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Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy

Authors:
Nancy Snow at California State University, Fullerton
Nancy Snow
Nicholas J. Cull
Nicholas J. Cull
Nicholas J. Cull
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... In fact, diplomacy as a whole has been transformed. With the impact of both external (such as the pandemic) and internal political dynamics, digital diplomacy has ceased to be a form of traditional public diplomacy for almost all state actors and is now accepted as a new type of diplomacy (Nicholas, 2008;Yağmurlu, 2019;Köse, 2017;Bjola & Holmes, 2015;Cooper, Heine, & Thakur, 2013;Snow & Cull, 2020). In parallel with the increased use of the internet in the 1990s and the spread of social media after the 2000s, websites, applications and official social media accounts of states, ministries, embassies and other political actors began to emerge. ...
R ES EA RC H A RT I C L E / A R A ŞT I R M A M A K A L ES İ Negotiation, Speed, Politics: Use of Digital Technologies in International Mediation Müzakere, Hız, Politika: Uluslararası Arabuluculukta Digital Teknolojilerin Kullanımı
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
The super-accelerated (high-speed) life experiences and coercive practices of the new world order (Covid and post-Covid periods) have affected and changed the negotiation and conflict resolution skills of international actors. Today, with the pandemic and technological developments, acceleration has become a necessity in many fields. Many international mediators, especially the United Nations (UN), have also benefited greatly from digital technologies that pierce space and time during the most severe times of the Covid-19 pandemic. So, in today's world, where economic, social and technological development continues at high speed, should negotiations and policies keep pace? If so, how should accelerated and virtualised political practices be discussed over conflict resolution? What is the impact of digitalisation on international mediation? This article critically discusses the relationship between digitalisation, speed, politics and conflict resolution through content and discourse analysis of political reports on peacemaking practices of different UN missions, especially during the most traumatic period of the pandemic (March 2020-March 2021). The study concludes that politics and negotiations need speed barriers because they need time, but they cannot be isolated from the developments and space of the high-speed society, so they need to follow the virtual space at all times and get involved when needed. As the analyses of the missions' reports show, the effective use of digital technologies, especially during the pandemic, has led to a rapid transformation in mediation (from traditional to cyber-mediation) and conflict resolution activities have been able to continue uninterrupted, but the dangers of digitalisation have not disappeared Öz Yeni dünya düzeninin (covid ve post-covid dönemler) süper hızlandırılmış (yüksek hızlı) yaşam deneyimleri ve zorlayıcı uygulamaları, uluslararası aktörlerin müzakere ve çatışma çözme becerilerini de etkilemiş ve değiştirmiştir. Günümüzde pandemi ve teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte hızlanma birçok alanda zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Başta Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) olmak üzere birçok uluslararası arabulucu da Covid-19 pandemisinde mekanı ve zamanı delen dijital teknolojilerden büyük ölçüde yararlandı. Peki ekonomik, sosyal ve teknolojik gelişimin yüksek hızda devam ettiği günümüz dünyasında müzakereler ve politikalar da bu hıza eşlik etmeli mi? Eğer öyleyse, hızlandırılmış ve sanallaştırılmış siyasi pratikler çatışma çözümünde nasıl ele alınmalıdır? Dijitalleşmenin uluslararası arabuluculuk üzerindeki etkisi nedir? Bu sorular etrafında şekillenecek olan bu makalede, dijitalleşme, hız(lanma), siyaset ve çatışma çözümü arasındaki ilişki, özellikle pandeminin en travmatik döneminde (Mart 2020-Mart 2021) farklı BM misyonlarının barış yapım pratiklerine ilişkin siyasi raporlarının içerik ve söylem analizi yardımıyla eleştirel bir şekilde tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada siyaset ve müzakere, zamana ihtiyaç duyduğu için hız bariyerlerine sahip olması gerektiği ama yüksek hızlı toplumun gelişmelerinden ve alanından da soyutlanamayacağı için sanal alanı her an takip edip ihtiyaç duyulduğu anda dahil olması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Misyonların rapor analizlerinin de gösterdiği üzere özellikle pandemide dijital teknolojilerin etkin kullanımı arabuluculukta hızlı bir dönüşüme (gelenekselden siber-arabuluculuğa) yol açmış ve çatışma çözümü faaliyetleri kesintisiz bir şekilde sürdürülebilmişse de dijitalleşmenin tehlikeleri ortadan kalkmış değildir.
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Diplomatic Essentials and Negotiating in Diplomacy
Article
  • May 2024
Negotiation is the core of diplomacy, and the various elements and aspects of diplomatic practice closely relate to the organization and conduct of negotiations. This article discusses the impact of diplomatic essentials – diplomacy’s basic features stemming from its idea, spirit, culture, traditions, and methods – on negotiating in diplomatic settings. Diplomats need to use these essentials to negotiate effectively. Therefore, in diplomacy, to be a good negotiator, one needs to be a good diplomat. By analyzing the negotiation implications of diplomatic representation, aspiration, groundwork, timing, intercourse, code of conduct, and language, I argue that the essential features of international diplomacy can be seen as important assets of the strategic management of diplomatic negotiation. In other words, diplomatic actors can have a significant impact on negotiation effectiveness by using and managing these seven diplomatic essentials.
