ChapterPDF Available

Abstract

Insects are a dominant form of life on Earth with more than 1 million described species. Yet, only 1% competes with humans for food, shelter, and space. Various farming systems have been adopted for sustainable pest management but none have been entirely successful in managing insect pests. Chemical insecticides are still the predominant pest control measure but cause health hazard and environmental pollution. The long-term sustainability of agricultural and natural ecosystems depends upon the conservation of natural resources. Conservation agriculture (CA) is a novel approach with a series of practices that strives for acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concurrently conserving the environment. It also increases biodiversity of both flora and fauna which helps to control insect pests, contradictory reports incite concerns regarding reduced yields, increased labor requirements due to avoiding herbicides, and insect pest problems. It is therefore necessary to integrate alternative cultural, biological, mechanical, and appropriate chemical and biotechnological control methods for pest management. The principle of integrated pest management (IPM) creates a balanced environment between sustainable environmental practices and profitable farming. Both IPM and CA work on the same principles to help increase biodiversity and conservation of natural resources. In addition, recent advances in insect pest management like biointensive IPM, precision agriculture (PA) and biotechnology can also synergize the insect pest management in the CA management system. Sustainable pest management for crop production is possible in CA management systems by using IPM in combination with biotechnology and PA.
133
Chapter 6
Insect Pest Management in Conservation
Agriculture
Ahmad Nawaz and Jam Nazeer Ahmad
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6.3.2.2 Insect Biodiversity and CA
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References
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... Insects are a dominant form of life on Earth with more than 1 million described species (Nawaz, & Ahmad., 2015). A major challenge for mankind is how to increase agricultural productivity while preserving and increasing biodiversity (Yadav et al., 2023). ...
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This abstract encapsulates the essence of sustainable insect-pest management through the utilization of biological approaches in safeguarding crops. Embracing these strategies represents a pivotal shift towards eco-friendly and effective pest control methods. Biological approaches, encompassing natural predators, microbial agents, and habitat conservation, minimize environmental impact while targeting pests selectively. By promoting biodiversity, reducing pesticide reliance, and preserving ecosystem balance, biological pest control emerges as a cornerstone in achieving resilient and environmentally conscious crop protection strategies essential for global food security and ecosystem health.
... Reduced tillage increases the variety and functional diversity of ground-dwelling predators, which enhances agroecosystems' resilience by fostering predator arthropod communities at the local level [104]. Concurrently, CA therefore benefits birds, small animals, reptiles, and earthworms in addition to supporting the preservation of insect species [105]. ...
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Residue management has become a new challenge for Indian agriculture and agricultural growth, as well as environmental preservation. The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is predomi�nantly followed cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), resulting in generating a large volume of agricultural residue. Annually, India produces 620 MT of crop residue, with rice and wheat accounting for 234 MT of the surplus and 30% of the total. Farmers are resorting to burning crop residue due to the short window between paddy harvest and seeding of rabi season crops, namely wheat, potato, and vegetables, for speedy field preparation. Burning of residues pollutes the environment, thus having adverse effects on human and animal health, as well as resulted in a loss of plant important elements. This problem is particularly prevalent in rice-wheat-dominant states such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. If we may use in situ management as residue retention after chopper and spreader, sowing wheat with Happy seeder/zero drill/special drill with full residue load, full residue, or full residue load incorporation with conventional tillage, burning is not the sole approach for residue management. In addition, off-farm residues generated are being utilized for animal feed and raw materials for industries. While there are regional variations in many mechanization drivers and needs, a wide range of mechanization components can be transported to new places to fit local conditions. This article focuses on innovations, methods, and tactics that are relevant to various mechanization systems in particular geographical areas. This article also stresses the need for a thorough analysis of the amount of residue generated, residue utilization using modern mechanical equipment, and their positive and negative effects on crop yield and yield attributes, weed diversity, soil physic-chemical, biological properties, beneficial, and harmful nematode populations in the IGP, which will aid researchers and policymakers in farming research priorities and policy for ensuring sustainability in RWCS.
... resilience and autonomy. As conservation agriculture does not specifically address pest management, it could benefit from strategies and knowledge developed in organic agriculture on pest and predator life cycles and their interactions with the environment to manage these without synthetic nor mechanical inputs (Nawaz and Jam Nazeer, 2015). Since no curative tools remain to control pests under OC farming strategy, a greater understanding of ecological functions underpinning this ecosystem service is required. ...
