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Protective Factors Against Suicide Attempt Risk Among African American Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence
Abstract
Protective factors (hope, spirituality, self-efficacy, coping, social support-family, social support-friends, and effectiveness of obtaining resources) against suicide attempts were examined in economically, educationally, and socially disadvantaged African American women (100 suicide attempters, 100 nonattempters) who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Significant positive associations were found between all possible pairs of protective factors. Bivariate logistic regressions revealed that higher scores on each of the seven protective factors predicted nonattempter status; multivariate logistic regressions indicated that higher scores on measures of hope or social support-family showed unique predictive value for nonattempter status. Further, the multivariate model accurately predicted suicide attempt status 69.5% of the time. Partial support was found for a cumulative protective model hypothesizing a linear relationship between the number of protective factors endorsed and decreased risk for suicide attempts. Implications of these findings for community-based preventive intervention efforts and future research are discussed.
... According to another study on suicide and suicide attempts in Batman, Turkey, the majority of women committed suicide due to illness (94). According to a study of suicide and suicide attempts in the Muğla region, physical and psychological discomfort are among the causes of both suicide and suicide attempts (100). ...
... In a study, it was stated that there is/may be a relationship between alcohol and suicidal ideation (105). In another study, it was determined that the drinking/gambling habits of a woman's spouse or partner could trigger suicide attempts (100). According to the study, it was detected that there is a relationship between the spouse/partner fighting with another man in a way that includes physical violence and suicidal tendencies. ...
Background/Aim
This study aims to identify the variables that influence the suicidal tendency of women who are married, have had a relationship or are currently in a relationship in Turkey.
Methods
This study uses cross-sectional data from the 2014 Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies National Research on Domestic Violence Against Women in Turkey. Data from 6,458 women between the ages of 15 and 49 were analyzed in this dataset. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the factors influencing women’s suicidal tendencies.
Results
Based on the analysis’s findings, age, education level, health status, number of children, the sector in which the spouse/partner works, the drinking status of the spouse/partner, the situation where the spouse/partner fights with another man in a way that involves physical violence, the cheating status of the spouse/partner, the controlling behaviour of the spouse/partner, exposure to various types of violence by both the spouse/partner and someone other than the partner, and the household income level variables were found to be associated with the suicidal tendency of women.
Conclusion
Prioritizing women who are, in particular, between the ages of 15 and 24, live in the south of Turkey, have a high school education, are in poor health, are childless, have low household incomes, live with an unemployed spouse or partner, and are exposed to various forms of violence from their partner or other sources can be achieved more effective results in reducing and preventing women’s suicidal behaviors.
... It is evident that gaining empowerment is a significant challenge without a supportive social environment and women-centric institutional services as stated by Bosch and Bergen (2006), Meadows et al. (2005), Belknap et al. (2009), Tan et al. (1995, and Postmus et al. (2009). A supportive social environment is crucial as it not only involves the understanding, believing and acceptance of survivors within the family and the broader social community but also fosters a culture that promotes empathy, solidarity, and assistance (Asadi et al., 2023). ...
Women who have experienced rape are at risk for short/long term physical and mental health problems, psycho-social and socioeconomic challenges, they may have a variety of related social service needs. This study aims to explore the post-rape life experiences of women in Turkey, a country where male violence against women, particularly rape, remains prevalent. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 28 women, who are resident in Turkey and survivors of rape. The findings derived from thematic analysis illuminate the dual burden faced by the survivors: the trauma from rape itself, and the imposed submissiveness within a patriarchal society. These experiences contribute to the deepening of the emotional and psychological aftermath of the trauma, pushing the survivors into a vulnerable state. The results of this study underscore the urgent need for systemic and cultural changes in Turkey, as well as enhanced support mechanisms and social services for survivors of rape. There is a need for research to examine the needs that arise from the intersecting issues experienced by women who have been subjected to rape.
... Additionally, strong social networks support the emotional well-being and psychological health of survivors. Greater levels of social support have been associated with reductions in risk of suicide [23], feelings of self-blame [24], depressive symptoms [25], and posttraumatic stress symptoms [26]. Furthermore, numerous studies have found that social support is positively correlated with resilience [27], emotional stability [28], and improved quality of life outcomes [29]. ...
Objective
This article outlines the development and validation of the Informal Supporter Readiness Inventory (ISRI), based on the model developed by the present authors in (Davies, 2023). This scale assesses the readiness of informal supporters to intervene or provide support in situations of intimate partner violence (IPV).
Methods
The research followed a three-phased procedure of item development, scale development, and scale evaluation; adhering to best practice guidelines for psychometric development and validation. This process provided empirical substantiation for the domains of the Model of Informal Supporter Readiness (Davies, 2023).
Results
The 57-item ISRI incorporates four primary factors: normative, individual, goodman-emotional, and situational-assessment. These factors demonstrated robust internal consistency and factor structures. Additionally, the ISRI evidenced strong test-retest reliability, and both convergent and divergent validity. Although aligning closely with the Model of Informal Supporter Readiness, the scale revealed a nuanced bifurcation of situational factors into situational-emotional and situational-assessment.
