Blockchain Based Fleet Management System for Autonomous Vehicles in an Intelligent Transport System

Abstract

In near future, Intelligent Transport system (ITS) will have vast network of autonomous vehicles. Ambulances, law enforcement vehicles, public transport, domestic vehicles etc. will easily become a part of this network and operate altogether for the efficiency of the network. However the case of fleets of vehicles of any sort that operate in form of groups and work for an organization needs to be researched for compatibility with the ITS. In this paper, a system is proposed in which vehicles that belong to a fleet can be part of the single ITS network providing services to the all the autonomous vehicles and carry out their jobs normally. In this system, special vehicles that are part of a fleet will be registered with their respective organization only by registering with the Intelligent Vehicle Trust Point (IVTP). A Blockchain based Fleet Management System (BFMS) is proposed to assign different tasks to vehicles of a fleet and an incentive mechanism is proposed for rewarding incentives to the vehicle completing a particular task assigned to it.

Full text

Blockchain Based Fleet Management System for
Autonomous Vehicles in an Intelligent Transport
System
This work is submitted as major assignment for the fulfilment of the graduate course, “Research
Methodology in Information Technology (RMIT) - Spring 2019” to Dr. Nadeem Javaid
(www.njavaid.com).
(In future, ONLY Corresponding author can submit this work as partial or full in any conference or
journal.)
Ghulam Mujtaba, Nadeem Javaid∗
Department of Computer Science,
COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
* Correspondence: nadeemjavaidqau@gmail.com, www.njavaid.com
Abstract—In near future, Intelligent Transport system (ITS)
will have vast network of autonomous vehicles. Ambulances, law
enforcement vehicles, public transport, domestic vehicles etc. will
easily become a part of this network and operate altogether for
the efficiency of the network. However the case of fleets of vehicles
of any sort that operate in form of groups and work for an
organization needs to be researched for compatibility with the
ITS. In this paper, a system is proposed in which vehicles that
belong to a fleet can be part of the single ITS network providing
services to the all the autonomous vehicles and carry out their
jobs normally. In this system, special vehicles that are part of
a fleet will be registered with their respective organization only
by registering with the Intelligent Vehicle Trust Point (IVTP). A
Blockchain based Fleet Management System (BFMS) is proposed
to assign different tasks to vehicles of a fleet and an incentive
mechanism is proposed for rewarding incentives to the vehicle
completing a particular task assigned to it.
Index Terms—Internet of Vehicles; Iinternet of things; Intelli-
gent Transport System; Smart City; Blockchain; Incentive Mech-
anism; Fleet Management System; Gas Consumption; Privacy;
Security; Decentralized Storage.
I. INTRODUCTION
The integration of technology in transportation is increas-
ing rapidly. These developments led to the rise of Internet
of Vehicles (IoVs). In an IoV, a vast network of vehicles
equipped with electronic control units (ECUs) facilitates in
more efficient manner. The latest advancements in ITS include
self-driving cars. These vehicles are being manufactured by
Tesla and Google and are on the roads in Nevada, California
and Florida. Research is being made on making all vehicles in
an Intelligent Transport System (ITS) completely autonomous.
These cars will be able to communicate with each other
and with the Road Side Units (RSUs). With the combination
of IoV with artificial intelligence, the services provided by
the IoV can be limitless. The problem is that the traditional
communication among devices is centralized and it faces chal-
lenges of computational power requirements and security. For
the privacy, efficiency and storage of data in a decentralized
manner, blockchain technology is implied. Following are the
qualities of blockchain and why its utilization in ITS is helpful.
Decentralization: With Blockchain technology, there is no
need for relying on a central authority because of its de-
centralized nature which makes the system secure and fair
for everyone. Whenever a new block is to be added to the
blockchain, it uses consensus mechanisms for its validation
and storage rather than utilizing services of a central authority
or third party.
Security: In blockchain, for storing data, chains of blocks
are created which contain records of all the transactions that
took place in a system. Each block has a timestamp of its
creation and hash of previous block. In this way, every block
has a reference of previous block, which provides tamper proof
security to the data as if one block is attacked the attacker
needs to alter all the previous blocks.
Encryption: The records explained earlier are secured by
powerful cryptography and are not easily decryptable as it
uses complex mathematics for it. So very huge computational
power will be required to hack blockchain. Furthermore, the
users or nodes of a blockchain uses private keys so whenever
some suspicious situations happen, these keys change and thus
everyone is notified of it.
Consensus Mechanism: In a blockchain the stored data is
frequently verified through its consensus mechanisms. A new
transaction is only approved if majority agrees to it. The ledger
of the data is distributed to all the members, so it remains safe
even if some of the members are compromised.

