Nativ Dudai

Agricultural Research Organization ARO, Newe Ya'ar Reseach Center.

Myrtus communis is a Mediterranean shrub cultivated in Israel for traditional, ceremonial use only, with more than 98% of the crop biomass, equivalent to 26–27 tons per ha per annum, considered agricultural waste. Therefore, potentially profitable use for this excess is being highly sought. As Myrtus is also known for its unique terpene and terpeno...

Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is an important culinary herb grown worldwide. Although basil is green, many landraces, breeding lines, and exotic cultivars have purple stems and flowers. This anthocyanin pigmentation is unacceptable in traditional Italian basil used for Pesto sauce production. In the current study, we aimed to resolve the geneti...

Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus (L.) Schleid., Handb. syn. Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts are widely used as natural preservatives due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which are attributed to the phenolic diterpenoid carnosic acid (CA). Growers are rewarded based on CA content in their rosemary leaf harvested. Conventional method...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an epidemic with increasing prevalence. Limited treatment options and poor adherence emphasize the urgent need for novel therapies for the treatment and/or prevention of NAFLD. Bioactive natural compounds found in medicinal plants are promising as novel therapeutic agents for NAFLD. Chiliadenus i...

Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is an important culinary herb grown worldwide. Although basil is green, many landraces, breeding lines and exotic cultivars have purple stems and flowers. This anthocyanins pigmentation is unacceptable in the traditional Italian basil. We used the recently published sweet basil genome to map quantitative trait loci...

Fusarium wilt of basil is a disease of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici (FOB). Although resistant cultivars were released >20 years ago, the underlying mechanism and the genes controlling the resistance remain unknown. We used genetic mapping to elucidate FOB resistance in an F2 popula...

Basil downy mildew, caused by the pathogen Peronospora belbahrii, is a major problem for sweet basil growers worldwide. The genome sequences of both Ocimum basilicum and P. belbahrii were recently completed but extensive transcriptome analysis of this pathosystem has not been completed. RNA sequencing was performed using basil leaf samples collecte...

Arnica montana is a plant distributed in most of Europe, including the Alpine arc and Apennines in Italy, and traditionally used worldwide for medicinal properties. Twelve natural populations of the species from Trentino‐Alto Adige, Italy, were characterized using Headspace‐Solid Phase Microextraction analysis for their volatile profile. Fifty‐one...

Basil downy mildew, caused by the pathogen Peronospora belbahrii , is a major problem for sweet basil growers worldwide. The genome sequences of both Ocimum basilicum and P. belbahrii were recently completed but extensive transcriptome analysis of this pathosystem has not been completed. RNA sequencing was performed using basil leaf samples collect...

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a chilling sensitive crop and therefore highly susceptible to chilling injury (CI) both in the field and during shipping when temperatures drop below 10°C. CI manifests in leaf browning and wilting, leading to visual damage of the leaves and rendering the produce unmarketable. Such low temperature occurs during...

Clinopodium serpyllifolium is a perennial medicinal plant generally used as herbal tea in folk medicine. Leaves of C. serpyllifolium from the representative exemplars in the Newe Ya’ar living germplasm collection were analyzed for their polyphenolic and volatiles composition, and tested for their antioxidant activity. The oxygenated monoterpenes pu...

Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is a well-known culinary herb grown worldwide, but its uses go beyond the kitchen to traditional medicine, cosmetics and gardening. To date, the lack of an available reference genome has limited the utilization of advanced molecular breeding methods. We present a draft version of the sweet basil genome of the culti...

Asteriscus graveolens is an aromatic desert shrub which holds medicinal potential. This species belongs to the Asteraceae family and is endemic to the Mediterranean region. In the present study, wild plants were sampled from eleven locations throughout southern Israel and the volatile profiles from leaves and flowers were analyzed using GC/MS. Thre...

Basil, better known as “the king of herbs,” is widespread today in almost every home garden and is a leading spice worldwide, used for culinary purposes both dried and fresh. It is a source of essential oils and other valuable antioxidant and phenolic compounds and a medicinal herb with a history of tales and lore. In India, basil is considered sac...

