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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol.5 Issue 5, May – 2021, Pages: 58-62
www.ijeais.org 58
Cognitive-Radio-Based Internet of Things: Applications,
Challenges, and Future Research Aspects
Nader Babo Dukhun Albaire
Department of ECE (Digital Systems & Computer Electronics),
MTech, JNTUH College of Engineering,
Hyderabad 500085, INDIA
Eng.naderbabo@gmail.com
Abstract—Trend technology and recent research are moving toward cognitive radio and Internet of Things, is believe that the IoT
Objects are meaningless without cognitive radio capabilities a new research dimension has arose due to equipping IoT with CRNs
named CR-based IoT. In this research a survey is presented on CR-based IoT systems. Potential applications of CR-based IoT System
are introduced. In the end the research challenges, issues and the future direction for these CR-based IoT networks are introduced)
Keywords— Cognitive Radio (CR), Internet of Things (IoT) ; CR-based IoT.
Introduction The present-day developments in ICT have presented new paradigms like Internet of Things (IoT)
and Cognitive Radio. With the recent developments in machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, IoT
networks are changing the daily life of people through mobile connectivity that gives rise to the “Internet of
Mobile Things (IoMT)” paradigm. IoT is the interconnection of different objects through the Internet using
different communication technologies. The objects are equipped with sensors and communication modules.
These objects have some characteristics: mobile or static, with or without energy constraint, able or not able to
interact with the physical world, and so on. In the literature, IoT has been defined by many researchers in
different manners [1, 2], The IOT concept was coined by a member of the Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) development community in 1999, and it has recently become more relevant to the practical world
largely because of the growth of mobile devices, embedded and ubiquitous communication, cloud computing
and data analytics.[3]. IOT defined into three categories as below: Internet of things is an internet of three
things: (1). People to people, (2) People to machine /things, (3) Things /machine to things /machine, Interacting
through internet.
Internet of Things Vision: Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive
presence in the environment of a variety of things/objects that through wireless and wired connections and
unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with other things/objects to create
new applications/services and reach common goals. In this context the research and development challenges
to create a smart world are enormous. A world where the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create
smart environments that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent. [4, 5]. For
different IoT services, the quality of service (QoS) is evaluated by parameters, such as latency, reliability,
power consumption as well as throughput. In addition, its computing capabilities, memory, and energy
efficiency determine the performance of the connected devices. The deployment of cognitive radio network
(CRN) techniques for future wireless networks could be helpful in realizing the envisioned tactile Internet
[sustainable information centric network and intelligent next generation networks [6]. A numerous
communication technologies are proposed for IoT from wire to wireless solutions, but wireless techniques are
gaining popularity due to their flexibility. However, range, data bandwidth support, and availability of
spectrum are major concerns. In addition, IoT applications are expected to introduce massive data into the
network, and there is a strong desire to tackle this challenge. Recent trends of research in cognitive radio
networks (CRNs) have drawn attention as a potential solution [7]. Using CR to enable IoT objects, can
effectively utilize the unused spectrum who already owned by primary user (PU). CR is an intelligent wireless
communication technique, which realizes his surroundings in all cases. As we introduced the paper here and
International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol.5 Issue 5, May – 2021, Pages: 58-62
www.ijeais.org 59
the rest of the paper is categorized as follows; Section II mentions the applications of CR based IoT. Section
III presents a related work of CR and some of detection, challenges facing CR- Based IoT network, the future
aspects of CR- Based IoT
THE APPLICATIONS OF CR-BASED IOT
The IoT application area is very diverse and IoT applications serve different users. Different user categories
have different driving needs. This section is presenting potential application of IoT that can benefit from CR
networks.
Healthcare:
Advanced computational research like Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the current
digital technologies that can be applied to tackle major clinical problems associated with crisis, applications of
CR-Based IoT already in the practical domain. smart sensors are deployed to keep track of Patients Surveillance
such as physical condition, temperature of the body, glucose degree, blood pressure and others. With far off
tracking, medical personnel constantly observes the parameters. wi-fi answers are already there; however, it's
miles urgent that smooth monitoring is ensured. For this, healthcare facts are to be relayed to Medical field
staff of workers without any want for assigning spectrum. CR-based IoT frameworks can achieve this to long
ranges without any worries about spectrum availability [7].
