Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net Phytotherapy for Wound Healing: The Most Important Herbal Plants in Wound Healing Based on Iranian Ethnobotanical Documents

Abstract

Wound healing is a process that starts with the inflammatory response after the occurrence of any damage. This process initiates by restoring the wound surface coating tissue, migrating fibro-blasts to form the required collagen, forming a healing tissue and finally, leading to contortion and extraction of the wound. Today, various drugs are used to heal wounds. However, the drugs used to repair wounds have some defects and side effects. In spite of all attempts to accelerate wound healing definitely, no safe drug has been introduced for this purpose. Therefore, the necessity to identify herbal plants in ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany documents with healing effects is essential. In this article, we tried to review and present effective Iranian medicinal plants and herbal compounds used for wound healing. Searching was performed on databases, including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, ISC, SID, Magiran and some other databases. The keywords used included wound healing, skin treatment, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, and phytotherapy. In this regard, 139 medicinal plants effective on wound healing were identified based on ethnopharmacology and ethno-botanical sources of Iran. Plants such as Salvia officinalis, Echium amoenum, Verbascum spp., G1ycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Mentha pulegium, Datura stramonium L., Alhagi spp., Aloe vera, Hypericum perforatum, Pistacia atlantica and Prosopis cineraria are the most important and useful medicinal plants used for wound healing in Iran. These native Iranian medicinal plants are rich in antioxidants and biological compounds and might be used for wound healing and preparation of new drugs.

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Phytotherapy for Wound Healing: The Most Important Herbal Plants in
Wound Healing Based on Iranian Ethnobotanical Documents
Kamal Solati1, Mehrdad Karimi2, Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei3,*, Naser Abbasi4, Saber Abbaszadeh5
and Mahmoud Bahmani4,*
1Department of Psychiatry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; 2Department of Surgery,
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; 3Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences
Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Shahrekord, Iran; 4Biotechnology and Medicinal
Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam Iran; 5Department of Clinical Biochemistry,
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Abstract: Wound healing is a process that starts with the inflammatory response after the occurrence
of any damage. This process initiates by restoring the wound surface coating tissue, migrating fibro-
blasts to form the required collagen, forming a healing tissue and finally, leading to contortion and
extraction of the wound. Today, various drugs are used to heal wounds. However, the drugs used to
repair wounds have some defects and side effects. In spite of all attempts to accelerate wound healing
definitely, no safe drug has been introduced for this purpose. Therefore, the necessity to identify herb-
al plants in ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany documents with healing effects is essential. In this
article, we tried to review and present effective Iranian medicinal plants and herbal compounds used
for wound healing. Searching was performed on databases, including ISI Web of Science, PubMed,
PubMed Central, Scopus, ISC, SID, Magiran and some other databases. The keywords used included
wound healing, skin treatment, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, and phytotherapy. In this regard, 139
medicinal plants effective on wound healing were identified based on ethnopharmacology and ethno-
botanical sources of Iran. Plants such as Salvia officinalis, Echium amoenum, Verbascum spp.,
G1ycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Mentha pulegium, Datura stramonium L., Alhagi spp., Aloe
vera, Hypericum perforatum, Pistacia atlantica and Prosopis cineraria are the most important and use-
ful medicinal plants used for wound healing in Iran. These native Iranian medicinal plants are rich in
antioxidants and biological compounds and might be used for wound healing and preparation of new
drugs.
A R T I C L E H I S T O R Y
Received: January 25, 2020
Revised: June 13, 2020
Accepted: June 23, 2020
DOI:
10.2174/1389557520666201119122608
Keywords: Wound healing, ethnopharmacology, ethnobotany, medicine, Iran.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wound healing is a process that takes place after skin
damage. After the occurrence of damage, inflammatory re-
sponse starts and cells increase collagen production under
the dermis. Finally, epithelial tissue is gradually restored [1,
2]. Wound healing occurs in 4 steps, including wound sur-
face coating tissue, migration of fibroblasts to form the
needed collagen, formation of a healing tissue and finally
contortion and extraction of the wound [3]. The response of
coagulation factors in a cascade during the hemostasis phase
usually causes a significant change in fibrinogen that
*Address correspondence to this author at the Biotechnology and Medicinal
Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam Iran;
E-mail: mahmood.bahmani@gmail.com; and Medical Plants Research Cen-
ter, Basic Health Sciences, Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical
Sciences, Shahrekord Shahrekord, Iran; E-mail: Rafieian@yahoo.com
becomes an insoluble fibrin to help in the formation of blood
clots. During the inflammatory phase, inflammatory cells,
including macrophages and neutrophils, release chemotactic
and mitogenic factors. In the next phase, the proliferation of
fibroblasts from the surrounding tissue begins to replicate the
fibrin matrix and collagen. Then, angiogenesis and epitheli-
alization happen, and finally, new collagen is synthesized in
the mature phase that randomly deposits in granular tissue
and is used to form a new granulated tissue [4].
The skin is susceptible to infectious agents and pathogens
when wounded and injured, which can exacerbate inflamma-
tion and delay the wound healing process. Bacterial patho-
gens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus,
Staphylococcus citras, Staphylococcus intermedius, Bacillus
coli, B. pyocyaneus, Streptococcus species, E. coli, Pseudo-
monas, Klebsiella, Proteus species; viral agents such as Ca-
nine distemper virus, Contagious viral pustular dermatitis,