Privacy Protection: By removal of a central authority or
a third party, security and decentralized storage comes the
advantage of privacy and anonymity. Hence, the utilization of
blockchain technology in IoT and IoV can provide efficient
management, decentralized and transparent storage, privacy
and security. In IoV, the role of blockchain in Vehicle to
Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to RSU communication is explored
in [1], which shows how useful blockchain can be for data
transaction between two vehicles or any other node. Many re-
searches have been made in recent years on the implementation
of Blockchain in Intelligent Vehicular System (ITS). Consider-
ing almost all of the vehicles will be autonomous in near future
and there will be very less human interference, Blockchain will
address many challenges like security and data integration. A
model proposed by Yuan et al. [2] showed how blockchain
can be implemented in autonomous vehicle environment. In
[3] authors used smart contract in an ethereum blockchain
in a blockchain based autonomous vehicular network. In [4]
authors have proposed a model in which autonomous vehicle
users can utilize blockchain services without revealing their
private data.
A. Problem Statement
In conventional fleet management there is an over-reliance
on brokers. There is a lack of data integrity, which creates
problems when settling claims and payments. There is an
involvement of a third party i.e. brokers in centralized fleet
management [5]. In today’s fleet management tracking of
vehicles and management is performed by GPS, smart cards
and similar equipment [6] however, In future when most of
the vehicles will be autonomous, businesses and organizations
will look for more secure, efficient and non-reliant solutions
that can be esaily integrated in an ITS.
B. Contribution
The proposed model in this paper is being motivated from
[1] where a crypto id is assigned to every vehicle by IVTP.
The IVTP acts as a trust point in V2V and Vehicle to RSU
communication. In this paper, a scenario is proposed in which
special vehicles which work for an organization and don’t
belong to specific person will be able to operate in ITS. These
vehicles will get register with the IVTP in ITS. A crypto id will
be assigned to each vehicle after registration. In the proposed
BFMS the organizations operating fleets will require those
crypto id’s to let a vehicle become part of its fleet, thus the
organization and fleet become a part of single ITS. Tasks will
be broadcasted to all the vehicles of a specific fleet by making
a blockchain transaction to all the vehicle nodes. The vehicles
will then analyse details of the task and decide whether
to accept or reject the task. The vehicle accepting the task
will be rewarded with incentives in form of crypto currency.
Furthurmore , these vehicles will communicate continuously
with RSU’s so that RSU’s can relay the vehicles’s current
information (location, task status, task entities, speed etc.)to
the vehicle’s respective organization.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Blockchain is added to the server layer of LoRaWAN for
answering the questions of: 1-LoraWan gateways are Iot de-
vices which have limited resources thus unable to perform core
blockchain processes. 2-LoraWan’s joint servers are not suit-
able to undertake blockhain’s functions as they are provided
by end node’s manufacturers [7]. In [8] problem of storage in
nodes of a Wireless sensor network is tackled by implementing
blockchain. The steps of the proposed solution are when a
new data block is published by a data publisher in the Sensor
Network, this data publisher computes a data request based
on PDP and then broadcasts it to the whole network. This
request is basically a PDP challenge which is to be solved by
the nodes on the network. The node that solves the challenge,
stores the new block and in return receives incentive in form of
digital currency.In coming years many IoT devices will not be
static anymore. Managing the IoT devices from a server always
gives a problem of scalability. An access management system
is proposed in [9]for accessing the IoT resources based on
Proof-of-Concept (POC). In [10] the incorporation of DApps
and Multi-domain orchestrators (MdO’s) is made. In which
various blockchains(public and private) are added in the same
system. These blockchains contain DApps which interact with
the MdO’s. System consistency can be a limitation when
integrating DApps with MdO’s. In future work this limitation
can be worked around by deployment of multi-signature smart
crontracts and shared network assets.
Currently, vehicle conversation software protection proto-
cols are primarily based on cell and IT preferred protection
mechanism that is not updated and unsuitable for ITS appli-
cations. Still, many researchers are working to come with a
preferred safety mechanism for ITS. Because of the mobile
state of vehicles they cant wait for new messages to be
authenticated. Not to exclude the fact of huge data generated
by moving vehicles.These problems are handled by setting
lower difficulty for mining puzzles that can be solved within in
3 seconds and branching of the databases created with respect
to location and type of event [1]. With the fast growth of
Internet of Vehicles (IoV), IoV is also facing the problem of
storing the data that is created in huge amounts daily. The large
size of data also gives rise to the question of how IoV can be
managed effectively and intelligently. The growth if IoV also
makes it complex thus creating risks. Blockchain technology
is researched with the perspective of applying it to solve the
above mentioned problems faced by IoV. In [11], considering
distributed nature of blockchain, blockchain is utilized for
storing data. Different blockchains are created depending on
the data they store, so data is classified into 5 types and 5
blockchains are created. This data is collected from roadside
units, in vehicle sensors etc. Similarly, network architecture
is proposed keeping these 5 blockchains in consideration. A
self-generated data block is transmitted to the network thorugh
dynamic neighbour nodes (nearby vehicles, roadside units, gas
stations etc.) and 4G networks when neighbouring nodes are
not available.