Residential and Home Appliances:
IoT contributes the internet connection and remote management of mobile appliances, incorporated with a
variety of sensors. Sensors may be attached to home appliances, like air-conditioning, TV, lights and other
environmental devices besides detection system which is attached to the entrances accesses like windows and
doors. Home vitality administration is as of now display in the frame of certain illustrations such as keen fridge
and keen lights, consecutively. ..etc. [8].
Smart Cities:
an urban development uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect data that encompasses
integration of information and communication technology (ICT) systems and IoT. The inspiration driving
smart city is the arrangement of electronic-services to users for improved way of life in an eco-accommodating
way. To facilitate this continuous connectivity will be essential, so an information and communication system
will be the backbone. Data gathering and user interaction will also be an important aspect. CRNs can support
the continues connectivity issues [7]. the new era of the Internet of Things is driving the evolution of
conventional Vehicle Networks into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Being in generation of Internet
connectivity, there is a need to stay in safe and hassle-free environment Recently, trends are shifting toward
less dependence on human beings where vehicle control is achieved through the integration of
communications, controls, and embedded systems. IoV mainly are Three Types and they are Vehicles-To-
Vehicles, Vehicles-To-Infrastructure and Vehicles-To-Cloud IoV is expected to be an autonomous decision
maker for traveling. Safe navigation may be possible in the future through information exchange from vehicles
to vehicles, from sensors attached on vehicles, and through users’ intentions. The challenge in IoVs is the
availability of spectrum for mobile vehicles, and CRNs can be a good solution due to their long range and
interference-free spectrum sensing [9].
Smar Grid:
The Smart Grid is part of an IoT framework, which can be used to remotely monitor and manage everything
from lighting, traffic signs, traffic congestion, energy consumption monitoring and management Wind
Turbines / Power house: Monitoring and analyzing the flow of energy from wind turbines & power house, and
two-way communication with consumers’ smart meters to analyze consumption patterns, Controller for AC-
DC power supplies that determines required energy, and improve energy efficiency with less energy waste for
power supplies related to computers, telecommunications, and consumer electronics applications, also
Monitoring and optimization of Photovoltaic Installations performance in solar energy plants One major
International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol.5 Issue 5, May – 2021, Pages: 58-62
www.ijeais.org 60
drawback here is the exchange of huge volumes of data from several meters/devices in a limited spectrum
transfer speed without obstructions to long distances [10].
Smart Environment:
Control toxic gases and CO2 emissions of factories and cars, Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive
fire conditions to define alert zones. Weather forecast conditions monitoring such as humidity, temperature,
pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early Detection
Hardware design consideration
The efficient utilization of Cognitive Radios requires appropriate hardware design to carry the massive
exchanged data besides comparing the CR antennas used in one frequency spectrum are not the same in size
as the ones which used in some other spectrum (ISM 2.4 GHz). Moreover,
When taking into account multiple parameters simultaneously such as transmission power, delay,
and transmission rate, it becomes a very complex problem to solve. transmission power levels are varying with
regard to the environment. Selection of single-radio or multi-radio is also required [11]. Connecting IoT objects
to the networks requires gateways. High flexibility, security, scalability, and energy efficiency should be
considered in Gateway’s design. Additional requirements arise in the form of efficient spectrum resource
utilization in the case of CR-based IoT objects, especially in a multi-user scenario. Spectrum access is
performed individually for CR users, but if IoT objects are energy-constrained, gateways may perform
spectrum sensing for them. Geo-location-based spectrum searching with history keeping may be a good option.
Flexibility and interoperability may be achieved through SDRs [7]. The CR technology normally includes
nodes-based architecture with proper control strategies is an efficient solution for heterogeneous networks.
However, this yield to some security issues as uniform security standards is not applicable to all heterogeneous
networks. This is a prime concern for CR based heterogeneous network [12]. Regularization and
standardization have been a vital point of conflict that needs to be addressed on urgent basis. The legal aspects
for the usage of the CRNs in licensed spectrum needs to be addressed by concerned agencies as no unlicensed
wireless application would be allowed to access to the ownership spectrum without proper permissions. This
may create inconvenience, threat to security & surveillance and also disrupt the services to the PUs [12]. The
proper detection of presence of PUs is most crucial i.e., categorization between the Pus signal and the Sus
signal is a challenging task. In addition, presence of multiple licensed users will have variety of signals in the
same band which is one more key challenge [12].