2 Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 21, No. 0 Solati et al.
Poxvirus, Pseudorabies, Papilloma virus, Feline leukemia
virus, Herpes virus; and mycotic pathogens including Der-
matophytosis, Candidiasis, Mallaseziasis, Subcutaneous my-
coses, Pseudomycetoma, Phaeohyphomycosis, Eumycotic
mycetoma, Pythiosis, Zygomycosis, Sporotrichosis, Lagen-
idiosis are the main causes of infections of ulcers [5].
Since the wound makes distortion in the skin, the wound
healing process and its recovery time have been the most
important issues that researchers have focused on for many
years [6]. Various medicines are used to heal open wounds,
including disinfectant solutions (such as betadine, acetic acid
and normal saline), antibiotic ointments, and hydrocortisone
[7]. Each one has some harmful effects, side effects, and
specific properties [8]. Hence, it seems necessary to intro-
duce an effective medicinal plant for wound healing [9-11].
Furthermore, injudicious use and untargeted therapy of
conventional antibiotics have reduced the efficacy of antimi-
crobial drugs and caused a failure in the eradication of bacte-
rial, fungal and viral infections. Hence, alternative novel
therapies have always been attempted. For this purpose, phy-
totherapeutic remedies, due to being more cost-effective and
relatively safe, are very interesting [12]. Hence, various stud-
ies have been performed to evaluate their therapeutic mecha-
nisms in various types of skin and wound infections [13].
Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacological studies have
identified the effective treatment effects in various cultures
and regions [14]. In this field of science, since the effects of
each plant on wound healing and other conditions are ob-
tained gradually by experience, treatment effects of each
plant are indicated traditionally. Various researches have
also confirmed the positive effects of these plants on a wide
variety of diseases [15, 16]. In this article, we tried to review
and present Iranian effective medicinal plants and herbal
compounds used for wound healing.
2. METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted by searching the keywords,
wound healing, skin treatment, medicinal plants, ethnobota-
ny, and phytotherapy. Searching was conducted on data-
bases, including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Cen-
tral, Scopus, ISC, SID, Magiran and some other databases.
The abstracts of the papers were reviewed based on in-
clusion and exclusion criteria. The full texts were retrieved
to assess study eligibility if necessary. Finally, the articles
directly published in English and Persian language were in-
cluded in the analysis (Fig. 1).
3. RESULTS
In this study, 139 effective medicinal plants were identi-
fied based on ethnobotanical sources of Iran. Based on the
obtained results, plants such as Alvia officinalis, Echium
amoenum, Verbascum spp., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago
sativa, Mentha pulegium, Datura stramonium L., Alhagi
spp., Aloe vera, Hypericum perforatum, Pistacia atlantica,
and Prosopis cineraria were found to be the most important
and effective medicinal plants used for wound healing in
Iran. The complementary information about these medicinal
plants is shown in Table 1. Also, bioactive compounds of the
medicinal plants are shown in Table 1.
Fig (1). Flow diagram of study. (A higher resolution / colour ver-
sion of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article).
A number of active ingredients with antimicrobial effects
on wound healing are shown in Fig (4). These effects have
only been reported in ethnobotanical studies. The results of
the study using medicinal plants for wound healing are
shown in Fig. (3).
As shown in Fig. (1), comparative analysis shows how
different plant organs contribute to traditional use. The
shoots with 28% are the most widely used organs of native
Iranian medicinal plants for wound healing. Additional in-
formation on the extent and percentage of plant organs used
for wound healing is given in Fig. (3).
This section has been added solely to help with this arti-
cle. Herbal active ingredients have a variety of effects. These
are the main constituents of these herbs and can have any
antioxidant effect, even the effect of wound healing. Active
ingredients of medicinal plants are shown in Table 2.
Herbal ingredients have a variety of effects. These are the
main constituents of these herbs and can have antioxidant
effects with wound healing properties.
It is known that 1.8-cineole eucalyptol has anti-
inflammatory properties [125]. Also, the gastroprotective
effect of Monoterpene 1, 8-Cineole (Eucalyptol) has been
reported [126]. Some research suggests that berberine has
wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties [127].
Glycyrrhizin is a saponin-like compound that has potential
wound healing effects, immunomodulating properties, anti-
inflammatory, hepato- and neuro-protective, and antineo-
plastic activities. Glycyrrhizin modulates certain enzymes
involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, and downreg-
ulates certain pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby protect-
ing against inflammation- and reactive oxygen species
(ROS)-induced damage [128]. Luteolin has wound healing,
anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties [129]. Some
research suggests that Myrcene has anti-inflammatory and
analgesic properties. However, quercetin might help enhance
wound healing and reduce inflammation [130]. Tannins have
wound healing activities which may be related to their anti-
oxidative property, which is important in protecting cellular
oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation [131]. Hyper-
forin and hypericin also help in wound healing and reducing
inflammation [132, 133]. Menthol's analgesic and dermatitis

Phytotherapy for Wound Healing Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 20, No. 0 3
Fig. (2). Plants families with wound healing effects in Iran's ethnobotanical sources. (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is
available in the electronic copy of the article).
Table 1. Effective medicinal plants on wound healing based on ethnobotany and sources of Iran.
Scientific Name
Domestic Name
Persian Name
Organs Use
Therapeutic
Effect
Used
(Topical /
Systemic)
Bioactive Compounds
Region
Abutilon fruticosum
Guill. & Perr.
Malvaceae
Garshem
Flower,
leaves and
seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Abutilon hirtum
(Lam.) Sweet
Malvaceae
Sherijan
Flower,
leaves and
seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Abutilon muticum
(Delile ex DC.)
Sweet
Malvaceae
Khormalchouk
Flower,
leaves and
seed
Wound healing
Topical
3,4',5,6,7- pentahydroxy flavones;
3,3',4',5,7-penta hydroxy flavone-
8-O-β-D- glucopyranoside,
3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy flavones;
stigmasterol, benzoic acid, 1-
tricosanol, cholesterol and triac-
ontyl palmitate [40]
Hormozgan [17]
Acanthophyllum
bracteatum Boiss.
Caryophyllaceae
Chavike bargdar
Root
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Acanthophyllum
squarrosum Boiss.
Caryophyllaceae
Chavike sabz
Root
Wound healing
Topical
3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1--
>2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1--
>3)]-beta- D-glucuronopyranosyl
gypsogenin 28-O-beta-D-
xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-
L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-
D-4-O- acetylfucopyranoside [41]
Hormozgan [17]
Achillea eriophora
DC.
Compositae
Berenjasef
Flower and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Achillea tenuifolia
Lam.
Asteraceae
Boumadaran
Aerial parts
Purulent wound
healing
Topical
Polyphenolic compounds, flavo-
noids, sesquiuterin, lactone, beta-
ine, acetylene, resin, tannin,
acylene [42]
Kazeroun [18]
Achillea Wilhelmsii
Asteraceae
Gole chaghar
Flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
Flavonoids (Khazneh et al., 2016)
Zangelano [20]
Achillea wilhelmsii
Asteraceae
Boumadaran
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
Polyphenolic compounds, flavo-
noids, sesquiuterin, lactone, beta-
ine, acetylene, resin, tannin,
acylene [42]
Fars [19]
Aerva persica Merr.
Amaranthaceae
Parzou
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Albizzia julibrissin
Durazz.
Fabaceae
Shab khasb
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
L: linoleic, O: oleic, P: palmitic, S:
stearic acids [39]
Babol [21]
Alhagi persarum
Boiss. & Buhse.
Fabaceae
Kharshotor
Stem, leaves
and flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
alhagidin, alhagitin, proanthocy-
anidine, flavvoune, flavonoids and
glycosides [43, 44]
Sistan [22]
(Table 1) Contd…