Lavandula pubescens Decne (LP) is one of the three Lavandula species growing wildly in the Dead Sea Valley, Palestine. The products derived from the plant, including the essential oil (EO), have been used in Traditional Arabic Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM) for centuries as therapeutic agents. The EO is traditionally believed to have sedative,...

Goat herding is an important tool in the ecologically sound management of Mediterranean shrublands and woodlands, although effective levels of woody biomass removal by the goats is neither guaranteed nor easy to predict. Preliminary observations indicated that one reason for this may be poor understanding of plant-herbivore interactions that operat...

The sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has been recorded to differentially prefer rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) varieties in commercial fields in Israel. As chemical signaling is a significant component in plant-insect interaction, the present study examined the involvement of rosemary essential oil volatiles in...

Sweet basil, sometimes called the King of Herbs, is well known for its culinary uses, especially in the Italian sauce Pesto. It is also used in traditional medicine, as a source for essential oils and as an ornamental plant. So far, basil was bred by classical and traditional methods due to lack of a reference genome that will allow optimized appli...

Medicinal aromatic plants (MAPs) are cultivated for the production of specialty materials including essential oils (EO), and pharmaceuticals, but most are still wild collected. The need for renewable sources of intensive industrial products as well as the protection of plant biodiversity can be satisfied by cultivating MAPs as agro-industrial crops...

Asteriscus graveolens (A. graveolens) plants contain among other metabolites, sesquiterpene lactone asteriscunolide isomers (AS). The crude extract and its fractions affected the viability of mouse BS-24-1 lymphoma cells (BS-24-1 cells) with an IC50 of 3 μg/mL. The fraction was cytotoxic to cancer cells but not to non-cancerous cells (human induced...

Phenylpropenes play an important role in plant defense against animals and microorganisms, and in attracting pollinators and insects. We report the genetic inheritance of methyl chavicol and eugenol following a cross between the sweet basil varieties ‘Perrie’ and ‘Cardinal,’ eugenol and methyl chavicol chemotypes, respectively. Methyl chavicol was...

Soil pollution in Israel, due to diesel contamination, is a major concern, with gas stations, factories and refineries being the main polluters (>60%). Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) is a perennial grass belonging to the Poaceae family, and is recognized world-wide for its potential as a plant with phytoremediation traits to contaminated...

ABSTRACT Environmental conditions, including irrigation water quality, are known to affect secondary metabolite production in plants and hence the composition and activity of essential oils of aromatic plants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of irrigation with secondary-treated effluent, as compared with potable water irrigation, on...

Ephedra is likely one of the oldest medicinal plants still currently in use. In folk medicine, extracts of Ephedra foeminea are commonly used to treat cancer patients. In relation to its traditional use, the aim of the present study was to determine the cytotoxic activity in vitro of E. foeminea extracts on cancer and non-cancer cells. Cell viabili...

Establishment of seedlings of economic crops is often reduced if there is not a steady supply of water. Essential oils (EO) from plants are increasingly used instead of synthetic chemicals to protect plant and animal products against biotic and abiotic stresses. We investigated priming radish seeds by soaking or by matriconditioning with synthetic...

Background: Commiphora gileadensis (Hebrew: apharsemon) has been used since Biblical times to treat various ailments, and is used today in the traditional medicine of some Middle Eastern cultures. Methods: The essential oils from the stem bark, leaves, and fruits of Commiphora gileadensis—collected at the Ein Gedi Botanical Garden, Israel—were obta...

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is an important insect pest, causing severe damage to agricultural crops. The pest was recorded in a commercial rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae) field, colonizing rosemary variety (var.) '2', but not '11'. A series of field and controlled laboratory choice bioassays confirmed the observed phenomenon. Mature pot...

Crop produce can be contaminated in the field during cultivation by bacterial human pathogens originating from contaminated soil or irrigation water. The bacterial pathogens interact with the plant, can penetrate the plant via the root system and translocate and survive in above-ground tissues. The present study is first to investigate effects of a...

