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Traditional ethnoveterinary medicine in East Africa: a manual on the use of medicinal plants
... Whereas Amitraz is an acaricide, it is less effective against controlling of surra vectors. According [16], use of inappropriate vector control measures across communities, is an avenue that contributes to continuation of fly-host contact and thus contribute to endemicity of vector-borne disease load in affected areas. Where use of inappropriate vector control measures are observed, the need for training about effective vector control technologies among the population is demonstrated. ...
... More importantly, even if there was no use of ethno-veterinary medicine in treating the last case of surra in other communities apart from the Rendille, in general, all communities reported the presence of such products. The use of ethno-medical products in management of surra and trypanosomiasis in livestock in general, particularly among pastoral communities, is a common occurrence [16]. ...
Camel trypanosomiasis or Surra is the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in camels. The animals are kept under pastoral conditions often characterised by remote settings with poor infrastructure. These characteristics of pastoral areas do not attract either habitation or work of qualified veterinary service providers hence the camel keeping communities are left to play a major role to surmount any constraints that they encounter during animal husbandry. This paper presents management of camel trypanosomiasis, from an emic perspective, among camel keeping communities of Isiolo and Marsabit Counties. The information presented here within was collected in the above areas following field research activities undertaken in 2019. Results indicate that the communities were knowledgeable about the disease and majority rightfully associated camel trypanosomiasis with biting flies, the disease vector. The main symptoms observed for conclusion about surra to be made included loss of body condition, inability to walk long distances, rough hair coat, inability to feed well, reduced milk production in lactating females and abortion. The management of surra and its vectors among the camel keeping communities included use of both formal veterinary products and ethno-medicine. Drug stores (agrovets) were popular sources of veterinary drugs among the communities. The study recommends sensitization of the communities about use of veterinary drugs particularly those targeting camel trypanosomiasis and the disease vectors and, training of agrovet frontline staff to provide the desired information to herders as they buy drugs of their choice for effective disease management.
... Whereas Amitraz is an acaricide, it is less effective against controlling of surra vectors. According [16], use of inappropriate vector control measures across communities, is an avenue that contributes to continuation of fly-host contact and thus contribute to endemicity of vector-borne disease load in affected areas. Where use of inappropriate vector control measures are observed, the need for training about effective vector control technologies among the population is demonstrated. ...
... More importantly, even if there was no use of ethno-veterinary medicine in treating the last case of surra in other communities apart from the Rendille, in general, all communities reported the presence of such products. The use of ethno-medical products in management of surra and trypanosomiasis in livestock in general, particularly among pastoral communities, is a common occurrence [16]. ...
Camel trypanosomiasis or Surra is the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in camels. The animals are kept under pastoral conditions often characterised by remote settings with poor infrastructure. These characteristics of pastoral areas do not attract either habitation or work of qualified veterinary service providers hence the camel keeping communities are left to play a major role to surmount any constraints that they encounter during animal husbandry. This paper presents management of camel trypanosomiasis, from an emic perspective, among camel keeping communities of Isiolo and Marsabit Counties. The information presented here within was collected in the above areas following field research activities undertaken in 2019. Results indicate that the communities were knowledgeable about the disease and majority rightfully associated camel trypanosomiasis with biting flies, the disease vector. The main symptoms observed for conclusion about surra to be made included loss of body condition, inability to walk long distances, rough hair coat, inability to feed well, reduced milk production in lactating females and abortion. The management of surra and its vectors among the camel keeping communities included use of both formal veterinary products and ethno-medicine. Drug stores (agrovets) were popular sources of veterinary drugs among the communities. The study recommends sensitization of the communities about use of veterinary drugs particularly those targeting camel trypanosomiasis and the disease vectors and, training of agrovet frontline staff to provide the desired information to herders as they buy drugs of their choice for effective disease management.
... Some medicinal plants used to control external parasite in East Africa[63]. ...