Discussion
The ISRI offers an important advancement in IPV research by highlighting the multifaceted nature of informal supporter intervention. The findings have several implications, from tailoring individualised supportive interventions to strengthening support networks and empowering survivors. The present study’s findings underscore the potential of adopting a social network-oriented approach to interventions in IPV scenarios. Applications for research and practice are discussed.
... Previous studies have shown that social support can protect individuals from suicide ideation. Some studies have shown social support is directly linked with lower suicide ideation, and even a protective factor in the presence of suicide risk factors (22,23). ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a widespread autoimmune disease, and more than two million people in the world are affected. Compared to healthy individuals, these patients seem to have a higher universality of suicide. We aimed to assess the universality of suicide ideation in patients diagnosed with MS and find out the role of psychological factors which include anxiety, depression, social support, and coping on suicide ideation in MS patients in this study. 167 patients with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis from Khatam hospital in Zahedan southeast Iran participated in this cross-sectional study. The self-reports scales are fulfilled by patients including the beck anxiety inventory, beck depression inventory, The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and coping response inventory, and the beck scale for suicide ideation. Pearson correlation coefficients and the Linear Regression model were included in the statistical analysis. Between suicide ideation with depression, anxiety, social support, and several attacks, significant correlations were identified. Social support, depression, anxiety, and coping can predict 35% of the variation in suicide ideation as the regression analysis has shown. Depression has a higher effect on suicide ideation (R 2 =0.34) based on these predictors. Multiple sclerosis patients have high suicidal ideation. The identified risk factors aid in helping personnel to recognize endangered patients and avert suicide. Comprehensive suicide prevention efforts might consist of more research on protective and risk factors.
... Therefore, the emotional stability personality trait (i.e., how likely a person is to interpret events as less threatening or difficult) can function as a protective factor in terms of differential susceptibility to environmental challenges related to suicide (Boyce, 2016). Evidence from analysis of bivariate logistic regressions demonstrates that higher scores on these protective factors predicted non-suicide attempt status (Meadows et al., 2005). ...
... In the literature, studies show that social support positively correlates with mental and physical health (Christenfeld et al., 1997;Uchino et al., 1996;Yıldırım, 1997). Studies have found that women exposed to intimate partner violence show fewer psychological symptoms when they perceive a higher level of social support from their environment or when their coping efforts are appreciated (Beeble et al., 2009;Meadows et al., 2005;Prati & Pietrantoni, 2009). ...
This study investigated the Turkish validity and reliability of the Healing After Gender-based Violence Scale (GBV-Heal) and the relationship between social support perception, posttraumatic growth in university students who are victims of gender-based violence. The study sample consisted of 167 female students who experienced gender-based violence. The Turkish version of GBV-Heal of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.892; the Bartlett Sphericity Test result was determined as χ2 = 195,053, and the obtained variables were found suitable for factor analysis. Perception of social support related to post-violence healing in female university students is effective on posttraumatic growth.
Background
Suicidal ideation and behavior and non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among Black emerging adults is a major public health concern. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant risk factor for suicidal ideation and behavior and NSSI, but there is little work examining the buffering effect of psychological well‐being (PWB). The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between IPV, suicide ideation and behavior, and NSSI, and the moderating role of PWB on these associations.
Method
Secondary data analyses were conducted using a subsample of Black American emerging adults ( N = 4694) from the National College Health Assessment.
Results
IPV was associated with greater odds of suicide ideation, past‐year suicide attempt, and NSSI. PWB was associated with lower odds of suicide ideation, past‐year suicide attempt, and NSSI. PWB did not moderate the relationships between IPV and the outcomes.
Conclusions
IPV was a risk factor for suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and NSSI among Black American emerging adults. PWB was associated with lower suicidal ideation and behavior and NSSI engagement, suggesting it can be a protective factor. Bolstering PWB in Black communities may be beneficial in intervention and prevention efforts.
Giriş: Kadın ve erkeklerin biyopsikososyal açıdan farklı özellikler taşımaları yanı sıra toplumsal değişim süreçleri eşlerin evlilik doyumunu etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada; erkeklerin evlilik doyumlarının kadınlara göre daha düşük bulunacağı, hayata küsme düzeyi yüksek olanların evlilik doyumlarının düşük olacağı, evlilik doyumu düşük olanların psikiyatrik ölçek puanlarının daha yüksek bulunacağı hipotezlerinin test edilmesi amaçlandı. Yöntem: Araştırma, google anket sistemi kullanılarak online olarak yapıldı. Tüm katılımcılara sosyodemografik veri formu, yaşam olayları tarama listesi, kısa semptom envanteri (KSE), travma sonrası hayata küsme bozukluğu (TSHKB) ölçeği, evlilik yaşamı ölçeği (EYÖ) uygulandı. Bulgular: Örneklemin %51.8’inin (n=352) kadın, %48.2’sinin (n=327) erkeklerden oluştuğu, yaş ortalamasının 39.57±7.91, EYÖ ortalamasının 35.80±8.68, TSHKB ölçeği ortalamasının 32.06±17.62, KSE ortalamasının 47.79±38.36 olduğu belirlendi. Kadınların erkeklere göre evlilik yaşamı ölçeğinde düşük, hayata küsme bozukluğu ölçeğinde ve kısa semptom envanteri toplam puanında daha yüksek puan aldıkları saptandı. Hayata küsme bozukluğu (HKB) olan kadın ve erkek gruplarında EYÖ toplam puanları HKB olmayanlara göre istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı şekilde daha düşük bulundu (p
Objective:
We aimed to identify and understand risk and protective factors for suicide among South Korean females by linking survey and social media data and using interpretable machine learning approaches.