Technique Problems Addressed Contribution Simulation
Environment
Limitation
Edge comput-
ing[17]
Security from malicious ser-
vice providers
Verfication of service
provider from cloud
server
Virtual Iot devices,
Cloud servers acting
as arbitrary nodes on
a single physical ma-
chine
Service auditing
and charging.
Dividing into
Subblocks,
NC-DS[20]
Reliance on third parties
in e-commerce. Using
blockchain requires each
node to store all the data
Network coding
based distributed
storage (NC-DS)
framework
Vulnerable to
pollution attacks.
Confusion
Mecha-
nism[16]
Privacy of Participants Confusion
mechanism,
incentive system
and blockchain for
secure storing of
data
Android Studio for
android apps and
Eclipse for server.
Few parameters
for data and
less number
of devices,
Scalability,
Compatibility
with all types of
data
Proof of
Collabora-
tion[18]
Trust among devices Offloading and file-
tering schemes
Raspberry Pi 2
model B
Deployment of
blockchain in an
efficient way.
Dofferent
types of
Blockchain
for data
storing, 4G
network uti-
lization[11].
Data Storage, Management
of huge IoV, Privacy and
Security while data sharing
Lag timestamp range
for block verification
Matlab Traffic and Chan-
nel reliability
Block
VN[12]
. Classification of
vehicles into miner
nodes and ordinary
nodes
Vehicle financing
Blockchain,
AI[13],
Using AI for operating mo-
bile operators. The manage-
ment of ever increasing de-
velopment of mobile com-
munications and networking
is becoming difficult.
Blockchain based
Mutual trust data
sharing framework
Smart Contracts
written with solidity,
Hyperledger fabric,
Ubuntu.
Market?s
perpective not
considered i.e.
companies might
not participate in
the system. Data
sharing scenarios
are less.
Supervision
and smart
contract
based fine
grained
data access
control[13].
Hyperledger fabric
Blockchain,
Smart
Contracts
[15]
Due to fear of misuse of
data or misinterpretation au-
thors not sharing their work.
Smart Contracts
written with
solidity. Ethereum
blockchain.
Implementation
of proposed
smart contract in
current scenario
where someone
needs to maintain
the system.