Massive Data Management
As of today, all future technologies including CR – Based IoT are dealing with huge volume of data thus
Managing the huge volume of data from CR-based IoT objects in the future will pose a big problem. The
collected data is meaningless unless it is properly analyzed and interpreted. TheCR- Base IoT will be highly
populated by large numbers of heterogeneous Objects and devices which will lead to high-dimensional and
nonlinearly separable collected data, this collected data will be heterogeneous and difficult to process. This
requires effective algorithm design with semantic capability that is capable enough to support linear/nonlinear
and high-dimensional data processing [13]. Data management challenges for IoT has seen to be emerging
rapidly and no doubt with the use of IoT in CRN more and more data is being created Therefore, advanced
data mining techniques are needed to mine streaming data from sensor networks. The challenge lies in the
shortage of skilled data analysts and the need for more research to develop and implement advanced mining
tools to mine streaming data from CRN and sensor networks [14].
Spectrum challenges
the number of IoT objects networked is growing with regard to radio frequency resource, wireless transmission
needs to be allocated efficiently to enhance radio spectrum utilization. In order to achieve this task spectrum
sensing is required, Spectrum sensing is considered the main and fundamental step. The object of CR- Based
International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol.5 Issue 5, May – 2021, Pages: 58-62
www.ijeais.org 61
IoT have to look for unutilized frequency in a dynamic environment in the presence of a number of PUs, and
the problem is raised when PUs are in the same band, while distinguish between the licensed and unlicensed
frequency signal is recommended. Sensing technique considered consuming energy and time. Hence, fast and
energy efficient algorithms should be designed. During sensing the spectrum CR doesn’t perform any task, it
is recommended to employ more than one radio, so one radio can perform sensing task and another radio
transfers the data. If spectrum is sensed ideally, making a decision among searched bands about data transfer
is an issue. Of multiple bands, there is a possibility that certain bands do not meet application-specific QoS
requirements. Critical applications need real-time answers, while non-critical applications may compromise on
response time. Moreover, assigning spectrum among multiple CRs is also a challenge, and requires resource-
shared and application-specific algorithms [7].
Standardization Challenges
Standardization is considered as one of the critical factors of the IoT evolution. Without global standards, the
complexity of IoT Objects that need to exchange data (with all related aspects such as, addressing, associated
directory services, data repository ...etc.) will expand exponentially. Standardization efforts in IoT are still in
their early stages, and standardization of CR-based IoT is a meager topic to discuss. developing semantic
standards is one of the important problems as it can accelerate the process in the direction of interoperable
solutions.
For successful semantically operable scenarios Frameworks of CR-based IoT have to support a large number
of diversified devices. Therefore, the main standards which are of concern in CR-based IoT are: technology
and regulatory standards. Technology standards include wireless communication, network protocols, data
aggregation standards; and standards, include security and privacy of data, security solutions, cryptographic
primitives. Finally, investigating IoT as a service could be the solution for future standardization [14].
Security and Privacy Challenges
As the IoT expands and becomes more interwoven into the fabric of recent promising technologies Same
security levels cannot be applied at all situation due to the heterogeneity of CR-based IoT frameworks which
leads to security problems. The adaptive capability of CR can become a security problem as an intruder may
pretend to be a CR [11].
Conclusion:
The appealing capabilities of Internet of Things (IoT) and the idea of cognitive radio have raised the possibility
of making a better world despite of their early stage and very little work has done in IoT field. Hence, CRN-
Based IoT is still new technology to be applicable and need a little more work This article has given a sight
and application of CRN- Based IoT. It is anticipated that IoT without cognition will just be useless with regard
to the existing network infrastructure. utilization of the spectrum resources can be increased by IoT Objects in
this underutilized spectrum. finally, we envision that the provided study is still considered as a small step
towards brighter and fruitful research direction.
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International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS)
ISSN: 2643-640X
Vol.5 Issue 5, May – 2021, Pages: 58-62
www.ijeais.org 62
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Authors
Nader Babo Dukhun Albaire, MTech Student, a researcher with interest in Communication
engineering especially cognitive radio, IoT, IoE, WiMAX, Wireless Technologies, Networking