4 Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 21, No. 0 Solati et al.
Scientific Name
Domestic Name
Persian Name
Organs Use
Therapeutic
Effect
Used
(Topical /
Systemic)
Bioactive Compounds
Region
Aloe vera L.
Liliaceae
Sabreh zard
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
dehydrocoumarin 1 and 2 [45]
Sistan [22]
Althea officinalis
Malvaceae
Charm giah
Root
Wound healing
Topical
-
Zangelano [20]
Amygdalus lycoides
Spach
Rosaceae
Kolem
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
Stearic acid [46]
Hormozgan [17]
Aristolochia olivieri
Collegno in Boiss.
Aristolochiaceae
Zaravand
Leaves and
stem
Wound healing
Topical
Aristolochic acid, Alkaloid, Flavo-
noid, Terpenoid, Bioactivity [47]
Ilam [23]
Asphodelus tenuifo-
lius Cav.
Liliaceae
Gole spid
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
2-acetyl-8-methoxy-3-methyl-1-
naphthol and 2-acetyl-1,8-
dimethoxy-3-methylnaphthalene
[44]
Kohgilouyeh
[24]
Astragalus adscen-
dens Boiss. &
Hausskn.
Fabaceae
Gaz khansar
Resin
Wound healing
Topical
-
Dastena [25]
Astragalus fascicu-
lifolius Boiss.
Fabaceae
Ginja
Root and
flower
Wound healing
and healing of
diabetic wounds
Topical
-
Kohgilouyeh
[24]
Astragalus spp.
Fabaceae
Katira
Resin
Wound healing
Topical
-
Mashhad [26]
Berberis vulgaris L.
Berberidaceae
Zereshk
Root
Wound healing
Topical
Berberine [48]
West Azerbaijan
[27]
Beta vulgaris L.
Amaranthaceae
Choghondar
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
Folic acid, palmitic, stearic, oleic
and linoleic acid [49]
Khuzistan [28]
Biebersteinia mul-
tifida DC.
Graniaceae
Adamak
Bulb
Wound healing
Topical
Vasicinone [50]
Dastena [25]
Bromus tectorum L.
Poaceae
Alafe bam
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
-
Dastena [25]
Bromus tectorum L.
Poaceae
Jaroyeh alafibami
Aerial parts
Painful wounds
Topical
-
Kazeroun [18]
Bunium persicum
Apiaceae
Ghareh zireh
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
p-cuminaldehyde, α-methyl-
benzenemethanol, γ-terpinene and
β-cymene [51]
Zangelano [20]
Calotropis procera
Asclepiadaceae
estabragh
Leaves and
sap
Wound healing
Topical
urs-19(29)-en-3-yl acetate, (3β)-
Urs-19(29)-en-3-ol, and 1-(2',5'-
dimethoxyphenyl)-glycerol [52]
North East of the
Persian gulf [29]
Capsella bursapas-
toris (L.)
Cruciferae
Losiro
Leaves and
stem
Wound healing
Topical
kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quinic,
arginine, palmitic and β-sitosterol
[53]
Hormozgan [17]
Carthamus oxy-
acantha M.B
Asteraceae
Zardeh siri
Aerial parts
Burn wound
healing
Topical
-
Kermanshah
[30]
Carthamus tinctori-
us L.
Asteraceae
Golrang
Flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
linoleic acid, oleic acid, carmine
and yellow saphenous [54]
West Azerbaijan
[27]
Carthamus tinetori-
us L.
Asteraceae
Golrang
Flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
α-tocopherol [55]
Khuzistan [28]
Centaurium
Gentianaceae
Ghonterion
Flower and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
tenuifolium (Hoffm.
& Link) Fritsch
Cercis siliquastrum
Caesalpiniaceae
Arghavan
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
Heptadecane, nonadecane, pen-
tadcecane, linalyl acetate, eico-
sane, limonene [56]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Citrullus colocyn-
this
Cucurbitaceae
Hendavaneh abou-
jahl
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical
Cucurbitacin E and the Gluco-
Cucurbitacine E [57]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Citrullus colocyn-
this (L.) Schrad.
Cucurbitaceae
Hendavaneh abou-
jahl
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
Colocynthis and citrulline [58]
Ilam [23]
Citrus bigardia
Duh.
Rutacea
Bahar naranj
Flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
Nerol, geraniol, linalool, terpinol,
nerolidol and phenol [59]
Khuzistan [28]
Conyza Canadensis
(L.) Cronq.
Compositae
Pirbaharak bagh
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
Eugenyl beta-Psd, scutellarin,
luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide,
quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-
glucopyranoside and luteolin [60]
Hormozgan [17]
Cyperus rotundus
L.
Cyperaceae
Pizak
Rhizome and
root
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Datura stramonium
Solanaceae
tatoureh
-
Wound healing
Topical
N-trans-feruloyl tryptamine, hyos-
cyamilactol, scopoletin, umckalin,
daturaolone, daturadiol, N-trans-
ferulicacyl- tyramine, cleomiscosin
A, fraxetin, scopolamine, 1-
Acetyl-7-hydrox-beta-carbol-ine,
7-hydroxy-beta-carbolinel-
propionic acid [59]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
(Table 1) Contd…

Phytotherapy for Wound Healing Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 20, No. 0 5
Scientific Name
Domestic Name
Persian Name
Organs Use
Therapeutic
Effect
Used
(Topical /
Systemic)
Bioactive Compounds
Region
Datura stramonium
L.
Solanaceae
Datoureh
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
scopoletin, umckalin, daturaolone,
daturadiol, N-trans-ferulicacyl-
tyramine, cleomiscosin A [59]
Fars [19]
Dorema aucheri
Boiss.
Apiaceae
Zou
Root
Burn wound
healing
Topical
b-Guryunene, Curzerene, Spathu-
lenol, a- Eudesmol, Valeranone
[61]
Kermanshah
[30]
Echinops persicus
Stevenex DC.
Asteraceae
Shekar tighal
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
-
Khuzistan [28]
Echium italicum L.
Boraginaceae
Gavzaban
Flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
hexadecanol and pulegone [62]
Ilam [23]
Ephedra distachya
Ephedraceae
Armak
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical
Alkaloids [57]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Ephedra intermedia
Ephedraceae
Rish boz
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical
Alkaloids [57]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Equisetum arvense
Equisetaceae
Dome asb
Aerial parts
Wounds
-
Silicic acid, acacic acid, malic,
aconic, glucoside and alkaloids
[63]
Arasbaran [32]
Eremostachys mac-
rophylla
Lamiaceae
Mehr giah
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
-
Kohgilouyeh
[24]
Eremostachys mac-
rophylla Montbr &
Auch.
Lamiaceae
Sonboleh biabani
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
hexadecanoic acid, ethyl linoleate,
6-methyl-α-ionone, isobutyl
phthalate, α-cadinol and ger-
macrene D [64]
Dastena [25]
Erodium cicutarium
(L.) Her.ex Aiton
Graniaceae
Souzan choupan
Aerial parts
and seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Chopar kerman
[33]
Euphorbia larica
Boiss.
Euphorbaceae
Paragh
Stem
Wound healing
Topical
flavonoids, lignans, coumarins,
tannins, phenanthrenes, quinones,
phenolic acids,alkaloids, cyano-
genic glucosides and glucosin-
olates [65]
Hormozgan [17]
Evonymus latifolia
Celasteraceae
Goshvarak
Fruit and
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
-
Arasbaran [32]
Falcaria vulgaris
Bernh.
Apiaceae
paghazeh
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
Butylidenephthalide [66]
Toisekan [24]
Falcaria vulgaris
Bernh.
Apiaceae
Ghazyaghi
Leaves and
fruit
Wound healing
Topical
Carvacrol & Spatulenul [63]
Mashhad [26]
Falcaria vulgaris
Bernh.
Apiaceae
-
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
Carvacrol & Spatulenul [63]
Hamedan [34]
Ferula assa-feotida
L.
Umbelliferae
Heng
Root
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
β-pinene and α-pinene [67]
Hormozgan [17]
Ferula gomosa
Anacardiaceae
Barijeh
Rezin
Wound healing
Topical
β-pinene, α-pinene, delta tri-
careen, Myrcene, Limonen, Linal-
ool, Terpineol and Borneol [67,
68]
Abadeh shiraz
[35]
Fritillaria imperial-
is L.
Liliaceae
-
Bulb
Wound healing
Topical
3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol [69]
Kermanshah
[30]
Fumaria parviflora
Lam.
Fumariaceae
Shahtareh irani
Flower,
leaves and
stem
Wound healing
Topical
Fumarilin and fumarin [70]
Ilam [23]
Fumaria vaillantii
Loisel
Fumariaceae
Shahtareh
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
Chelidonine [71]
Jandagh [36]
Galium verum L.
Rubiaceae
Shirpanir
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
(+)-pinoresinol 4,4'-O-bis-beta-D-
glucopyranoside, epipinoresinol,
(+) -medioresinol, isorhamnetin,
isorhamnetin 3-O-alpha-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-
glucopyranoside, diosmetin, dios-
metin 7-O-beta-D-
glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-
beta-D-glucopyranoside, ursolic
acid, ursolic aldehyde and rubifolic
acid [72]
Toisekan [24]
Geranium rotundi-
foliumL
Geraniaceae
Souzanou
Stem and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Dehlo kerman
[37]
Glycyrrhiza glabra
L.
Fabaceae
Shirin bian
Root
Wound healing
Topical
glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin
[73, 74]
Toisekan [38]
(Table 1) Contd…