The production of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Israel during the winter exposes the crop to temperatures below 12 °C, which promote visible chilling injuries, reducing yields by up to 85%. In 2011, the addition of illumination was examined as an agro-technique to mitigate visible chilling injuries under a semi-commercial operation. Lamps we...

Aromatic plants and their volatile compounds affect seed germination and plant growth, and therefore hold potential for agriculture uses as plant growth regulators and bioherbicides. In the present study 17 major monoterpenes were selected, and their mechanisms of plant toxicity were elucidated using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana at various growt...

The aroma of plants is determined by the composition of volatile components. The intensive cultivation required for year-round availability of fresh herbs has stimulated the development of innovative growing methods and a greater interest in breeding. This chapter presents the case of basil, which is an important, well-known herb. It considers the...

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen plant, a member of the Lamiaceae family. It is distributed throughout the Mediterranean, where it is used primarily as a spice herb for culinary purposes. In the present study 18 wild populations of rosemary distributed throughout the Tyrrenian Sea and its vicinity were tested for chemical profil...

Wild populations of Croatian clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) were examined for variability to determine cultivation suitability in Croatia and Israel for breeding purposes. Phenotypic variability (coefficient of variation; %) was recorded for inflorescence weight (39.6%), inflorescence yield (52.8%), and essential oil yield (67.6%) when grown in Cro...

The influence of light conditions on plant growth and essential oil production of the novel herb Eucalyptus citriodora (Lemon-Scented Gum) was investigated. Pot-grown plants were grown either directly exposed to sunlight or ‘shaded’ with the least exposure to sunlight (75 % shade) or with intermediate exposure to sunlight (50 % shade). Shaded plant...

The research proposal was submitted in 2002. The purpose of the project was to test the feasibility of using foci of repulsion inside the orchard and attraction foci in its periphery and evaluate the success of this strategy..

Among the most reputed ancient medical plants was the balm of Gilead known as the apharsemon, identified botanically as Commiphora gileadensis L. This plant originated in the Kingdom of Sheba on the south of the Arabian Peninsala. Apharsemon, known also as the Judean balsam, grew as an agricultural crop only around the Dead Sea Basin in antiquity a...

Khat (Catha edulis Forsk., Celastraceae) is a flowering perennial shrub with a long history of use and cultivation in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Young khat leaves are traditionally chewed in social gatherings to attain special states of mind, aimed especially at awakeness and enhanced mind focus. Since khat chewing contains amphetamine-...

The Holy Land has a long history of settlement by many different nations, cultures and religions, as well as a long tradition of using plants for culinary, medicinal and liturgical purposes. This chapter describes a selected list of promising local Medicinal Aromatic Plants (MAP) from this region. The focus is on the most important native MAP and o...

Citronellal is one of the most prominent monoterpenes present in many essential oils. Low persistence of essential oils as bioherbicides has often been addressed because of the high volatility of these compounds. Bioconversion of citronellal by wheat seeds releases less aggressive and injurious compounds as demonstrated by their diminished germinat...

Plants have been known and cultivated for their therapeutic properties in the Middle-East throughout recorded history and most likely – beyond that. With the progress of science, they continue to be cultivated and collected for both traditional and innovative purposes. This volume: "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the Middle-East" offers the most...

Plants exchange signals with other physical and biological entities in their habitat, a form of communication termed allelopathy. The underlying principles of allelopathy and secondary-metabolite production are still poorly understood, especially in desert plants. The coordination and role of secondary metabolites were examined as a cause of allelo...

Industrial Crops and Products j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / i n d c r o p Dynamics of yield components and stevioside production in Stevia rebaudiana grown under different planting times, plant stands and harvest regime a b s t r a c t Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is well known because of its...