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Conservation and organic agriculture are two alternative crop management strategies associated with environmental impact reduction, leading theoretically to more biodiversity and higher ecological functioning, underpinning better ecosystem service delivery. The combination of these two farming strategies is increasingly seen as an opportunity to mitigate shortcomings of each of them taken individually. However, combining organic and conservation agriculture is undeniably challenging, since it leaves no curative option (neither synthetic pesticides nor soil plowing) for pest control (phytophagous, pathogens, and weeds). Hence, the latter must be ensured by effective restoration of predatory communities. The present research investigated the potential of combining organic and conservation agriculture to support two major ground-dwelling natural enemy communities: carabids and spiders. We used pitfall traps to sample these two communities in paired adjacent cereal fields conducted under organic-conservation (OC) and conventional (CV) agriculture in Belgium. Community assemblages were significantly different across system types, both in terms of species diversity and functional trait diversity. OC parcels showed higher alpha and beta species diversities for both carabids and spiders and species composition differed between OC and CV parcels. OC systems were associated with higher variation of species assemblages among parcels than CV systems Functional traits also differed across system types for both groups. We found more herbivorous and granivore carabids in OC parcels, and more predator species in CV parcels. We found larger spiders, more hunting spiders and more wetland spiders in OC parcels, whereas we found more web weavers and more forest spiders in CV ones. Functional diversity was higher in OC parcels for carabids, but not for spiders. In brief, OC parcels supported more diverse communities, both taxonomically and functionally. These outcomes show that OC systems are promising systems to support these natural enemy communities. Further studies should assess whether combining organic and conservation agricultural enables sufficient pest control levels to achieve high levels of food production and farmers income.
... Here, plant material on the soil surface provides a diverse microhabitat which in turn supports ground living detriticolous prey species as well as detritus feeders, such as the Collembola-an important alternative group of prey in the generalist predator diet (Bilde et al. 2000;Sigsgaard et al. 2001;Agustí et al. 2003). Soil disturbances via tillage reduce the abundance and the diversity of ground beetles and spiders when compared to fields with minimum tillage (Nawaz and Ahmad 2015;Tamburini et al. 2016); the process leading up to this encompasses a wide array of mechanisms. ...
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Introduction Agricultural intensification results in biodiversity loss through land conversion and management practices which negatively impact arthropods. The abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling predators, e.g. ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and spiders (Araneae), are negatively affected by soil disturbances such as tillage. Reducing soil disturbances can potentially conserve arthropod populations in the field and reduce the use of chemical pest controls. The present study investigated the ground-dwelling predatory community using pitfall traps in cereal fields with three different levels of soil disturbance: conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no tillage under Conservation Agriculture management, in 2018 and 2019. Pitfall traps were placed in transects from the field margins. Overall, the activity-density of ground-dwelling predators was higher in fields with minimum soil disturbance and generally declined with increased distance to semi-natural habitats. Functional diversity, expressed by the body size of ground beetles, was also affected by soil disturbances; large ground beetles more consistently occurred in CA, while few or none of the largest ground beetles were found in RT and CT. A higher sample-heterogeneity in less disturbed fields was indicated by a more variable median and higher skewness in the number of predators in those fields. In 2019 only, species diversity was higher along field edges bordering semi-natural habitats when compared to the cropped area. Our results show that reduced tillage supports predator arthropod communities at a local scale: It also bolsters agro-ecosystem resilience by promoting a higher activity-density and by increasing the heterogeneity and functional diversity of ground-dwelling predators. Implications for insect conservation The results obtained in the present study show that soil disturbances significantly influence arthropod abundance and diversity. Conservation of epigeic natural enemies in the agricultural landscape is improved by reducing soil-disturbing events such as tillage.
... Conservation agriculture plots have often been associated with increased biodiversity, but also pests and disease build-up which result in lower yields or alternatively increased costs of control (e.g. Nawaz and Ahmad, 2015;Brainard et al., 2016). ...