6 Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 21, No. 0 Solati et al.
Scientific Name
Domestic Name
Persian Name
Organs Use
Therapeutic
Effect
Used
(Topical /
Systemic)
Bioactive Compounds
Region
Gundeliato urne-
fortii L.
Asteraceae
Changar
Root
Burn wound
healing
Topical
palmitic acid, lauric acid, alpha
ionene, myristic acid, 1-
hexadecanol, 2-methyl, phytol and
beta turmerone [75]
Kermanshah
[30]
Hammada saliocor-
nica (Moq.) Lijin.
Chenopodiaceae
Zaz
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Heliotropium ra-
mosissimum (Lehm.
DC.
Boraginaceae
Halmeh
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Jandagh [36]
Hippocrepis unisil-
liquosa L.
Papilionaceae
Nael asbi
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Hyoscyamus niger
L.
Solanaceae
Berazha
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
-
Kermanshah
[30]
Hypericum tri-
quetrifolium
Hypericaceae
Gole raei
Aerial parts
Burn wound
healing
Topical and
Systemic
hyperforin and hypericin [76]
Kazeroun [18]
Linaria michauxi
Scrophulariaceae
Katani biabani
Flowered
flower
Wound healing
Topical
alkaloids, polyphenols including
flavonoids [77]
Kashan [39]
Linum usitatissi-
mum
Linaceae
Katan
Seed
Wound healing
Topical
Secoisolariciresinol, SDG, diglu-
coside and matairesinol [78]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Lycium Shawii
Roemer & Schult
Solanaceae
Dish
Fruit and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
Phenolic compounds [79]
Hormozgan [17]
Lythrum salicaria
L.
Lythraceae
Khounfam
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
umbelliferone-6-carboxylic acid
(2), 3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagic
acid-4-O-beta-D-(2"-acetyl)-
glucopyranoside, 3,3',4'-tri-O-
methylellagic acid-4-O-beta-D-
glucopyranoside, daucosterol,
phytol, dodecanoic acid, oleanolic
acid, 3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagic
acid, corosolic acid, beta-sitosterol,
peucedanin, buntansin , and
erythrodiol [80]
Kazeroun [18]
M. longifolia
Lamiaceae
Pouneh
Leaves
Burn wound
healing
Topical
tannin, azolene, menthol, limo-
nene, hesperidine and dioxin [81]
Kachik golestan
[40]
Malva microcarpa
Malvaceae
panirak mivehriz
Seed and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
mucilage, flavonoid, tannin, phe-
nolic compounds, anthocyanins,
dolphinidine and malvidine [82]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Medicago sativa L.
Papilionacea
Younjeh
Stem, leaves
and seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Khuzistan [28]
Medicago sativa L.
Fabaceae
Younjeh
Stem and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Sistan [22]
Melilotus officinalis
(L.) Desr.
Fabaceae
Younjeh zard
Aerial parts
and leaves
Wound healing
Topical
hexahydrofarnesylacetone, β-
eudesmol and globulol [74]
Toisekan [38]
Nasturtium offici-
nale
Brassicaceae
Nastaran
Aerial parts
and flower
Wound healing
Topical
vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin,
vitamin B6, calcium, and manga-
nese [83]
West Azerbaijan
[27]
Nepeta gloecephale
lamiaceae
Pouneasaye yazdi
Flowered
flower and
seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Kashan [39]
Nepeta persica
Boiss.
Lamiaceae
Pouneh kouhi
Aerial parts
and leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Khuzistan [28]
Nerium oleander L.
Apocynaceae
Kharzahreh
Leaves and
flower
Wound healing
Topical
nériine , digitoxigénine, Amor-
phane , 1.8-cineole, α-pinene,
calarene (5.12%), Limonene, β-
Phellandrene, Terpinene-4-ol,
sabinene, Isoledene, 3-Carene,
Humulene, β-Pinene and Cymen-
8-ol [84]
Ilam [23]
Ocimum basilicum
L.
Lamiaceae
Reyhan
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
Thujone and myrcene, linanol,
geraniol, fenchone, cineole, caryo-
phyllene, ursolic acid, apigenin
[85-87]
Kazeroun [18]
Onosma rostellatum
Lehm.
Boraginaceae
Asalak
Root
Burn wound
healing
Topical
-
Kermanshah
[30]
Pergularia tomen-
tosa L.
Asclepiadaceae
Keshto
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
total phenolic, flavonoids, flavo-
nols, and procyanidins [88]
Hormozgan [17]
Pistacia atlantica
Desf.
Anacardiaceae
Baneh
Aerial parts
and fruit
Wound healing
Topical
α-pinene, camphene, β-myrcene
and limonene [89]
Kohgilouyeh
[24]
(Table 1) Contd…