Citronellal is a major component of Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus essential oils. Herein it is shown that whereas (+)-citronellal (1) is an effective microtubule (MT)-disrupting compound, (-)-citronellal (2) is not. Quantitative image analysis of fibroblast cells treated with 1 showed total fluorescence associated with fibers resembling...

There are many traditional medicinal and aromatic plants endemic to the Levant. The great climatic variations in Israel, in a relatively small area, create a wide range of natural habitats and high biodiversity of wild plants. The increased demand by industry for uniform and high quality raw material, together with the modern developments that fewe...

Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) is a perennial shrub whose young leaves are chewed for their psychostimulating and anorectic properties. The main active principles of khat are believed to be the phenylpropylamino alkaloids, primarily (-)-cathinone [(S)-α-aminopropiophenone], (+)-cathine [(1S)(2S)-norpseudoephedrine], and (-)-norephedrine [(1R)(2S)-norep...

The biblical balm of Gilead (Commiphora gileadensis) was investigated in this study for anticancerous activity against tumor cell lines. The results obtained from ethanol-based extracts and from essential oils indicated that β-caryophyllene (trans-(1R,9S)-8-methylene-4,11,11-trimethylbicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene) is a key component in essential oils e...

Populations of Mentha longifolia, an endangered species in Israel, were tested for essential oil composition and conservational ability. In 2002-2003, 25 wild populations country-wide were tested, indicating population divergence into two chemotypes. Chemotype A was characterized by high levels of menthone and pulegone, and chemotype B by high leve...

Nitzan, N., Chaimovitsh, D., Davidovitch-Rekanati, R., Sharon, M., and Dudai, N. 2012. Rhizoctonia web blight-A new disease on mint in Israel. Plant Dis. 96:370-378. Mentha longifolia is produced in and exported from Israel with annual revenue of US$16 million. In 2010, a severe epidemic of unknown etiology reduced growers' returns up to 50%. Disea...

The plant volatile monoterpene citral is a highly active compound with suggested allelopathic traits. Seed germination and seedling development are inhibited in the presence of citral, and it disrupts microtubules in both plant and animal cells in interphase. We addressed the following additional questions: can citral interfere with cell division;...

Perennial aromatic plants are cultivated as cash-crops for fresh or dry herb production, or as a source of essential oils. They require substantial amounts of water in order to satisfy their potential for intensive production. In arid and semiarid regions, where shortage of fresh-water restricts agricultural production, irrigation with marginal wat...

Chiliadenus iphionoides (Asteraceae), a shrub endemic to the Mediterranean region and widespread throughout Israel, is used in the traditional eastern Mediterranean medicine. Although recent research confirmed its pharmacological potential, C. iphionoides essential oil has not been adequately characterized chemically. Essential-oil samples were col...

Caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferases (OMTs) have been characterized from numerous plant species and have been demonstrated to be involved in lignin biosynthesis. Higher plant species are known to have additional caffeoyl CoA OMT-like genes, which have not been well characterized. Here, we identified two new caffeoyl CoA OMT-like genes by screening a c...

The aroma in sweet basil is a factor affecting the commercial value of the crop. In previous studies leaf age was considered to be a factor that influences the composition of essential oil (EO). In this study it was hypothesized that a single observation of the EO content in leaves from different positions on the main stem (young vs old) could pred...

Purpose of review: Herbs contain a volatile fraction containing essential oils and a non-volatile fraction containing compounds with biological activity, including antioxidant activity. However, there is an overwhelming amount of information on antioxidant activity in herbs, without knowing which fraction contributed to this activity. The purpose o...

Artemisia is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. It comprises hardy herbs and shrubs known for their volatile oils. They grow in temperate climates of the Northern and Southern hemispheres, usually in dry or semidry habitats. The fern-like leaves of many species are covered wit...

This study is a prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial whose aim was to investigate the clinical effects of aromatic essential oils in patients with upper respiratory tract infections. The trial was conducted in six primary care clinics in northern Israel. A spray containing aromatic essential oils of five plants (Eucalyptus citriodor...

