Recent Advances in the Exploration of Imidazole: A Review

Abstract

Imidazoles are important fine chemical raw materials and they possess notable biological and pharmaceutical activity. Imidazole's derivatives can be synthesized by a different reaction. Imidazole has been a focus of attention among the research community due to its sundry nature. In this work we report recent advances in Imidazole research, explore properties like flame-retardant curing agent, promote stem cell differentiation and repair focal brain injury, high performance inverted solar cells, for lithium-ion conduction, for development of a Schottky barrier diode, electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, the effect on biological activities and neural functions, targeting dengue and yellow fever virus, against SARS-CoV-2, for deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes, cause cellular toxicity by impairing redox balance, as a colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for selective, showing high proton conductivity and improved physicochemical properties and inhibitory activity against the Metallo-β-lactamase IMP-1. The activities associated with imidazole include anti-mycobacterial, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, and antihelminthic. and a human neuroblastoma cell line and a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line by usingthe imidazole pyrroloquinoline (IPQ). Characterization of the structure of imidazole can be done by a different technique like element analysis (CHS) and spectral analysis including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1 H, 13 C NMR, and LC-MS. The present review paper also covers the latest method of synthesis for imidazole derivatives.

Full text

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1475
Recent Advances in the Exploration of Imidazole: A
Review
Sandeep Chauhan1, Navneet Singh2
1Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences,Lovely ProfessionalUniversity, Punjab,
India
2*Professor, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Science, Lovely Professional
University, Punjab, India
-----------------------------------------------------------------------*****************------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
Imidazoles are important fine chemical raw materials and they possess notable biological and pharmaceutical
activity.Imidazole’s derivatives can be synthesized by a different reaction. Imidazole has been a focus of attention
among the research community due to its sundry nature. In this work we report recent advances in Imidazole
research, exploreproperties like flame-retardant curing agent, promote stem cell differentiation and repair focal
brain injury, high performance inverted solar cells, for lithium-ion conduction, for development of a Schottky
barrier diode, electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, the effect on biological activities and neural functions, targeting
dengue and yellow fever virus, against SARS-CoV-2, for deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes, cause cellular
toxicity by impairing redox balance, as a colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for selective, showing high proton
conductivity and improved physicochemical properties and inhibitory activity against the Metallo-β-lactamase IMP-
1. The activities associated with imidazole include anti-mycobacterial, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, and
antihelminthic. and a human neuroblastoma cell line and a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line by usingthe imidazole
pyrroloquinoline (IPQ). Characterization of the structure of imidazole can be done by a different technique like
element analysis (CHS) and spectral analysis including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H, 13C
NMR, and LC-MS. The present review paper also covers the latest method of synthesis for imidazole derivatives.
Keywords:Imidazole, antioxidant, SARS, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral.
I. INTRODUCTION
The primitive knowledge explores that Imidazole is an organic compound (C3H4N2) containing two nitrogen atoms in the
five-membered heterocyclic rings at positions 1 and 3. Imidazole represents a special class of heterocyclic compounds that
possesses several industrial and biological activities[1].The imidazole derivatives are mainly used in medicine and
pesticide[2].The recent activities further explore thatImidazole showscharacteristics like low curing temperature and fast
curing rate which has gained rapid development in recent years [3]. Drugs inclusive of the imidazole basic structure have a
broad scope in clinical medicine.In addition to that the other activities include antibacterial [4], anticancer [5], anti-
tubercular[6], antifungal [7], anti-analgesic[8],anti-HIV[9], antioxidant[10], antidepressant[11] and antihypertensive
activity[12]. The antimicrobial activity has been performed against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)[13].GelMA-imid hydrogel showed great
application potential for the physiological recovery of traumatic brain injury (TBI)[14]. The imidazole not only controls the
perovskite crystal growth generating increased domain size but also incorporates at the grain boundaries leading to
passivation of defects, due to the interaction between the PbI2 of Lewis acid and the imidazole of Lewis base[15].Imidazole
group can coordinate to Lewis acid as used in organic synthesis.Imidazole molecule also plays a role in the battery
cells,Imidazole is more electron-rich than imidazolium group. The imidazole group would affect the transportation of
lithium-ion in the solid polymer[16]. Imidazole derivative is known to have a high density of π-conjugated electron clouds
and is expected to show interesting electrical behavior.Imidazole derivative l-alkyl-2-(arylazo) imidazole (AAI) having
long alkyl chain is found to have photochemical and electrical characteristic[17],and as homogeneous electrocatalyst in
aqueous media for CO2 reduction[18].Imidazoles are found to be highly efficient in several environmental conditions
including nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, atmospheric conditions, and sodium
hydroxide[19]. The ability of the Imidazole to be used as photosensitizers for UV light are also appreciable[20].