Phytotherapy for Wound Healing Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 20, No. 0 7
Scientific Name
Domestic Name
Persian Name
Organs Use
Therapeutic
Effect
Used
(Topical /
Systemic)
Bioactive Compounds
Region
Pistacia atlantica
Desf.
Pistacia atlantica
Baneh
Leaves, flow-
ers and resin
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Desf.
Plantago amplexi-
caulis
Plantaginaceae
Barhang sa-
gheaghoush
Seed
Wound healing
Topical
phenolic glycosidase compounds
[90, 91]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Plantago amplexi-
caulis Cav.
Plantaginaceae
Sialdaneh
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Plantago lanceolata
Plantaginaceae
Barhang neizhei
Seed and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
fatty acids, palmitic acid, oxidated
monoterpenes, aldehydes and
ketones , pentyl vinyl ketone and
alcohols [92]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Plantago lanceolata
L
Plantaginaceae
Barhang neizehei
Seed and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
fatty acids, oxidated monoterpene,
aldehydes and ketones and alco-
hols and apocarotenoids [93]
Chopar kerman
[33]
Plantago lanceolata
L.
Plantaginaceae
-
Seed and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
oxidated monoterpenes (linalool),
aldehydes and ketones (pentyl
vinyl ketone) and alcohols (1-
octen-3-ol) [92]
Toisekan [38]
Plantago lanceolata
L.
Plantaginaceae
Barhang neizehei
Leaves and
seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Sistan [22]
Plantago lanceolata
L.
Plantaginaceae
Ragki
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hamedan [34]
Plantago major L.
Plantaginaceae
Boz rishi
Leaves and
stem
Wound healing
Topical
polysaccharides, lipids, caffeic
acid derivatives, flavonoids, iri-
doid glycosides and terpenoids
[94]
South of West
Azarbaijan (Az-
izi et al., 2015)
Platychaete glau-
cescense (Boiss.)
Boiss.
Compositae
Angorouh
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Polygonum patalum
M.B.
Polygonaceae
Haft band
Aerial parts
Burn wound
healing
Topical
-
Kazeroun [18]
Polygonum spp.
Polygonaceae
Alafe haftband
Flowered
flower
Wound healing
Topical
-
Kashan [39]
Portulaca oleracea
L.
Portulaceae
Khorfeh
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
fatty acids of Omega-3, alpha-
tocopherol, ascorbic acid, beta-
carotene, glutathione, alpha-
linolenic acid, coumarin and quer-
cetin [95-97]
Sistan [22]
Prosopis cineraria
(L.) Durce
Mimosaceae
Kahour
Leaves, flow-
ers and resins
Wound healing
Topical
Fatty acids, tannins, alkaloids,
flavonoids and glycosides [98]
Hormozgan [17]
Prosopis farcta
Plantaginaceae
Kahourak
Seed
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
epinephrine, tryptamine, 5-
hydroxyl, L-arginine [99, 100]
Fars [19]
Prosopis fracta
Mimosaceae
Kahourak
Seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Sistan [22]
Pteropyrum Aucheri
Jaub. & Spach
Polygonaceae
Parand
Leaves, flow-
er, root and
stem
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Pulicaria gna-
phalodes
Compositae
Kakkoush biaban
Flower and
flowered
flower
Wound healing
Topical
-
Kashan [39]
Quercus infectoria
Oliv.
Fagaceae
Mazouye sabz
-
Wound healing
Topical
phenols, flavonoids, steroids,
triterpenes, tannins, saponins and
alkaloids [101]
Mashhad [26]
Rhizophora mucro-
nata Poir.
Rhizophoraceae
Chandal
Stem
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Rhus coriaria L.
Anacardiaceae
-
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
magnesium, phosphorous, sodium
and iron, amino acids [102]
Toisekan [38]
Ricinus communis
Euphorbiaceae
Karchak
Seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
North East of the
Persian gulf [29]
Rumex crispus L.
Polygonaceae
Chavvi
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
1, 5 Dihydroxyanthraquinones
[103]
Kohgilouyeh
[24]
Rumex elbursensis
Boiss.
Polygonaceae
Torshkeh
Flower
Burn wound
healing
Topical
-
Kermanshah
[30]
Salvia macrosiphon
Lamiaceae
Maryamgoli
loulehei
Seed and root
Wound healing
Topical
linalool, hexyl hexanoate, hexyl
isovalerate, hexyl-2-methyl-
butanoate, sclareol and hexyl oc-
tanoate, β-sitosterol (2), salvigenin
[104]
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Salvia Mirzayanii
Rech. F. & Esfand.
Lamiaceae
Mortalkh
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical
1,8-cineole, linalool acetate and α-
terpinyl acetate [105]
Hormozgan [17]
(Table 1) Contd…

8 Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 21, No. 0 Solati et al.
Scientific Name
Domestic Name
Persian Name
Organs Use
Therapeutic
Effect
Used
(Topical /
Systemic)
Bioactive Compounds
Region
Salvia Sharifii
Rech. F. & Esfand.
Lamiaceae
Baberiz
Seed
Wound healing
Topical
polyphenolic compounds [106]
Hormozgan [17]
Salvia sp
Lamiaceae
Maryam goli
Flower petals
and petals
Wound healing
Topical
thujon, cineol and borneol [107]
Abadeh shiraz
[35]
Sanguisobra minor
Scop.
Rosaceae
Touteh robahi
Root and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical
farnesyl acetate, nonadecane and
docosane [108]
Dastena [25]
Sanguisorba minor
Scop.
Rosaceae
Kareh char
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
2′, 6′-Dihydroxy-4′-
methoxyacetophenone [109]
Kohgilouyeh
[24]
Sanicula europaea
Umbelliferae
Marhami
Resin
Wound healing
Topical
β-selinene, caryophyllene oxide
and α-selinene [110]
Arasbaran [32]
Scrophularia deser-
ti Del.
Scrophulariaceae
Gole meimoni
biabani
Leaves and
stem
Wound healing
Topical
Harpagosside B and scropolioside-
D2 [111]
Ilam [23]
Scrophularia scopo-
lii
Scrophulariaceae
Gole meymouni
ghafghazi
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
-
Sirjan kerman
[31]
Scrophularia striata
Boiss.
Scrophulariaceae
Gole meimoni
sazouei
Leaves and
stem
Wound healing
Topical
Quercetin, isomerite, phenyl gly-
coside and propanoid [112, 113]
Ilam [23]
Scrophularia striata
Boiss.
Scrophulariaceae
zanglabachek
Aerial parts
Burn wound
healing
Topical
-
Kermanshah
[30]
Senecio gallicus
Chaix.
Asteraceae
Payam bahar
Aerial parts
Purulent wound
healing
Topical
-
Kazeroun [18]
Sesamum indicum
L.
Pedaliaceae
Konjed
Seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Ilam [23]
Sesamum indicum
L.
Pedaliaceae
Konji
Seed
Burn wound
healing
Topical
lignans, total phenolics, flavonoids
and flavonols [114]
Kermanshah
[30]
Solanum incanum
L.
Solanaceae
Limo abojahl
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical
manganese, copper, sodium, iron
and calcium, ascorbic acid [107]
Hormozgan [17]
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanaceae
Sag angour
Fruit
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
gentisic acid, luteolin, apigenin,
kaempferol, and m-coumaric acid
[115]
Ilam [23]
Tamarix ramosissi-
ma Ledeb. saltcedar
Tamaricaceae
Gaze shahi
Leaves and
resin
Wound healing
Topical
-
Ilam [23]
Teucrium polium
Lamiaceae
Abreh
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
Locoanthocyanin, beta-
caryophyllene, hemolin, caryo-
phyllene oxide, dipropenoid,
asyaragine and dithrine [116, 117]
Abadeh shiraz
[35]
Teucrium pollium
L.
Lamiaceae
Kerishk
Flowers,
leaves and
seeds
Wound healing
Topical
α-Pinene and myrcene, sinapic
acid and eugenol [118]
Hormozgan [17]
Tragopogon gram-
inifolius DC.
Asteraceae
Sheng
Flower and
root
Wound healing
Topical
Luteolin [119]
Ilam [23]
Tragopogon mar-
ginatus
Asteraceae
Sheng
Roots, leaves
and stems
Wound healing
Topical
Luteolin, ApigeninLucenin-1, iso-
orinetin, and Isovitexin [120]
Abadeh shiraz
[35]
Tussilago farfara L.
Asteraceae
Pakhari
Aerial parts
Wound healing
Topical
methyl 3, 4-O-dicaffeoylquinate,
methyl 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinate,
methyl 4, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinate, 3,
5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, methyl
3-O-caffeoylquinate, 3-O-
caffeoylquinic acid, hyperoside,
rutin, kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-
glucopyranoside, quercetin and
kaempferol [121]
Mashhad [26]
Valeriana sisym-
briifolia
Caprifoliaceae
Sonboleteib
Root
Wound healing
Topical
v alpotriates and its derivatives
include baldrinal and homo-
baldrinal [122]
Khuzistan [28]
(Table 1) Contd…