Technique Problems Addressed Contribution Simulation
Environment
Limitation
POS[4,18] More efficient
consensus
algorithm with
less computation
power and less
energy consumption
LoRa Wan[7] Used for networking
at long range with
less power consump-
tion
LoRa Wan Scalability
PDP[8] Low storage capacity of
nodes in WSN
Incentive mechanism
for Data Storage in
nodes of a WSN.
Uses less computa-
tional power and en-
ergy than POW.
WSN Node failure dur-
ing request
D2D[19] Difficulty in authentication
of signalswhen it travels
from transmitter to authen-
ticator.
Authenticates CSI. AI, Signal strength
meters and global
positioning systems
(GPS).
Non-cooperative
scenario which
results in users
refusing to access
the network
POS[21] Rate of growth of a
blockchain network
Metcalfe Law Power Storage
i.e. storing the
surplus power.
POC,
Incorporation
of DApp and
MdO[10]
Complex distributed ser-
vice level agreement haz-
ards. Lack of shared rev-
enue systems. Vulnerability
of blockchain systems based
on proposed NC-DS archi-
tecture to pollution attacks
because of data stored on
nodes different from node to
node.
POC is prototype,
used for achieving
5G services.
Consistency
issue in shared
networks.
POW with
less difficulty,
Branching
of databases,
Joint POW
and POS[1].
Data storage in ITS. Mo-
bile State of vehicle causing
communication loss. Pri-
vacy of vehicles. Storage
and management of huge
data generated by vehicles.
Moving vehicles can
efficiently authenti-
cate transaction, For
achieving trust by
comparing vehicles
Local Dynamic
Blockchain
Specification:
Windows 10 Intel i7
Processor Vehicle:
having Linux Mint
18.1 on an Intel
Core i7-7700HQ
CPU clocked at 2.8
GHz with 8 GB
RAM
Limited
cryptocurrency
for exchange
services.
Duplicate data
causing load on
network.

The mobility of vehicles and poor communication is also
considered. 4G will be used instead if vehicle fails to transmit
data block via neighbouring nodes. For the security of data
blockchain with “lag timestamp range ” is used with which a
block is verified by several blocks whose time stamp is within
a specific range.
IoT devices are capable of exchanging information with
other devices in a connected network. In a vehicular net-
work vehicles are connected with each other in a smart
city environment. One of the major challenges they face is
communication and information sharing with other vehicles
in a way that their privacy and security is not compromised.
Authors in [12] proposed block VN mode, which is based
on blockchain for vehicles in a smart city. Authors have used
control nodes and miner nodes. An authority responsible for
managing autonomous vehicles in a smart city decides which
vehicle will become miner or control node according to their
computational and storage abilities thus providing scalability.
All type of nodes have different responsibilities and altogether
they are working for efficient vehicular network.
Using AI to automatically operate mobile networks also
faces some challenges, which include separation between
different mobile operators and this difference becomes a hurdle
in way of AI powered management of mobile networks.A
mutual trust data sharing framework is proposed to overcome
the differences among different operators. This framework is
based on blockchain so it is temper proof and is distributed in
nature. In [13], combination of supervision and fine grained
data access control based on smart contracts is implemented
on a hyperledger fabric. Data sharing system consists of
membership services, verifier, consensus nodes, gate keeper
and blockchains. Data permission levels are divided into four
types.
Data sharing in hospital or any other health organizations
are getting more common now a days. All records including
medical reports etc. are shared online between different health
care units. It facilitate that no time spent on accessing the
patient record ,administrative task but exchange and make use
of information creates new problems regarding to security and
privacy. Data is not secured and can be easily modified these
are the challengeable issues that are still not solved. In [14]
authors have proposed a mechanism for handling of clinical
data by different institutions. 2 way Data exchange occurs
either through a middle organization; Government or private
regional health information Organization or directly between
health care centres. In either case data exchange occurs be-
tween organizations and patient is not directly involved. The
two hospitals have no two way data exchange. If a patient
visits both the hospitals then its information will be distributed
among all the Electronic Health Record (EHR’s).If the patient
wants to provide data to any other hospital than it will retrieve
data from hospitals he/she visited before. This data can be
bi-directional i.e. 2 way. Through Smart contract running on
blockchain, patients can give permission to hospital 1 to get
data from hospital 2 directly. Patient’s authorization rules with
his public key are saved in blockchain. Every hospital also
links the patient’s public key with the records they have of the
respective patient. Patients can also change the authorization
rules and new rules are updated in the system.
Risk of misuse and misinterpretation of intellectual data
in modern research where data sharing is essential. Storing
data is also a problem. Due to these reasons many authors
hesitate to share their data. To address these problems authors
in [15] used Ethereum blockchain network for data rights
and data management. The above mentioned problems are
addressed by application of blockchain. For security of data
and prevention of reuse of data rights smart contract are
developed and implemented. The incorporation of proposed
smart contracts in current scenarios of research workflows. The
responsibility of maintenance of blockchain network needs
to be taken by someone. The system must get participation
from users. All these users need to make sure they perform
their steps correctly for which facilitations are not provided in
proposed model.
There are no measures to protect privacy of users causing
low involvement of users in crowd sourcing. First confusion
mechanism is used to convert the user’s sensed data to non-
understandable data for privacy protection. Then this data is
passed to a blockchain for storing which guarantees user’s data
security and makes sure this data is not tampered. Last step
is to award the participating user with crypto currency which
provided the sensed data [16].
In [17] validation of every service provider that provides
its services to Iot devices is performed. In the proposed
system every Iot device when requesting service from edge
server, on response from edge servers validates the service
provider from cloud server whether the service provider is
registered secure provider or a malicious one. A framework
is proposed in [18] which facilitates the sharing of big data.
This framework can be used with resource constrained edges.
This framework is also suitable for low powered edges as
the proposed framework uses a consensus mechanism called
as Proof of Collaboration (PoC) which uses less complex
challenges so the computational power required is less. The
overhead of the storage is prominently decreased because
of the proposed offloading and filtering schemes. The ef-
ficiency of the communication is prominently increased by
the proposed new type of transaction in blockchain called as
Express transaction and newly proposed type of block called
as hollow block. In [19] a D2D network is proposed for mobile
users. The D2D network consists of two types of chains, (I-
chain) integrity chain and fraud chain (F-chain) The CSI needs
ledger to put recorded data of mobile users. The copy of
ledger will be broadcasted to all mobile users. When mobile
users receive broadcasted CSI message. Consensus mechanism
ensures authenticity. After a successful authentication message
is placed on I-chain. In the other situation, if message is not
authenticated message is placed in F-chain. By comparing
signed value with the predicted value suspected user can
be detected. A Conventional Neural Network (CNN) is used
between adjacent layer and neurons. To establish decoder
and encoder CNN is used. Encoder transform CSI message