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1476
A. Pharmacological activities of Imidazole derivatives:The literature review further elaborates a few more
activities as cited in table I.
Table I
Imidazole derivative
Name
Pharmacological activity
References
Methyl-1- allyl-2-(4-
fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-
imidazole-4-acetate
Suppresses leukocyte
infiltration and exudation in
LPS-induced acute lung
injury
[21]
Imidazole
pyrroloquinoline(IPQ)
IPQ showed a weak
protective effect on the cells.
IPQ showed cognitive
effects in mice experiments.
[22]
5-(nitro/ bromo)-styryl-2-
benzimidazole
Antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli.
[23]
2-methylamino
benzimidazole
Analgesic and anti-
inflammatory activity
[23]
Fluorescent aromatic-fused
imidazole
Antibacterial activity against
methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA).
[24]
1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-
imidazole
Antimicrobial activity
against pathogenic bacterial
and fungal species.
[25]

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1477
R=
7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline.
Against novel Coronavirus
(SARS-CoV-2).
[26]
[Cu(TCA)4](IMZ)2
Activity against Salmonella
typhi and an effective
activity against C. Albicans.
[27]
2,4,5-Trisubstituted imidazoles
Biological activity against
Alzheimer’s disease
[28]
B. Method of synthesis for imidazole derivatives: Recent advances in the area of Imidazole synthesis have been
reported through the following schemes.
Tagareet. al. prepared novel imidazole-alkyl spacer-carbazole-based fluorophores for deep-blue organic light-emitting
diodes as per scheme I [29].
Scheme I
Allahresaniet. al.reportedthe Catalytic activity of Co(II) Salen@KCC-1 on the synthesis of 2,4,5-triphenyl1H-imidazoles
and benzimidazoles as per scheme II [30].

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1478
Scheme II
Liu et.al.synthesized and characterized N-(arylmethylene)-benzimidazole/imidazole-borane compounds as per scheme III
[31].
Scheme III
Tan et. al. prepared novel and efficient multifunctional periodic mesoporous organosilica supported benzotriazole ionic
liquids for the reusable synthesis of 2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles as per scheme IV [32].
Scheme IV

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1479
Adeyemi et. al.reportednew Imidazoles causing cellular toxicity by impairing redox balance, mitochondrial membrane
potential, and modulation of HIF-1a expression as per scheme V [33].
Scheme V
Ulahannanet. al.synthesized imidazole derivatives and carried out DFT studies of the structure - NLO activity evaluation of
2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,5-triphenyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole as per scheme VI [34].
Scheme VI
Bhaskar et. al. prepared rationally designed imidazole derivatives as a colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for selective,
qualitative, and quantitative cyanide ion detection in real-time samples as per scheme VII [35].
Scheme VII
Tang et. al.synthesized polyfunctionalimidazoles from vinyl azides and amidine along with NHBoc as a leaving group as
per scheme VIII [36].
Scheme VIII
Ibisogluet. al. prepared a new cyclotriphosphazene ligand containing imidazole rings and its one-dimensional copper(II)
coordination polymer as per scheme IX [37].

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1480
Scheme IX
Kumar et.al.synthesized metal complexes of a tertiary phosphine, 2-(2-(diphenylphosphaneyl)-1H-imidazole-1-yl)pyridine
containing pyridyl and imidazole moieties as per scheme X [38].
Scheme X
Obledo-Benicioet. al.reportedstructural analysis of intramolecular 1,5-type O/O and S/O interactions in diethyl 2-oxo and
diethyl 2-thioxo-1H benzo[d] imidazole-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate: Experimental and theoretical study as per scheme XI [39].
Scheme XI
Slassi et. al. prepared crystal structure, DFT calculations, Hirshfeld surfaces, and antibacterial activities of Schiff base
based on imidazole as per scheme XII [40].
Scheme XII
Arjomandiet. al.synthesizedand investigated inhibitory activities of imidazole derivatives against the Metallo-β-lactamase
IMP-1 as per scheme XIII [41].