Phytotherapy for Wound Healing Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 20, No. 0 9
Scientific Name
Domestic Name
Persian Name
Organs Use
Therapeutic
Effect
Used
(Topical /
Systemic)
Bioactive Compounds
Region
Verbascum
alepense Benth
Scrophulariaceae
Gole mahour
Leaves and
flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
-
Ilam [23]
Verbascum phelo-
moides
Scrophulariaceae
Gole mahour
Flower
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
-
Arasbaran [32]
Verbascum pseu-
donobile Stoj &
Stef.
Scrophulariaceae
Gole mahour
Flower
Wound healing
Topical
-
Khuzistan [28]
Veronica anagallis-
aquatica
Scrophulariaceae
Pasorkhak
Aerial parts
Burn wound
healing
Topical
-
Kohgilouyeh
[24]
Zataria multiflora
Boiss.
Lamiaceae
Oshen
Leaves
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene
[123]
Hormozgan [17]
Ziziphus spin-
achirsti (L.) Willd.
Rhamnaceae
Konar
Flowered
flower and
leaves
Wound healing
Topical and
Systemic
Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn [124]
North East of the
Persian gulf [29]
Zygophyllum qata-
rense Hadidi
Zygophyllaceae
Ghich
Leaves and
seed
Wound healing
Topical
-
Hormozgan [17]
Table 2. Active ingredients of medicinal plants.
Scientific Name
Bioactive Compounds
Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr.
-
Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet
-
Abutilon muticum (Delile ex DC.) Sweet
3,4',5,6,7- pentahydroxy flavones; 3,3',4',5,7-penta hydroxy flavone-8-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy flavones; stigmasterol, benzoic
acid, 1-tricosanol, cholesterol and triacontyl palmitate [40]
Acanthophyllum bracteatum Boiss.
-
Acanthophyllum squarrosum Boiss.
3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-
D-glucuronopyranosyl gypsogenin 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-
alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-
D-4-O- acetylfucopyranoside [41]
Achillea eriophora DC.
-
Achillea tenuifolia Lam.
Polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, sesquiuterin, lactone, betaine, acety-
lene, resin, tannin, acylene [42]
Achillea Wilhelmsii
Flavonoids (Khazneh et al., 2016)
Achillea wilhelmsii
Polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, sesquiuterin, lactone, betaine, acety-
lene, resin, tannin, acylene [42]
Aerva persica Merr.
-
Albizzia julibrissin Durazz.
L: linoleic, O: oleic, P: palmitic, S: stearic acids [39]
Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse.
alhagidin, alhagitin, proanthocyanidine, flavvoune, flavonoids and glycosides
[43, 44]
Aloe vera L.
dehydrocoumarin 1 and 2 [45]
Althea officinalis
-
Amygdalus lycoides Spach
Stearic acid [46]
(Table 2) Contd…

10 Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 21, No. 0 Solati et al.
Scientific Name
Bioactive Compounds
Aristolochia olivieri Collegno in Boiss.
Aristolochic acid, Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Terpenoid, Bioactivity [47]
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.
2-acetyl-8-methoxy-3-methyl-1-naphthol and 2-acetyl-1,8-dimethoxy-3-
methylnaphthalene [44]
Astragalus adscendens Boiss. & Hausskn.
-
Astragalus fasciculifolius Boiss.
-
Astragalus spp.
-
Berberis vulgaris L.
Berberine [48]
Beta vulgaris L.
Folic acid, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid [49]
Biebersteinia multifida DC.
Vasicinone [50]
Bromus tectorum L.
-
Bromus tectorum L.
-
Bunium persicum
p-cuminaldehyde, α-methyl-benzenemethanol, γ-terpinene and β-cymene [51]
Calotropis procera
urs-19(29)-en-3-yl acetate, (3β)-Urs-19(29)-en-3-ol, and 1-(2',5'-
dimethoxyphenyl)-glycerol [52]
Capsella bursapastoris (L.)
kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quinic, arginine, palmitic and β-sitosterol [53]
Carthamus oxyacantha M.B
-
Carthamus tinctorius L.
linoleic acid, oleic acid, carmine and yellow saphenous [54]
Carthamus tinetorius L.
α-tocopherol [55]
Centaurium
-
tenuifolium (Hoffm. & Link) Fritsch
Cercis siliquastrum
heptadecane, nonadecane, pentadcecane, linalyl acetate, eicosane, limonene
[56]
Citrullus colocynthis
Cucurbitacin E and the Gluco-Cucurbitacine E [57]
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
Colocynthis and citrulline [58]
Citrus bigardia Duh.
nerol, geraniol, linalool, terpinol, nerolidol and phenol [59]
Conyza Canadensis (L.) Cronq.
Eugenyl beta-Psd, scutellarin, luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, quercetin,
quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and luteolin [60]
Cyperus rotundus L.
-
Datura stramonium
N-trans-feruloyl tryptamine, hyoscyamilactol, scopoletin, umckalin, daturao-
lone, daturadiol, N-trans-ferulicacyl- tyramine, cleomiscosin A, fraxetin,
scopolamine, 1-Acetyl-7-hydrox-beta-carbol-ine, 7-hydroxy-beta-carbolinel-
propionic acid [59]
Datura stramonium L.
scopoletin, umckalin, daturaolone, daturadiol, N-trans-ferulicacyl- tyramine,
cleomiscosin A [59]
Dorema aucheri Boiss.
b-Guryunene, Curzerene, Spathulenol, a- Eudesmol, Valeranone [61]
Echinops persicus Stevenex DC.
-
Echium italicum L.
hexadecanol and pulegone [62]
Ephedra distachya
Alkaloids [57]
Ephedra intermedia
Alkaloids [57]
(Table 2) Contd…