to information and decoder transform information to CSI
message. At first layer codeword as an input inform of a
vector is entered. Output generated from 1st layer passes via
some units. Every decoder unit has four layers. In decoder
unit 2nd and 3rd layer have pattern 8 and 12. These layers
transform original information into original CSI message. The
Decoder has size of 7 unit in form of matrix x. In [20] a
network coding based distributed storage (NC-DS) framework
is proposed. This mechanism codes every block into encoded
sub blocks. Which are then stored in every node rather than
the whole block thus reducing storage requirements in a WSN.
III. BLOCKCHAIN BAS ED FL EE T MANAGEMENT AND
INCENTIVE MECHANISM
There are a few implementations of BFMS exercised by
some private firms. However, in the near future when In-
telligent Transport System (ITS) will be widely used and
blockchain will be implemented in that ITS in which all of
the vehicles will be autonomous, questions will arise for the
secure and efficient management of fleets.
Fig. 1: Autonomous vehicles registering with the IVTP
As discussed in [1], Every vehicle is assigned a crypto
id from a resonsible organization;IVTP. Then, using that
crypto id any vehicle who wants to become a vehicle in the
Blockchain enabled Fleet Management System , registers with
the system as shown in (Fig. 1).
Fig. 2: Example of task assigning to vehicles
Fig. 3: Vehicle Communication
In the BFMS, every time an organization or any task
provider wants to assign a task to one of its vehicles it creates
a task and announces it to all the registered vehicle nodes
who have registered with the system in a secure manner
using the cryptoid assigned to them. Each vehicle node has
a public key and a private key. Vehicle then retrieves the