Ocimum spp. are cultivated worldwide for culinary and medicinal uses. Some species are the subjects of improvement in breeding programs while others are still collected from the wild. Polyploidy and dysploidy are common features of the cultivated species. Taxonomical confusion has arisen in the classification of Ocimum spp., in part due to the ease...

Portulaca oleracea (purslane) is nutritious but, in addition to the essential alpha-linolenic acid, vitamin C and tocopherols, it contains undesirable oxalic acid. Knowing the effects of nitrate and ammonium on oxalate accumulation, we tested the agronomic potential of three members of the P. oleracea aggregate under various nitrogen fertilization...

Sprouting of potatoes during storage, due to tuber dormancy release, is associated with weight loss and softening. Sprout-preventing chemicals, such as chlorpropham (CIPC), can negatively impact the environment and human health. Monthly thermal fogging with mint (Mentha spicata L.) essential oil (MEO) inhibited sprouting in eight potato cultivars d...

Sweet basil is one of the main herbs grown in the Mediterranean region. The market and the growers have been requesting breeders to provide rapid solutions to urgent problems, such as resistance to diseases or tolerance to chilling. Naturally, as has happened in other crops, there is the danger that this process is leading to high yields, nice appe...

Dietary application of dried Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaves as a treatment for streptococcal infection was studied in tilapia, Oreochromis sp. Feeding with dried rosemary leaves significantly reduced mortality following infection with Streptococcus iniae: 44% mortality in the group fed 8% rosemary, similar to oxytetracycline treatment (43...

The objective of the project was to study salinity-induced effects on essential oil, pigments and salts accumulation in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, the cultivar Perrie) in relation to the alteration of plant morphological development and yield production. Hydroponically grown plants were exposed to one of six NaCl concentrations (1, 25, 50, 75,...

Citral is a component of plant essential oils that possesses several biological activities. It has known medicinal traits, and is used as a food additive and in cosmetics. Citral has been suggested to have potential in weed management, but its precise mode of action at the cellular level is unknown. Here we investigated the immediate response of pl...

The volatile phenylpropenes estragole and t-anethole are the major constituents of the oleoresin of the aerial parts of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. vulgare, Apiaceae). The levels of estragole and t-anethole varied during plant development, being maximal in flowers and developing mericarps. Still the ratio between estragole and t-an...

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) has not been widely introduced in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation, fertilization, and salinity are important factors in plant growth. The main objective of this study was to determine the response of vetiver to fertilization (fertigation) and salinity and their interactions under irrigated conditions. The...

In alternative agronomical practices, the choice of an organic amendment is critical if it is to be used in conjunction with the root colonizing, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This is because of certain unknown inhibitory moieties which may be present in the organic amendment that deleteriously affect the AMF's ontogenic cycle. The present wo...

The influence of pot size on plant height, stem diameter, dry leaf biomass, essential oil content, and composition of Eucalyptus citriodora was investigated in this experiment. Both the physical and the chemical properties of pot-grown plants were significantly affected by pot size. Plants grown in larger pots were generally taller, had thicker ste...

The importance of selecting for aroma in breeding of aromatic plantsThe importance of genetic factors regarding the essential oil composition in aromatic plantsSweet basil and the Ocimum genusUses of sweet basilThe chemistry of the aroma factors of plants: The essential oilEssential oil profiles of common commercial basil varietiesComparison of che...

The allelopathic effect of white micromeria (Micromeria fruticosa) leaves on germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was examined in sterilized and non-sterilized clay and sandy soils. Seed germination and seedling development were evaluated and the volatile compounds in the soil and in the seeds analyzed. The germination of the seeds and subseque...

Shortage of water throughout the world dictates utilization of marginal water for irrigation. Treated urban wastewater is a common alternative water source for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation with secondary-treated effluent on plant development, essential oil yield, antioxidant ac...

Bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. vulgare, Apiaceae) is a hemicryptophyte native to the Mediterranean basin and cultivated for its use as a medicinal and spice. We describe here the flowering dynamics and crossability among six native populations of bitter fennel collected from four localities in Israel, one from Sinai Desert (Egypt), an...