Phytotherapy for Wound Healing Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 20, No. 0 11
Scientific Name
Bioactive Compounds
Equisetum arvense
Silicic acid, acacic acid, malic, aconic, glucoside and alkaloids [63]
Eremostachys macrophylla
-
Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr & Auch.
hexadecanoic acid, ethyl linoleate, 6-methyl-α-ionone, isobutyl phthalate, α-
cadinol and germacrene D [64]
Erodium cicutarium (L.) Her.ex Aiton
-
Euphorbia larica Boiss.
flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, tannins, phenanthrenes, quinones, phenolic
acids,alkaloids, cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates [65]
Evonymus latifolia
-
Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.
Butylidenephthalide [66]
Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.
Carvacrol & Spatulenul [63]
Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.
Carvacrol & Spatulenul [63]
Ferula assa-feotida L.
β-pinene and α-pinene [67]
Ferula gomosa
β-pinene, α-pinene, delta tri-careen, Myrcene, Limonen, Linalool, Terpineol
and Borneol [67, 68]
Fritillaria imperialis L.
3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol [69]
Fumaria parviflora Lam.
Fumarilin and fumarin [70]
Fumaria vaillantii Loisel
Chelidonine [71]
Galium verum L.
(+)-pinoresinol 4,4'-O-bis-beta-D-glucopyranoside, epipinoresinol, (+) -
medioresinol, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-
6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, diosmetin, diosmetin 7-O-beta-D-
glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, ursolic acid, ursolic
aldehyde and rubifolic acid [72]
Geranium rotundifoliumL
-
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin [73, 74]
Gundeliato urnefortii L.
palmitic acid, lauric acid, alpha ionene, myristic acid, 1-hexadecanol, 2-
methyl, phytol and beta turmerone [75]
Hammada saliocornica (Moq.) Lijin.
-
Heliotropium ramosissimum (Lehm. DC.
-
Hippocrepis unisilliquosa L.
-
Hyoscyamus niger L.
-
Hypericum triquetrifolium
hyperforin and hypericin [76]
Linaria michauxi
alkaloids, polyphenols including flavonoids [77]
Linum usitatissimum
Secoisolariciresinol, SDG, diglucoside and matairesinol [78]
Lycium Shawii Roemer & Schult
Phenolic compounds [79]
Lythrum salicaria L.
umbelliferone-6-carboxylic acid (2), 3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-
beta-D-(2"-acetyl)-glucopyranoside, 3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-
beta-D-glucopyranoside, daucosterol, phytol, dodecanoic acid, oleanolic acid,
3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagic acid, corosolic acid, beta-sitosterol, peucedanin,
buntansin , and erythrodiol [80]
M. longifolia
tannin, azolene, menthol, limonene, hesperidine and dioxin [81]
(Table 2) Contd…

12 Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 21, No. 0 Solati et al.
Scientific Name
Bioactive Compounds
Malva microcarpa
mucilage, flavonoid, tannin, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, dolphinidine
and malvidine [82]
Medicago sativa L.
-
Medicago sativa L.
-
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr.
hexahydrofarnesylacetone, β-eudesmol and globulol [74]
Nasturtium officinale
vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, vitamin B6, calcium, and manganese [83]
Nepeta gloecephale
-
Nepeta persica Boiss.
-
Nerium oleander L.
nériine , digitoxigénine, Amorphane , 1.8-cineole, α-pinene, calarene
(5.12%), Limonene, β-Phellandrene, Terpinene-4-ol, sabinene, Isoledene, 3-
Carene, Humulene, β-Pinene and Cymen-8-ol [84]
Ocimum basilicum L.
Thujone and myrcene, linanol, geraniol, fenchone, cineole, caryophyllene,
ursolic acid, apigenin [85-87]
Onosma rostellatum Lehm.
-
Pergularia tomentosa L.
total phenolic, flavonoids, flavonols, and procyanidins [88]
Pistacia atlantica Desf.
α-pinene, camphene, β-myrcene and limonene [89]
Pistacia atlantica Desf.
-
Plantago amplexicaulis
phenolic glycosidase compounds [90, 91]
Plantago amplexicaulis Cav.
-
Plantago lanceolata
fatty acids, palmitic acid, oxidated monoterpenes, aldehydes and ketones ,
pentyl vinyl ketone and alcohols [92]
Plantago lanceolata L
fatty acids, oxidated monoterpene, aldehydes and ketones and alcohols and
apocarotenoids [93]
Plantago lanceolata L.
oxidated monoterpenes (linalool), aldehydes and ketones (pentyl vinyl ke-
tone) and alcohols (1-octen-3-ol) [92]
Plantago lanceolata L.
-
Plantago lanceolata L.
-
Plantago major L.
polysaccharides, lipids, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides
and terpenoids [94]
Platychaete glaucescense (Boiss.) Boiss.
-
Polygonum patalum M.B.
-
Polygonum spp.
-
Portulaca oleracea L.
fatty acids of Omega-3, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, gluta-
thione, alpha-linolenic acid, coumarin and quercetin [95-97]
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Durce
Fatty acids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides [98]
Prosopis farcta
epinephrine, tryptamine, 5-hydroxyl, L-arginine [99, 100]
Prosopis fracta
-
Pteropyrum Aucheri Jaub. & Spach
-
Pulicaria gnaphalodes
-
(Table 2) Contd…

Phytotherapy for Wound Healing Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 20, No. 0 13
Scientific Name
Bioactive Compounds
Quercus infectoria Oliv.
phenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, tannins, saponins and alkaloids
[101]
Rhizophora mucronata Poir.
-
Rhus coriaria L.
magnesium, phosphorous, sodium and iron, amino acids [102]
Ricinus communis
-
Rumex crispus L.
1, 5 Dihydroxyanthraquinones [103]
Rumex elbursensis Boiss.
-
Salvia macrosiphon
linalool, hexyl hexanoate, hexyl isovalerate, hexyl-2-methyl-butanoate,
sclareol and hexyl octanoate, β-sitosterol (2), salvigenin [104]
Salvia Mirzayanii Rech. F. & Esfand.
1,8-cineole, linalool acetate and α-terpinyl acetate [105]
Salvia Sharifii Rech. F. & Esfand.
polyphenolic compounds [106]
Salvia sp
thujon, cineol and borneol [107]
Sanguisobra minor Scop.
farnesyl acetate, nonadecane and docosane [108]
Sanguisorba minor Scop.
2",$6"&Dihydroxy&4"&methoxyacetophenone$[109]$
Sanicula europaea
β-selinene, caryophyllene oxide and α-selinene [110]
Scrophularia deserti Del.
Harpagosside B and scropolioside-D2 [111]
Scrophularia scopolii
-
Scrophularia striata Boiss.
Quercetin, isomerite, phenyl glycoside and propanoid [112, 113]
Scrophularia striata Boiss.
-
Senecio gallicus Chaix.
-
Sesamum indicum L.
-
Sesamum indicum L.
lignans, total phenolics, flavonoids and flavonols [114]
Solanum incanum L.
manganese, copper, sodium, iron and calcium, ascorbic acid [107]
Solanum nigrum L.
gentisic acid, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, and m-coumaric acid [115]
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. saltcedar
-
Teucrium polium
Locoanthocyanin, beta-caryophyllene, hemolin, caryophyllene oxide, dipro-
penoid, asyaragine and dithrine [116, 117]
Teucrium pollium L.
α-Pinene and myrcene, sinapic acid and eugenol [118]
Tragopogon graminifolius DC.
Luteolin [119]
Tragopogon marginatus
Luteolin, ApigeninLucenin-1, iso-orinetin, and Isovitexin [120]
Tussilago farfara L.
methyl 3, 4-O-dicaffeoylquinate, methyl 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinate, methyl 4,
5-O-dicaffeoylquinate, 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, methyl 3-O-
caffeoylquinate, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, hyperoside, rutin, kaempferol 3-O-
beta-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin and kaempferol [121]
Valeriana sisymbriifolia
v alpotriates and its derivatives include baldrinal and homobaldrinal [122]
Verbascum alepense Benth
-
Verbascum phelomoides
-
(Table 2) Contd…