TABLE II Base Paper Comparison
Paper Contribution Technique
Base Paper [1]
-Intelligent Vehicle Trust Point (IVTP), this is basically
an organization
which assigns every vehicle a crypto id before they can
become a part of the Blockchain enabled ITS.
-Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Road Side Unit (V2R)
communication in an blockchain enabled environment.
-Branched blockchain database for efficient data storage according to type.
-Less difficult consensus
mechanisms for transaction between mobile vehicles.
-V2V, V2R communication.
This Paper
-Vehicles of a fleet join a Blockchain enabled Fleet Management System
(BFMS) with the crypto id assigned to them by
the IVTP.
-V2R communication and then Road Side Unit to Organization operating a fleet communication.
-Assigning task to vehicles of a fleet according to task details or biding.
-Incentives for vehicle completing a task.
-Incentive System.
-Cryptocurrency as incentives.
-V2R communication.
task from the blockchain and analyses it and submits its
bid using using its private key or in some cases just accept
the task as it is. Task providers receive the bids and award
the task to the vehicle of its choice. Moreover, the vehicle
accepting the task and completing it will get incentives inform
of crypto currency. The vehicles will be in continuous contact
with RSU’s on the roads. The RSU’s will be transmitting
the information gathered from the vehicles to their respective
organizations (Fig.3). Thus, organizations will have complete
information of the vehicle’s current status. (Fig.2) explains
the process with an example of how a cargo organization will
use the proposed BFMS in blockchain enabled ITS of fully
autonomous vehicles.
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The simulations were performed on Remix IDE execut-
ing smart contracts written using solidity in an ethereum
blockchain environment. The simulation is of the scenario
shown in (Fig.2).
Time, transaction and execution cost for the registration with
the IVTP will be approximately constant every time. Then
these vehicles which want to join the BFMS will register with
the BFMS using their crypto ids. These ids will be validated
by checking if such vehicles exist in IVTP records or not, If
validated these vehicles are added to the fleet.
The BFMS proposed in this system model will use time,
transaction and execution cost depending on the size of the
fleet and how long vehicles take to respond to the tasks
broadcasted to them and how much time the task provider
takes to accept all the responses, analyses them and awards the
task to the bidder of its choice. In the simulation, It is assumed
that the time taken by the vehicle to analyse the task is equal
to 0s and time taken by task provider to accept all the bids
and award the bidder with the task is also 0s. In the simulation
all the vehicles which have a crypto id assigned to them by
the IVTP, are added to BFMS and a block of each vehicle is
created in the blockchain. When a cargo owner announces a
Request for Proposal (RFP) all vehicles are checked by their
maximum weight capacity, the vehicle which fits best with the
requirements of the task, is awarded with the patent and its
transactions is made in the blockchain as shown in. The results
of this simulation are shown in (Fig.4).Simlarly thorughput
and network usage of the operation is shown in (Fig.5 and 6)
Algorithm 1 BFMS
1: Function registerwithIVTP
2: uint ←vehicle id
3: cryptoid ←encrypt vehicle id
4: add vehicle node to ITS; return cryptoid;
5: EndFunction registerwithIVTP
6: Function registerwithBFMS
7: uint ←vehicle id
8: uint ←vehicle’s crypto id
9: if cryptoid == vehicleid in database then
add vehicle to BFMS;
10: emit vehicle added to blockchain;
11: end if
12: EndFunction registerwithBFMS
13: Function TASKassign
14: allvehicles ←broadcast task
15: vehicle X ←accepts task
16: if task == completed then
give vehicle X incentive
17: end if
18: EndFunction TASKassign
Fig. 4

Fig. 5
Fig. 6
A. Trade Off
In this simulation, the bidder with the appropriate maximum
weight capacity to the weight of the cargo is awarded the
patent. However, including more parameters like location,
current route of vehicle or distance of vehicle from loading
point or distance of ambulance from hospital or patient, etc.
will increase the gas consumption.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, it is investigated that how different fleets of
special vehicles (ambulances, police cars, cargo vehicles etc.)
carrying out operations for different organizations for different
purposes in a blockchain enabled IT operate. It is analysed
that how organizations will cooperate with an administrative
authority of autonomous vehicles so that each vehicle is
verified with the ITS revocation authority before adding it to
a fleet. Then an incentive mechanism is proposed to assign
tasks to these vehicles to carry out their respective tasks,
thus increasing participation and service quality. Simulations
were performed for assigning tasks to various sizes of fleets
and for different operations to measure gas consumption,
throughput and network usage. This work can potentially
provide guidelines for planning how to manage different types
of vehicles in a fully autonomous blockchain enabled ITS of
a smart city.
A. Limitations
Small size of fleets are tested for transactions. Scalability of
the proposed system is to be looked into. The details related
to the tasks that are broadcasted to the whole fleet sometimes
require large data, which increases delay and gas consumption
for the transaction of the data block in the blockchain. Future
work includes utilization of some compressing or encryption
mechanism to lower data size. The nature and purpose of V2V
communication between two vehicles and how it can improve
the quality and efficiency of BFMS is not looked into in this
paper. Without which no communication and data sharing take
place between vehicles of same fleet or vehicles of different
fleets.
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