Materials and methods:
We collected a wide range of potential factors including the material, psychosocial, and behavioral data from a detailed survey, which we then linked to data from social media. In addition, we adopted interpretable machine learning approaches to (1) predict the suicide risk, (2) explain the relative importance of factors and their interactions regarding suicide, and (3) understand individual differences affecting suicide risk.
Results:
The best-performing machine learning model achieved an AUC of 0.737. Adverse childhood experiences, social connectedness, and mean positive sentiment score of social media posts were the three risk factors that had a monotonic or unimodal relationship with suicide, and satisfaction with life, narcissistic self-presentation, and number of close friends on social media were the three protective factors that had a monotonic or unimodal relationship with suicide. We also found several meaningful interactions between specific psychiatric symptoms and narcissistic self-presentation.
Conclusions:
Our findings can help governmental organizations to better assess female suicide risk in South Korea and develop more informed and customized suicide prevention strategies.
A prior experimental evaluation of a community‐based advocacy program for women with abusive partners demonstrated positive change in the lives of women even 2 years postintervention (C. M. Sullivan & D. I. Bybee, 1999). The current study explored the complex mediational process through which this change occurred, using longitudinal structural equation modeling and formal tests of mediation. As hypothesized, the advocacy intervention first resulted in women successfully obtaining desired community resources and increasing their social support, which enhanced their overall quality of life. This improvement in well‐being appeared to serve as a protective factor from subsequent abuse, as women who received the intervention were significantly less likely to be abused at 2‐year follow‐up compared with women in the control condition. Increased quality of life completely mediated the impact of the advocacy intervention on later reabuse. Discussion places advocacy for women in the context of other efforts that are needed to build an effective community response to preventing intimate violence against women.
A construct in social support that has received relatively little attention is network orientation: the individual's willingness to utilize his or her social support resources. This construct and a 20?item self?report measure of it are presented. Data from five samples, including four samples of somewhat heterogeneous students and one sample of community adults, were used to assess the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument showed good internal consistency and showed excellent stability in the community sample, but not in the student samples. The measure showed good validity with respect to a range of social support criterion measures, somewhat good validity with respect to personal characteristics, and somewhat poor validity with respect to coping and self?disclosure criteria. It was proposed that individuals who have social support resources but do not use them may be an important focus for interventions.
Longitudinal studies of community samples consistently find links between active spiritual/religious involvement and increased chances for living longer, pointing to the relevance of spirituality/religion as a potential health factor. For a large proportion of either medically ill or mental health patients, spirituality/religion may provide coping resources, enhance pain management, improve surgical outcomes, protect against depression, and reduce risk of substance abuse and suicide. However, study findings also show patient spirituality/religion may serve as a source of conflict linked with poorer health outcomes. Whether identifying helps or harms, research elucidates the potential relevance of patients' spirituality/religion, with potential for collaboration with trained chaplains as part of the healthcare team to provide spiritual support or deal with spiritual distress for particular patient needs.
There is increasing research evidence that religious involvement is associated both cross-sectionally and prospectively with better physical health, better mental health, and longer survival. These relationships remain substantial in size and statistically significant with other risk and protective factors for morbidity and mortality statistically controlled. In this article, we review the social and psychological factors that have been hypothesized to explain the health-promoting effects of religious involvement. The four potential psychosocial mechanisms that have received empirical attention are health practices, social support, psychosocial resources such as self-esteem and self-efficacy, and belief structures such as sense of coherence. Evidence concerning these potential mediators is mixed and inconsistent, suggesting there is more to be learned about the pathways by which religion affects health. Other possible explanations for the salubrious effects of religious involvement on health and longevity are discussed.
This article explores the influence of marriage and family factors, including religiosity, on suicide beliefs or ideology using a national sample of African Americans (n = 1,197). Being married lowers pro-suicide ideology; however, having children does not. Institutional ties to religion are found to be considerably more important than marital ties in lowering pro-suicide ideology among African Americans. The model is replicated for Whites. Collective institutions tend to lower pro-suicide ideology less for African Americans than for Whites. The full model explains twice as much variation in suicide ideology among Whites as among African Americans.