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Consumo y circulación de bienes culturales argentinos en China: Debates y perspectivas para un plan de promoción nacional
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
Resumen Los bienes culturales son la base inmaterial de nuestra sociedad, cuyos elementos representan los valores, las costumbres y el devenir histórico de la nación. En la actualidad, las formas simbólicas de la cultura se han convertido en productos intercambiables con un valor estratégico desde el punto de vista político y económico. Teniendo en cuenta el creciente peso de las relaciones y los intercambios con la República Popular China, este artículo intenta contribuir al debate sobre el consumo y la circulación de los bienes culturales argentinos, con el fin de proveer nuevas perspectivas y visibilizar un campo de estudios parcialmente ignorado por los académicos de nuestro país. Partiendo de un análisis bibliográfico que aborda conceptualizaciones de la sociología, la diplomacia pública y los estudios de marca país, este artículo evalúa las bases para el intercambio cultural sino-latinoamericano, la moderna sociedad de consumo en China y los procesos de circulación exterior para la promoción de bienes culturales argentinos. Además, se plantean algunas perspectivas para pensar un plan nacional de promoción, considerando las diferencias culturales entre ambas sociedades, la identificación y la selección estratégica de productos simbólicos para su circulación y el apoyo de los actores no-gubernamentales.
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Machine learning framework for country image analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
In this work, we compare the performance of a machine learning framework based on a support vector machine (SVM) with fastText embeddings, and a Deep Learning framework consisting on fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) like Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), DistilBERT, and Twitter roBERTa Base, to automate the classification of text data to analyze the country image of Mexico in selected data sources, which is described using 18 different classes, based in International Relations theory. To train each model, a data set consisting of tweets from relevant selected Twitter accounts and news headlines from The New York Times is used, based on an initial manual classification of all the entries. However, the data set presents issues in the form of imbalanced classes and few data. Thus, a series of text augmentation techniques are explored: gradual augmentation of the eight less represented classes and an uniform augmentation of the data set. Also, we study the impact of hashtags, user names, stopwords, and emojis as additional text features for the SVM model. The results of the experiments indicate that the SVM reacts negatively to all the data augmentation proposals, while the Deep Learning one shows small benefits from them. The best result of 52.92%, in weighted-average F1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$F_1$$\end{document} score, is obtained by fine-tuning the Twitter roBERTa Base model without data augmentation.
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China's Soft Power Dilemma: Navigating Global Perception in the Post-Covid Era
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
The examination of China's soft power and Public Diplomacy, particularly in the aftermath of the Covid-19 outbreak, has been a topic of significant analysis among International Relations academics and public diplomacy practitioners. The increased focus can be ascribed to two notable factors—one of lasting significance and the other more immediate in nature. China is a prominent worldwide economic powerhouse. Furthermore, following the Russian incursion into Ukraine in February 2022, China has continued to regard Russia as a crucial and necessary ally from a geopolitical standpoint. These crucial factors have significant implications not just for China's public diplomacy but also for global energy diplomacy, geopolitics, foreign policy, and public diplomacy strategies of many Western nations, such as the European Union and the United States.
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Understanding US library diplomacy practices in the 21st century
Article
  • Nov 2023
This exploratory case study delves into the views and perspectives of 17 US library experts involved in 21st-century library diplomacy practices. Using the template analysis, four main themes of library diplomacy are identified: (1) the actors showed implicit and explicit roles in diplomatic involvement; (2) the main objective of library diplomacy was to facilitate knowledge dialogue; (3) the strategies aimed to foster cultural humility; and (4) the actors viewed digitalization as a significant instrument in international library work. This research offers significant insights into the less explored topic of library diplomacy, particularly when 21st-century libraries are challenged concerning global issues relating to freedom of information; the values of equity, diversity, inclusion and accessibility; and sustainability efforts. Library diplomacy is more critical than ever to be at the forefront of establishing dialogue around the world. The study encourages further investigation of library diplomacy practices in a variety of geographical and international contexts.
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EU-South Korea international cultural relations in the twenty-first century: an overview
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2023
  • Asia Eur J
The EU-South Korea cultural relations have intensified in the past few decades. Since the signing of free trade deal between two parties in 2010, the Korean public perception of the EU has positively evolved. Both parties initiated a protocol on cultural cooperation under the EU-RoK free trade agreement where particular emphasis was placed on the collaboration of audio-visual sector. The main part of this paper has three sections. The first section refers to EU cultural policy and diplomacy. In order to explain the EU’s cultural presence in South Korea, this paper addresses European cultural exports to South Korea and the South Korean perception of the EU. The following part discusses South Korean policy orientation and diplomacy regarding culture. By introducing the statistical data on Hallyu contents export to Europe, one can understand the current situation of Hallyu expansion in Europe. Also, the European perception of Hallyu is included. Since EU cultural diplomacy worldwide still has a national dominance, the following section discusses four national EU cases―France, Poland, Sweden, and Italy―to illustrate the types of EU-South Korea ICR.
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American Soft Power, or, American Cultural Imperialism?
Chapter
Full-text available
  • May 2006
This article is a critique of the US strategic discourse of "soft power". It argues that in the post-9/11 context of the US-led Global War on Terror, "US soft power" is an apologia and neoliberal substitute for what critical political economy of communication studies scholars once called US cultural imperialism.
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Israel's Public Diplomacy: The Problems of Hasbara, 1966-1975
Book
  • Jan 2016
Hasbara (explaining), the Israeli variant of public diplomacy, is the subject of endless domestic debate. Israel in the 1960s and 1970s saw many changes in its political and military international stage. This was a period of unusually intensive attention to the problems of hasbara, beginning with the appointment of Yisrael Galili as minister with responsibility for government communications and ending with the dismantling of the Ministry of Information in 1974, less than a year after it had been created. Israel had only been able to “muddle through,” and, at the end, there was no greater sophistication in Israeli thinking and no stronger administrative structure in spite of many organizational changes. Accessible to anyone interested in the history of Israel as well as political history and diplomacy, the book serves as a case study of how entrenched political culture can limit policy options and casts light on the emergence of public diplomacy as a feature of foreign policy.
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