In most African countries livestock contributes 30% of total agricultural gross domes�tic product. More than 60% of the population depends on agriculture for their liveli�hood. Parasitic worms or helminths occur worldwide parasitizing the body of humans
and domesticated and wild animals. Conventional medicine is a remedy or drug used
for the diagnosis, treatment of disease, and for maintenance of the health of an ani�mal. Continuous use of these drugs has resulted in the development of resistance by
some internal parasites. “The ability of parasites to survive doses of drugs that would
normally kill parasites of the same species and stage.” In general, most of the ethno-bo�tanical remedies are considered as economical and safe. Furthermore, these remedies
are easily available, simple to prepare and/or administer, at minute or free of cost to the
farmer. Today many of the allopathic anthelmintics available in the market are either not
effective or have induced resistance, resulting in the recurrence of parasitic infestations.
External parasites affecting different animals are ticks, mites, lice, and fleas. Extract the
active compounds from the medicinal plants and then test their anthelmintic activity,
through in vitro and in vivo systems. Traditional medicine in Ethiopia has been widely
used by various ethnic groups, about 90% of the livestock population depends on tradi�tional medicine and most of it comes from plants. Herbal medicine has not been docu�mented adequately in Ethiopia and there is a danger that this knowledge will soon be lost
as traditional social patterns are increasingly disturbed by globalization, environmental
degradation, agricultural expansion, cultivation of marginal lands, and urbanization.
... Dentre os fitoterápicos, destacamse os óleos essenciais, que são produtos do metabolismo secundário das plantas, que possuem uma mistura complexa de substâncias voláteis lipofilícas, geralmente odoríferas e líquidas e de baixo peso molecular (Lubbe & Verpoorte, 2011). Alguns óleos essenciais de plantas apresentaram atividade acaricida sobre piolhos, como o óleo de Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus citriodora, Tagetes minuta e Tephrosia vogelii (Dharani et al., 2015). ...
... Livestock production has numerous functions and roles, including food provision, income, employment and draft (muscle) power, the dung being used as organic fuel and fertilizer (Pica-Ciamarra et al., 2014). Moreover, livestock supports coping with adverse situations and food insecurity and plays numerous sociocultural roles (Swanepoel et al., 2010;Najma et al., 2015). Ethno-veterinary is a holistic interdisciplinary study of indigenous knowledge and its associated skills, practices, believes and social structures in relation to the healthcare and husbandry of income producing livestock, which has emerged as a fertile field for the generation and transfer of appropriate and sustainable veterinary alternatives to people everywhere but especially to the third world livestock raisers (Adedeji et al., 2014). ...
Poultry diseases are responsible for majority of losses in livestock production leading to
constraints in the development and enhancement of viable livestock production systems in
Nigeria. The impact of these diseases is severe in rural areas. This study evaluated the
importance of ethno-veterinary practices on food sustainability. The research design was
survey method and sample size was determined using Taro Yamane formula from a
population size of 100 (50 each) from both Local Government Areas. A structured
questionnaire was administered to 80 persons (respondents) from the two local government
areas (Abeokuta south and Odeda) in Ogun State, Nigeria. The result indicated that
respondent were male (85%) and female (15%) with the male being the dominant and the
respondents' shows high level of literacy. The result revealed that common diseases of broiler
birds are coccidiosis (45%), Newcastle (18%), fowl cholera (8%) and others (25%). The
poultry farmers make use of veterinary services has a therapy for poultry diseases with very
few involved in both veterinary and herbal practice. Among the local herbs used were
Moringa leaf, Christmas melon, basil, bitter leaf etc. However, farmers believed that the use
of herbs causes poor growth, weight loss while the use of inappropriate dosage leads to death
of birds which in turn will alter the level of poultry production.
... Dentre os fitoterápicos, destacamse os óleos essenciais, que são produtos do metabolismo secundário das plantas, que possuem uma mistura complexa de substâncias voláteis lipofilícas, geralmente odoríferas e líquidas e de baixo peso molecular (Lubbe & Verpoorte, 2011). Alguns óleos essenciais de plantas apresentaram atividade acaricida sobre piolhos, como o óleo de Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus citriodora, Tagetes minuta e Tephrosia vogelii (Dharani et al., 2015). ...