14 Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2021, Vol. 21, No. 0 Solati et al.
Scientific Name
Bioactive Compounds
Verbascum pseudonobile Stoj & Stef.
-
Veronica anagallis-aquatica
-
Zataria multiflora Boiss.
thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene [123]
Ziziphus spinachirsti (L.) Willd.
Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn [124]
Zygophyllum qatarense Hadidi
-
Fig. (3). Used organs of plants families. (A higher resolution / colour version of this figure is available in the electronic copy of the article).
properties are mediated through selective activation of κ-
opioid receptors [134, 135]. Clinical evidence suggests that
carvacrol reduces wound inflammation, swelling and red-
ness. Carvacrol inhibits COX-2 gene expression. COX-2 is a
major cause of swelling and redness [136]. The thymol com-
pound has anti-inflammatory, immune-enhancing, and anes-
thetic properties [137]. A case-controlled study found that
the consumption of kaempferol-containing foods was associ-
ated with reduced gastric cancer risk and enhanced wound
healing effects [138, 139]. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory
and anti-bruising properties [140, 141].
The results of the analysis in ethnobotanical sources of
Iran showed that 51 plant families in Iran possessed wound
healing effects. The full details of these plant families are
shown in Fig. (2).
3. DISCUSSION
The present article elaborated on the potential role of
medicinal plants in treating skin wounds. The use of medici-
nal plants in treating wounds has been very encouraging,
revealing the their potential to be used for the preparation of
new drugs [131]. Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacological
studies identified the treatment methods used in various cul-
tures and regions. Recently, these effects have been con-
firmed by various preclinical and clinical studies [131]. The-
se studies were mostly conducted to evaluate the effects of
local use of traditional extracts such as boiled or herbal pow-
der on burn injuries. However, severe burn injury often re-
sults in complications and complex metabolic changes. The-
se complications are usually associated with oxidative stress
[142]. Therefore, topical and systemic administration of me-
dicinal plants, which mostly have antioxidant activities,
should be considered in these patients.
The obtained results indicated that 139 effective medici-
nal plants were used for wound healing, obtained from eth-
nobotanical sources of Iran. Salvia officinalis, Echium
amoenum, Verbascum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa,
Mentha pulegium, Datura stramonium L., Alhagi spp., Aloe
vera, Hypericum perforatum, and Pistacia atlantica,
Prosopis cineraria were the most important and effective

Phytotherapy for Wound Healing Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2020, Vol. 20, No. 0 15
medicinal plants used for wound healing in Iran. Study and
identification of effective medicinal plants can give us in-
sight into the preparation of effective medicinal products.
This research aimed to revie the constituents of medicinal
plants that are beneficial for wound healing.
A wound is often associated with an increase in oxidative
stress and this increase in ROS or other reactive species re-
sults in damaging cytotoxicity and delay in wound healing.
Hence, it seems that elimination or reduction of ROS can be
a good strategy to improve wound healing. Nowadays, the
strategy to target ROS via antioxidants is being highlighted
in chronic wound therapy. Most of these plants and/or their
components have antioxidant activities. Hence, it seems the-
se plants accelerate wound healing partially through the ame-
lioration of the redox level. However, each plant may have a
specific compound(s) that can contribute its effect.
Inflammation is also associated with wounds and in-
flammatory mediators are released constantly by wounded
tissues [12]. A lot of plants have anti-inflammatory activities
[143]. Inflammation is associated with the production and
release of free radicals and induction of oxidative stress.
Therefore, these plants which have antioxidant activities may
have anti-inflammatory properties, too. Moreover, the skin
has the maximum exposure to various pathogens and the
wound is one of the most causes of enhanced susceptibility
to infections [12]. Some of these plants such as Nepeta per-
sica Boiss., Scrophularia scopolii, Berberis vulgaris L., Ech-
ium italicum L., Scrophularia deserti Del., Scrophularia
striata Boiss., Fumaria vaillantii Loisel, Ziziphus spin-
achirsti (L.) Willd. and Datura stramonium L. have antimi-
crobial activities and might be useful in this regard. There-
fore, among these plants, the ones which possess antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities such as
Scrophularia deserti Del., Berberis vulgaris L., Nerium ole-
ander L., Verbascum alepense Benth and Glycyrrhiza, gla-
bra L. might be more useful for wound healing due to sever-
al beneficial. This group of plants should be selected and
evaluated more for the preparation of anti-wound drugs.
The sensitivity testing of the available antibiotics against
isolated microbes from various wound infections has shown
resistance against various drugs [12, 143]. The development
of antimicrobial resistance in various bacteria, fungi and
viruses is crucial for the treatment of infectious cases.
Hence, it is urgent to prepare and introduce some alternative
and effective drugs. Medicinal plants are good alternatives
but should be explored, evaluated, validated and standard-
ized before use in general practice.
The herbal extracts may have increased wound healing
property, which might be attributed to the presence of sever-
al compounds in the plant, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial
property and anti-inflammatory action of their constituents.
They usually have a quick process of wound healing, which
might be due to the function of each compound or the syner-
gistic action of the extract molecules. The active components
of the extract may enhance the process of wound healing by
enhancing the viability of the collagen fibrils. An increase in
the strength of collagen fiber may enhance DNA synthesis,
circulation or reduce cell damage [13].
The increased cellular proliferation and function of fibro-
blast motility might be related to the mitogenic activity of
plant extracts which usually correlates with their wound
healing properties. During the healing process of a wound,
the fibroblasts usually migrate from the edges to the site of
wounds and promote collagen production. Stimulation of the
fibroblasts is a mechanism through which the plant extracts
increase the wound healing process. It should be noted that
keratinocytes also may migrate from the wound edge and
form a provisional matrix for fibroblasts for migration. This
migration can be enhanced through a dermal matrix, which
may be the result of the extract constituents that are capable
of stimulating the expression of growth factors or having a
growth factor-like activity [144]. Overall, plant-based reme-
dies, and in general, traditional medicine have been consid-
ered as the potential source for disease therapy in medical
systems. The main reason is the presence of active ingredi-
ents and antioxidants that have healing and medical proper-
ties to treat various disorders and diseases [145-159].
CONCLUSION
Today, the processed medicines made up of herbs are
well-known alternatives for chemical medicines as a biologi-
cal innovation in the medicinal field. Furthermore, various
regions in Iran have diverse cultures and customs with re-
spect to the use of medicinal plants as an accessible medici-
nal resource. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate
ethical issues related to the use of medicinal plants to present
valuable traditional and scientific knowledge. In addition,
newer resources to treat diseases, particularly wound healing,
should be obtained by more scientific pharmacological stud-
ies. However, plant extracts might be contaminated through
endotoxins. Hence, the plant extracts should be assayed for
possible toxicities and contaminations. It seems that clinical
studies must be carried out to study all herbs listed in Iran's
ethnobotanical sources used for wound healing purposes.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
None.
FUNDING
Declared None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or
otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude for the
financial support of the Research and Technology Deputy of
Ilam & Shahrekord, University of Medical Sciences,
Khorramabad, Iran.
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