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1481
Scheme XIII
Takashima et. al. reported the selective synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from a-amino ketones prepared by N-
heterocyclic-carbene-catalyzed arylation as per scheme XIV [42].
Scheme XIV
Rha et. al. reported an effective phthalazine-imidazole-based chemosensor for detecting Cu2+, Co2+, and S2− via the color
change as per scheme XV [43].
Scheme XV
CONCLUSION
Recent activities as reported in Imidazole research are included in this review articles which demonstrated its footprint in
almost every field, from the solar cell to focal brain injury, from light-emitting diode to SARS-COV-2. Its association with
the most demanding field of today’s generation, make it a special and demanding molecule. The novel method of synthesis
as reported by the research community in the present work further endorse the potential of Imidazole which can be
harnessedfor medicine, industrial, biological,and other activities.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are very thankful to the Lovely Professional University for providing the necessary resources for this research
work. Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1482
REFERENCES
[1] A. Mishra, J. Aslam, C. Verma, M. A. Quraishi, and E. E. Ebenso, “Imidazoles as highly effective
heterocyclic corrosion inhibitors for metals and alloys in aqueous electrolytes: A review,” Journal of the
Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2020, 114, 341-358.
[2] X. Zhang, P. Wu, Y. Fu, F. Zhang, and B. Chen, “A practical metal-free route to 1,2,4,5- tetrasubstituted
imidazoles derivatives from the annulation of amidines and b-keto esters,” Tetrahedron Letters, 2017, 58, 870-
873.
[3] S. Huo, S. Yang, J. Wang, J. Cheng, Q. Zhang, Y. Hu, G. Dinga, Q. Zhang, and P. Song, “A liquid
phosphorus-containing imidazole derivative as flame-retardant curing agent for epoxy resin with enhanced
thermal latency, mechanical, and flame-retardant performances,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 386,
121984.
[4] H. Brahmbhatt, M. Molnar, and V. Pavic, “Pyrazole nucleus fused tri-substituted imidazole derivatives as
antioxidant and antibacterial agents,” Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, 2018, 4, 200-206.
[5] H. M. Alkahtani, A. Y. Abbas, and S. Wang, “Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzo[d]imidazole
derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2012, 22, 1317-1321.
[6] Y. L. Fan, X. H. Jin, Z. P. Huang, H. F. Yu, Z. G. Zeng, T. Gao, and L. S. Feng, “Recent advances of
imidazole-containing derivatives as antitubercular agents,” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2018,
150, 347-365.
[7] R. Katikireddy, R. Kakkerla, M. P. S. Murali Krishna, G. Durgaiah, Y. N. Reddy, M. Satyanarayana,
“Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (E)-N’- Benzylidene-7-methyl-2-propyl-1H-benzo[d] imidazole-5-
carbohydrazides as Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic agents,” Heterocycl. Commun, 2019, 25,
27-38.
[8] S. K. Kankala, R. K. Kankala, P. Gundepaka, N. Thota, S. Nerella, M. R. Gangula, H. Guguloth, M. Kagga,
R. Vadde, and C. S. Vasam, “Regioselective synthesis of isoxazolemercaptobenzimidazole hybrids and their
in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity studies,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2013,
23, 1306-1309.
[9] T. Kua, N. Loprestia, M. Shirleya, M. Morib, J. Marchanta, X. Henga, M. Bottab, M. F. Summersa, and K. L.
Seley-Radtke, “Synthesis of distal and proximal fleximer base analogues and evaluation in the nucleocapsid
protein of HIV-1,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2019, 27, 2883-2892.
[10] A. Ravindernath, and M. S. Reddy, “Synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities of densely functionalized novel benzo [d] imidazolyl tetrahydropyridine carboxylates,”
Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 10, S1172-S1179.
[11] J. G. Villarinho, R. Fachinetto, F. V. Pinheiro, G. A. Sant'Anna, P. Machado, P. A. Dombrowski, C. Cunha,
D. A. Cabrini, M. A. P. Martins, H. G. Bonacorso, N. Zanatta, M. A. Rubin, and J. Ferreira, “Antidepressant-
like effect of the novel MAO inhibitor 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1Himidazole (2-DMPI) in
mice,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 2012, 39, 31- 39.
[12] E. E. Hernández, J. I. M. Camacho, D. A. F. Velasco, C. G. B. Cardoza, F. F. R. Cárdenas, and S. L. Suárez,
“The insertion of bioactive peptides at the C-terminal end of an 11S globulin changes the structural stability
and improves the antihypertensive activity,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 2019, 37, 18-24.
[13] B. Liu, G. D. Liu, H. Y. Guo, K. C. Zhu, L. Guo, N. Zhang, B. S. Liu, S. G. Jiang, and D. C. Zhang,
“Characterization and functional analysis of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) from golden
pompano Trachinotusovatus (Linnaeus 1758),” Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 2020, 104, 419-430.
[14] Y. Zheng, G. Wu, L. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Luo, Y. Zheng, F. Hu, T. Forouzanfar, H. Lin, and B. Liu, “Neuro-
regenerative imidazole-functionalized GelMA hydrogel loaded with hAMSC and SDF-1α promote stem cell
differentiation and repair focal brain injury,” Bioactive Materials, 2020, 6, 627-637.
[15] Y. Wang, Y. Yang, D. Han, Q. Yang, Q. Yuan, H. Li, Y. Yang, D. Zhou, and L. Feng, “Amphoteric imidazole
doping induced large-grained perovskite with reduced defect density for high performance inverted solar
cells,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cell, 2020, 212, 110553.
[16] Q. Zhang, K. Liu, K. Liu, L. Zhou, C. Ma, and Y. Du, “Imidazole containing solid copolymer electrolyte for
lithiumion conduction and the effect of two lithium salts,” Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 351, 136342.
[17] T. Singha, D. Mallick, U. Chakraborty, P. Maiti, R. Jana, C. Sinha, P. P. Ray, and P. K. Paul, “Development
of a Schottky barrier diode using molecular network of 1-alkyl-2-(arylazo) imidazole prepared by Langmuir–
Blodgett technique,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, (2021, Online 2020), 149, 109778.
[18] C. Saravanan, and P. M. Mareeswaran, “Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction using calix[n]imidazole,” Materials
Today: Proceedings, processing.