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Combining different cropping and tillage systems with different genotypes across several cropping seasons can reveal opportunities for sustainable intensification (SI). The objective of this study was to assess the performance of six maize genotypes under intercropping with conservation tillage (no-till) – two promising options for SI. The experiment was carried out over three years (or six cropping seasons) at Kiboko Research Station, Kenya with sole cropping and mouldboard ploughing as baseline production systems. Results showed that maize genotypes and cropping systems had a significant effect on yield, but the effect of tillage was not significant. Moreover, there was no significant interactive effects of the tested factors on maize yield. The maize genotype CKH10085 had the highest yield of 7.7 t ha⁻¹ under sole cropping yet it also recorded the largest yield penalty due to intercropping of 1.1 t ha⁻¹. On the other hand, genotype CKH10717 maintained the same average yield of 7.1 t ha⁻¹ in both conventional and conservation tillage systems. The commercial genotype genotype CKH10080 and CKH08051 were more stable than the other experimental genotypes under the variable growing and management conditions. These two genotypes are of intermediate maturity and drought tolerance, two critical attributes to improved maize production. Intercropping reduced maize yields due to increased competition, for example the overall yield of sole cropping was 7.1 t ha⁻¹ compared with 6.4 t ha⁻¹ under intercropping; representing an overall yield penalty of 0.7 t ha⁻¹. The differences in performance of maize genotypes revealed opportunities to deploy genotypes to reduce risk or maximize yield, depending on the biophysical circumstances and the production objective of the farmer.
... Several studies have shown that not only the incidence of disease, but also the longevity of inoculum increases when residues are left on soil surfaces (Baird et al., 2003;Cotten and Munkvold, 1998;Rothrock, 1992). Leake (2003) and Nawaz and Ahmad (2015) discuss how growers must modify their disease management practices for successful CA adoption, for example, using biological control agents, alternative pesticide modes of action, genetically modified crops, complex crop rotations, and altering planting depth and width. Crop nutrient management must also change when CA is adopted. ...
Article
Conservation agriculture (CA) is a potentially viable system for sustainable intensification across diverse agroecological and socioeconomic landscapes. This analysis applied machine-learning techniques to a wealth of published data to create a predictive model of the agronomic outcome of CA relative to conventional practice (CP) based on 21 variables. The impact of different management scenarios were modeled by manipulating model input values for residue retention and N application rate, CA duration, and the ratio of CA to CP plant stand. Subsequently, the model was used to rank the importance of these variables in determining model outcome, and to create global maps of CA:CP outcomes for rainfed maize, wheat and soybean. Results showed that over-yielding of CA relative to CP was driven by a complex of climate, soil, geographic and management variables, and cannot be predicted accurately from precipitation amount or aridity index alone. Success of CA greatly increases with mean air temperature from 20 °C and with duration of CA for up to 13 years. Predictive maps showed that CA has the potential to increase system productivity in the humid tropics and sub-tropics given good plant stand establishment. Finally, this research demonstrates the ability of predictive modeling techniques to overcome the knowledge bottleneck created by the sole use of descriptive models within the CA literature to date. Predictive models can be used as an important tool by policy-makers and funding organizations to target financial resources to those regions where CA adoption will have the greatest impact on productivity.
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This book chapter offers a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted landscape surrounding conservation agriculture. Commencing with the historical roots of CA, particularly its emergence in response to challenges such as the 1930s Dust Bowl, the chapter traces its global evolution and recognition. Delving into the dual nature of CA, the chapter systematically examines both its positive outcomes and the challenges inherent in its implementation. By synthesizing existing knowledge and incorporating contemporary research findings, the chapter aims to provide a thorough understanding of CA's nuanced complexities. Emphasis is placed on addressing obstacles and complexities, contributing not only to informed decision-making but also advocating for the widespread adoption of sustainable farming practices. The sequential presentation unfolds the historical origins, global adoption trends and ongoing research advancements, offering readers a cohesive and insightful exploration of the diverse aspects of conservation agriculture.
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He has PDF and achieved 06 research awards in the outstanding contribution of relevant discipline, published 39 research papers, 8 books, 13 book chapters, 28 popular articles, 6 success stories, 45 delivered lecture in different seminar/symposia/conference/ workshop and 5 radio talks. Dr. Hasan organized 244 (9896 trainee) Trainings for Practicing Farmers, Rural Youths, Extension Functionaries, one Skill training (200hrs), 24 On Farm Trial (OFT) conducted.
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To improve the mass production of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) the effects of supplementary nutrition on its reproduction and mating behaviour were investigated using Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larva as a host. The survival of mated male wasps was markedly prolonged after feeding with five different types of nutrients and that of unmated males was markedly prolonged except when provided with yeast solution. Providing female wasps with supplementary nutrition did not affect their longevity. When H. hebetor reproduced sexually and was supplied with an abundance of hosts, females produced 101.0 and 96.7 female offspring, respectively, when fed 20% sucrose or 20% honey solutions, however, when provided with only ten hosts the provision of supplementary nutrition did not affect the number of female offspring they produced. The 20% maltose, 20% sucrose and 20% honey solutions significantly promoted the courtship behaviour of male wasps, and the 20% yeast and 20% honey solutions increased the mating success of males paired with virgin females.
