure are measured using a calibrated 4-
port vector network analyzer (VNA-ZVA40) with different
VWC levels in the soil. The VNA is calibrated using an SOLT
(short, open, load and through) standard before executing the
frequency responses. The proposed structure is placed in a
Unloaded structure
Loaded structure with soil
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 13. Frequency response of MSA in mode-1 (JCASA) for different
values of VWC, (a) simulated, (b) measured
non-metallic holder and the sensor depth is adjusted to 3 mm
from the top of the holder to put soil on the structure. A sweep
of RF signals is sent to the sensor and the reflected signal is
measured in terms of S11 to estimate the permittivity of the
MUT. The permittivity of the soil increases with the VWC
and the value of permittivity () changes from 3.7 to 19 with
a VWC range of 0 to 30 %, as shown in Table II. Fig. 13
shows the simulated and measured results for the ‘00’ case.
As the water content in the soil increases, the permittivity of
the soil also increases, resulting a significant leftward shift in
the resonance frequency. Hence, the frequency responses
from 0.93 GHz to 0.83 GHz reflects the change in
permittivity from 3.7 (VWC=0 %) to 19 (VWC=30 %). To
assess the accuracy of the sensor, the measurement is
repeated four times and a maximum variation of 10 MHz is
observed in the frequency responses. A linear relationship
between and frequency shift () for different tests is
shown in Fig. 14. The frequency shift () is calculated using
(5),
(5)
where is the resonance frequency of unloaded structure and
is the resonance frequency of the structure with material
under test.
The sensing ability of the MSA is also examined in mode-
2 and mode-3 to validate the simulation results. Measured
frequency responses of the antenna for ‘10’ (mode-2) and
‘11’ (mode-3) are shown in Fig. 15. In modes 3 and 4, the
frequency shift does not follow a significant pattern with
different values of VWC as evidenced by the results
presented in Fig. 15. Hence, the proposed MSA can be
switched to JCASA, dual-band antenna, and single-band
antenna depending on the state of diodes.
TABLE II
REAL PERMITTIVITY OF SOIL FOR DIFFERENT VWC [48]
VWC
(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3.7
4.4
5.8
8.4
12
15.8
19
Fig. 14. Real value of permittivity () vs frequency shift ()
(a)
(b)
Fig. 15. Measured frequency response of the MSA for different values of
VWC, (a) mode-2, (b) mode-3
To further evaluate the performance of the sensing unit, the
sensitivity of the proposed structure is calculated using (6),
(6)
where is the current resonance frequency, is the updated
resonance frequency due to a new material, is the relative
permittivity at , is the relative permittivity at and
is the resonance frequency of unloaded structure. A
comparison of the proposed antenna in mode-1 (sensing) with
those reported in the literature is summarized in Table III. In
comparison to previously reported sensors [32-39, 42], the
proposed structure boasts a compact design with good
Communication
Band
Sensing
Band
Sensing
Band
Communication
Band
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TABLE III
COMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED STRUCTURE WITH REPORTED SENSORS
Ref.
Size at fu
)
fu (GHz)
Number of
Bands
Application
Measurement
Technique
Sensitivity
at max (εr)
(%)
Max Measured
Permittivity
This Work
0.158×0.158
0.95
2
Sensing + Communication
3-RCSR
1.7
16.7
[32]
0.425×0.425
0.625
1
Sensing
Metamaterial
Absorber
0.097
19.1
[33]
0.67×0.13
4
2
Sensing
SRR and CSRR
0.9
16.7
[34]
0.35× –
2.67
3
Sensing
CSRR
1.6
9.2
[35]
–
2.4
1
Sensing
CSRR
0.19
79.5
[36]
0.32×0.2
2.45
1
Sensing
M-CSRR
0.2
70
[37]
0.198×0.198
2.38
1
Sensing
EBG Resonator
0.224
70
[38]
0.184×0.372
2.234
1
Sensing
SRR
0.04476
70
[39]
0.36× –
2.7
1
Sensing
CSRR
1.7
10.2
[42]
0.42×0.44
4.7
2
Sensing+ Communication
Frequency Selective
Multipath Filter
0.214
26
sensitivity. Furthermore, the proposed structure exhibits a
dual-mode behavior, capable of functioning as a JCASA and
a standard single/dual band antenna.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a compact multi–service antenna (MSA) is
presented for sensing and wireless communication using a
reconfigurable complementary spiral resonator. The antenna
consists of a modified patch and a three turns complementary
spiral resonator (3-CSR). Two PIN diodes are integrated with
the 3-CSR to realize an MSA. The proposed antenna can
operate in three modes: dual-band joint communication and
sensing antenna (JCASA), dual-band antenna, and single-
band antenna. In the JCASA mode, the first band (0.95–0.97
GHz) is used for sensing to precisely measure the permittivity
while the second band (1.53–1.56 GHz) is allocated for
communication. In mode-2 and 3, the proposed MSA
operates as a dual band and single band antenna, respectively.
The proposed structure is fabricated and measured to validate
its performance and a favorable agreement being observed
between the simulation and measurement results. Based on
the experimental results, the proposed design is suitable for
measuring soil moisture in precision farming, determining the
permittivity of materials within the range of 1–20, and
implementing single or dual-band antenna applications.
Hence, the MSA is versatile and adaptable to a range of
applications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project was supported by funding from Food Agility
CRC Ltd, funded under the Commonwealth Government
CRC Program. The CRC Program supports industry-led
collaborations between industry, researchers and the
community.
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