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1483
[19] D. Kumar, V. Jain, and B. Rai, “Imidazole derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for copper: A DFT and reactive
force field study,” Corrosion Science, 2020, 171, 108724.
[20] J. S. Al-Otaibi, A. H. Almuqrin, Y. S. Mary, and R. Thomas, “Modeling the conformational preference,
spectroscopic properties, UV light harvesting efficiency, biological receptor inhibitory ability and other
physico-chemical properties of five imidazole derivatives using quantum mechanical and molecular
mechanics tools,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020, 310, 112871.
[21] M. V. P. S. Nascimentoa, A. C. M. Munhoza, B. M. D. C. Facchina, E. Fratonia, T. A. Rossab, M. M. Sáb, C.
C. Campac, E. Ciraoloc, E. Hirschc, and E. M. Dalmarco, “New pre-clinical evidence of anti- inflammatory
effect and safety of a substituted fluorophenyl imidazole,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2020, 111, 1407.
[22] Y. Yamada, K. Nishii, K. Kuwata, M. Nakamichi, K. Nakanishi, A. Sugimoto, and K. Ikemoto, “Effects of
pyrroloquinoline quinone and imidazole pyrroloquinoline on biological activities and neural functions,”
Heliyon, 2020, 6 (1), e03240.
[23] M. Saudi, J. Zmurko, S. Kaptein, J. Rozenski, J. Neyts, and A. V. Aerschot, “Synthesis and evaluation of
imidazole-4,5- and pyrazine-2,3- dicarboxamides targeting dengue and yellow fever virus,” European Journal
of Medicinal Chemistry, 2014, 87, 529-539.
[24] O. Bulut, H. V. Oktem, and M. D. Yilmaz, “A highly substituted and fluorescent aromatic-fused imidazole
derivative that shows enhanced antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA),” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 3894, 30891-30898.
[25] H. A. Shahid, S. Jahangir, S. Yousuf, M. Hanif, and S. K. Sherwani, “Synthesis, crystal structure, structural
characterization and in vitro antimicrobial activities of 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole,” Arabian Journal of
Chemistry, 2016, 9, 668-675
[26] A. Belhassana, F. En-nahlia, H. Zakia, T. Lakhlifia, and M. Bouachrine, “Assessment of effective imidazole
derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 main protease through computational approach. Life Sciences,” 2020, 262,
118469.
[27] J. A. Obaleye, A. A. Ajibola, V. B. Bernardus, and E. C. Hosten, “Synthesis, X-ray crystallography,
spectroscopic and in vitro antimicrobial studies of a new Cu(II) complex of trichloroacetic acid and
imidazole,” Journal Pre-proof, 2020, 1203, 127435.
[28] S. Naidoo, and V. Jeena, “Molecular iodine/DMSO mediated oxidation of internal alkynes and primary
alcohols using a one-pot, two step approach towards 2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles: Substrate scope and
mechanistic studies,” Tetrahedron, 2020, 76, 131028.
[29] J. Tagare, R. Boddula, R. A. K. Yadav, D. K. Dubey, J. H. Jou, S. Patel, and S. Vaidyanathan, “Novel
imidazole-alkyl spacer-carbazole based fluorophores for deep-blue organic light emitting diodes:
Experimental and theoretical investigation,” Dyes and Pigments, 2020, 185 (Part A), 108853.
[30] A. Allahresani, E. Naghdi, and M. A. Nasseri, “Catalytic activity of Co(II) Salen@KCC-1 on the synthesis of
2,4,5-triphenyl1H-imidazoles and benzimidazoles,” Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2020, 119,
108137.
[31] W. M. Liu, M. Zhang, J. F. Yan, C. X. Lin, and Y. F. Yuan, “Synthesis and characterization of N-
(arylmethylene)-benzimidazole/imidazole-borane compounds,” Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2020,
927, 121544.
[32] J. Tan, J. R. Li, Y. L. Hu, “Novel and efficient multifunctional periodic mesoporous organosilica supported
benzotriazolium ionic liquids for reusable synthesis of 2,4,5- trisubstituted imidazoles,” Journal of Saudi
Chemical Society, 2020, 24, 777-784.
[33] O. S. Adeyemi, A. O. Eseola, W. Plass, C. A. Otuechere, and T. C. Elebiyo, “New imidazoles cause cellular
toxicity by impairing redox balance, mitochondrial membrane potential, and modulation of HIF-1a
expression,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2020, 529, 23-27.
[34] R. T. Ulahannan, V. Kannan, V. Vidya, and K. Sreekumar, “Synthesis and DFT studies of the structure - NLO
activity evaluation of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,5-triphenyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,” Journal of Molecular
Structure, 2020, 1199, 127004.
[35] R. Bhaskar, V. Vijayakumar, V. Srinivasadesikan, S. L. Lee, and S. Sarveswari, “Rationally designed
imidazole derivative as colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for selective, qualitative and quantitative cyanide
ion detection in real time samples;” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular
Spectroscopy,2020, 234, 188212.
[36] P. Tang, D. Ke, J. Shao, W. Chen, and Y. Yu, “Synthesis of polyfunctional imidazoles from vinyl azides and
amidine along with NHBoc as a leaving group,” Tetrahedron, 2019, 75, 4419-4424.
[37] H. Ibisoglu, D. Atilla, S. O. Tümay, A. Senocak, E. Duygulu, and F. Yuksel, “New cyclotriphosphazene
ligand containing imidazole rings and its one-dimensional copper (II) coordination polymer,” Journal of
Molecular Structure, 2020, 1208, 727888.