Khat (Catha edulis Forsk., Celastraccae) is a perennial shrub that was introduced to Israel by Yemenite immigrants. Its young leaves are chewed for their psychostimulating properties. Young khat leaves contain the phenylpropylamino alkaloids (-)-cathinone [(S)-alpha-aminopropiophenone], (+)-cathine[(1S)(2S)-norpseudoephedrine], and (-)-norephedrine...

The antioxidative properties of forty-seven plant samples originating from the Ein Gedi Botanical Garden were screened. Their antioxidative activity, determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay and expressed as chlorogenic acid equivalent, ranged from 0.3 to 88 mg/g DW. The total phenol content, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, ranged from...

Selected plants within the Origanum, Mentha and Salvia genera, that contain significant amounts of chiral volatile alcohols and their related acetates, exhibit remarkable enantioselectivity of alcohol acetyl transferase (AAT) activity and particularly can discriminate between linalool enantiomers. Origanum dayi AAT produced almost enantiomerically...

Volatiles emitted from wounded peel tissue of various citrus cultivars had a pronounced stimulatory effect on germination and germ tube elongation of both Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum; however, P. digitatum appeared to be more sensitive to the stimulatory action of citrus peel volatiles. When exposed to volatiles from grapefruit peel discs...

Increasing interest in growing and using medicinal and aromatic plants has recently led to the extension of production areas under Dalmatian ("true") sage. Information on the seed germination and viability is important for selection of methods (direct sowing or transplants) for crop establishment, since they can influence further crop uniformity in...

Due to its high content of the compounds carvacrol and thymol, oregano essential oil has a number of known potent biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, fungicide, insecticide, herbicide and nematicide capabilities. The recent trend in using natural preservatives and functional foods increases the demand for oregano essential oi...

Catha edulis Forsk. (khat) is an evergreen tree growing wild in high altitudes in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Due to its stimulating effect, chewing fresh young leaves of khat has become a common habit in several countries in those regions, which later spread to the Western world. The stimulating activity of khat is attributed to its alk...

Khat (Catha edulis Forsk., Celastraceae) is a perennial shrub that was introduced to Israel by Yemenite immigrants. Khat young leaves are chewed as a stimulant. The main stimulating active principles in this plant are the phenylpropylamino alkaloids (-)-cathinone [(S)-alpha-aminopropiophenone], (+)-cathine [(+)-norpseudoephedrine] and (-)-norephedr...

We have modified the flavor and aroma of tomatoes by expressing the Ocimum basilicum geraniol synthase gene under the control of the tomato ripening-specific polygalacturonase promoter. A majority of untrained taste panelists preferred the transgenic fruits over controls. Monoterpene accumulation was at the expense of reduced lycopene accumulation....

Chiral GC–MS analyses of natural and synthetic trans- and cis-piperitone oxide were performed on an Rt-βDEX-sm capillary column in order to clarify the stereochemistry of their enantiomeric forms. Only enantiomerically pure laevo-rotatory piperitone oxides, (1S,2S,4S)-trans-piperitone oxide and (1S,2S,4R)-cis-piperitone oxide, were detected by chir...

The activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in the chloroplasts of leaves of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was followed during the growth and development of the plants and following exposure to cold stress. The levels of activity showed very great variability in the leaves of a given plant, the youngest leaves had the highest activity and mature leaves g...

In spite of the advantages of Vetiver grass in light of environmental aspects, this plant is not used in the Mediterranean region. The objectives of the present study were: (i) to elucidate growth parameters and establishment of Vetiver under Mediterranean conditions suitable for its various environmental applications; and (ii) to develop managemen...

A high content of essential oil in the foliage of two chemotypes of field-grown Origanum syriacum L. was found between August and October. The content of phenolic monoterpenes in the essential oil was low from November to January, while the content of p-cymene was high. The effect of environmental conditions and flowering on the two chemotypes was...