Book
The technological revolution in farming practices has allowed us to clear and cultivate more land, grow plants and animals faster, and kill a greater variety of pests and diseases than ever before. Unfortunately, these efficiencies are proving to be unsustainable in the long term and have created problems such as soil structural decline, erosion, salinity, soil acidification, loss of fertility, nutrient loading of waterways, dams and a build up of chemical residues. This book is about foreseeing and understanding such problems and addressing them before it is too late. John Mason examines all these problems and explains the concepts and long-term benefits of sustainable farming systems such as permaculture, biodynamics, organic farming, agroforestry, conservation tillage, and integrated hydroculture. Sustainable Agriculture 2nd Edition also looks at important issues such as monoculture versus polyculture, the use of hybrids, selection criteria for plants and stock, integrated pest management and preparing a farm for droughts and floods. Other areas examined include diversifying into farm tourism and value adding before selling produce.
Chapter
This book provides a comprehensive review of entomopathogenic nematology. It discusses the fundamental biology and taxonomic foundation for nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. The functional processes involved in parasitism and nematode ecology are also discussed. Technological advances and control methodologies are described.
Book
The Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology is designed to provide background and instruction on a broad spectrum of techniques and their use in the evaluation of entomopathogens in the field. The second edition of the Field Manual provides updated information and includes two additional chapters and 12 new contributors. The intended audience includes researchers, graduate students, practitioners of integrated pest management (IPM), regulators and those conducting environmental impact studies of entomopathogens. Although it can function as a stand alone reference, the Field Manual is complementary to the laboratory oriented Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology and to comprehensive texts in insect pathology. The Editors have structured the 40 chapters of the Field Manual into 10 sections to provide the tools required for planning experiments with entomopathogens and their implementation in the field. The basic tools include chapters on the theory and practice of application of microbial control agents (MCAs) (Section I), statistical considerations in the design of experiments (Section II), and three chapters on application equipment and strategies (Section III). Section IV includes individual chapters on the major pathogen groups (virus, bacteria, microsporidia, fungi, and nematodes) and special considerations for their evaluation under field conditions. This section sets the stage for subsequent chapters on the impact of naturally occurring and introduced exotic pathogens and inundative application of MCAs. Twenty-three chapters on the application and evaluation of MCAs in a wide variety of agricultural, forest, domestic and aquatic habitats comprise Section VII of the Field Manual. In addition to insect pests, the inclusion of mites and slugs broadens the scope of the book. Most of the chapters in this section include step by step instructions on handling of inoculum, design of field experiments and experimental plots and application and assessment of efficacy of dozens of MCAs. Several of these chapters include supplementary techniques and media for conducting follow up laboratory studies for confirmation of infection, determination of persistence, etc. The three final chapters include: special consideration for evaluation of Bt transgenic plants (Section VIII); resistance to insect pathogens and strategies to manage resistance (Section IX); and guidelines for evaluating effects of MCAs on nontarget organisms (Section X). Due to uncertainty regarding the future availability of organophosphate and other conventional chemical insecticides, MCAs will play increasingly important roles in IPM. The Field Manual will provide researchers and IPM practitioners with techniques and practical guidance for the study and optimal use of MCAs in a variety of settings.
Book
Biodiversity offers great potential for managing insect pests. It provides resistance genes and anti-insect compounds; a huge range of predatory and parasitic natural enemies of pests; and community ecology-level effects operating at the local and landscape scales to check pest build-up. This book brings together world leaders in theoretical, methodological and applied aspects to provide a comprehensive treatment of this fast-moving field. Chapter authors from Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas ensure a truly international scope. Topics range from scientific principles, innovative research methods, ecological economics and effective communication to farmers, as well as case studies of successful use of biodiversity-based pest management some of which extend over millions of hectares or are enshrined as government policy. Written to be accessible to advanced undergraduates whilst also stimulating the seasoned researcher, this work will help unlock the power of biodiversity to deliver sustainable insect pest management. Visit www.wiley.com/go/gurr/biodiversity to access the artwork from the book.