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 12, December-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com
Page 1484
[38] S. Kumar, and M. S. Balakrishna, “Synthesis and metal complexes of a tertiary phosphine, 2-(2-
(diphenylphosphaneyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl) pyridine containing pyridyl and imidazole moieties,” Polyhedron,
2020, 190, 114779.
[39] F. Obledo-Benicio, N. E. Magana-Vergara, K. Pineda-Urbina, D. J. Perez, M. M. Romero-Chavez, J. P.
Mojica-Sanchez, O. Ramos-Rodríguez, and A. Ramos-Organillo, “Structural analysis of intramolecular 1,5-
type O/O and S/O interactions in diethyl 2-oxo and diethyl 2-thioxo-1H benzo[d] imidazole-1,3(2H)-
dicarboxylate: Experimental and theoretical study,” Journal of Molecular Structure, 2020, 1209, 127929.
[40] S. Slassi, M. Aarjane, K. Yamni, and A. Amine, “Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT calculations, Hirshfeld
surfaces, and antibacterial activities of schiff base based on imidazole,” Journal of Molecular Structure, 2019,
1197, 547-554.
[41] O. K. Arjomandi, M. Kavoosi, and H. Adibi, “Synthesis and investigation of inhibitory activities of imidazole
derivatives against the metallo-β-lactamase IMP-1,” Bioorganic Chemistry, 2019, 92, 103277.
[42] R. Takashima, K. Tsunekawa, M. Shinozaki, and Y. Suzuki, “Selective synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted
imidazoles from a-imino ketones prepared by N-heterocyclic-carbene-catalyzed aroylation,” Tetrahedron,
2018, 74, 2261-2267.
[43] C. J. Rha, H. Lee, and C. Kim, “An effective phthalazine-imidazole-based chemosensor for detecting Cu2+,
Co2+ and S2− via the color change,” InorganicaChimica Acta, 2020, 511, 119788.