... Across other African communities, different parts of Albizia coriaria (A. coriaria) is utilized in phytotherapeutical management of malaria, helminthiasis, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, breast, skin and uterine cancers, menorrhagia, hypertension, dermatological conditions, threatened abortion, venereal diseases, sore eyes, lungworms/ascaris worms (in cattle, sheep and goats), gastrointestinal infections, mosquito repellent and as toothbrush (Araya, 2007;Bossard, 1993;Dharani et al., 2015;Geissler et al., 2002;ICRAF, 1992;Jeruto et al., 2010;Johns et al., 1995;Leiderer, 1982;Obakiro et al., 2020;Ochwang'i et al., 2014;Olala, 2014;Omara, 2020;Orwa et al., 2007;Shiracko et al., 2016;Sirama, 2014;Tsabang et al., 2017). ...
Background
Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver ( A. coriaria ) is one of the treasured medicinal plants in Africa. In continuity of our study verifying the claim of using its leaves for managing bacterial diseases and oxidative stress-mediated complications in Ugandan traditional phytomedicine, we characterized its most active (ethanolic) extract using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Results
UV–Vis absorption peaks occurred between 338 and 664 nm, which indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of O–H, C=O and aromatic–C=C which confirmed the presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and aromatics in the extract. Four known bioactive triterpenoids: lupeol ( 1 ), lupenone ( 2 ), betulinic acid ( 3 ), betulin ( 4 ) along with an aromatic alcohol: benzyl alcohol ( 5 ) were tentatively identified in different fractions of A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract. Compound 4 was identified for the first time in this species.
Conclusions
All the compounds identified in the fractions of the A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract have reported pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This supports the traditional use of A. coriaria leaves in the management of oxidative stress-mediated conditions and bacterial diseases in Uganda.
In most African countries livestock contributes 30% of total agricultural gross domes�tic product. More than 60% of the population depends on agriculture for their liveli�hood. Parasitic worms or helminths occur worldwide parasitizing the body of humans
and domesticated and wild animals. Conventional medicine is a remedy or drug used
for the diagnosis, treatment of disease, and for maintenance of the health of an ani�mal. Continuous use of these drugs has resulted in the development of resistance by
some internal parasites. “The ability of parasites to survive doses of drugs that would
normally kill parasites of the same species and stage.” In general, most of the ethno-bo�tanical remedies are considered as economical and safe. Furthermore, these remedies
are easily available, simple to prepare and/or administer, at minute or free of cost to the
farmer. Today many of the allopathic anthelmintics available in the market are either not
effective or have induced resistance, resulting in the recurrence of parasitic infestations.
External parasites affecting different animals are ticks, mites, lice, and fleas. Extract the
active compounds from the medicinal plants and then test their anthelmintic activity,
through in vitro and in vivo systems. Traditional medicine in Ethiopia has been widely
used by various ethnic groups, about 90% of the livestock population depends on tradi�tional medicine and most of it comes from plants. Herbal medicine has not been docu�mented adequately in Ethiopia and there is a danger that this knowledge will soon be lost
as traditional social patterns are increasingly disturbed by globalization, environmental
degradation, agricultural expansion, cultivation of marginal lands, and urbanization.
This study delves into the ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) practiced by pastoralists along the transhumance routes in southwestern Angola. Within the framework of three cooperation projects, we conducted 434 interviews, collecting information on 89 taxa used for treating 16 livestock diseases. The most cited species was Ptaeroxylon obliquum (132 citations), followed by Salvadora persica (59) and Elaeodendron transvaalense (49). Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was the disease most cited (223 citations; 44 species), followed by wounds (95; 20) and Newcastle (86; 14). We found that 30 species and 48 uses have not been previously reported in the ethnoveterinary literature. Jaccard index (mean value = 0.13) showed a greatly diversified knowledge among the ethnic groups: Kuvale and Nyaneka were the most knowledgeable and should be included in the various strategies for disseminating EVM in the area. Most informants recognized that abundance of some species decreased in the last years as a result of human activities and climatic changes. Finally, we discuss challenges in preserving the EVM in the area. Our findings suggest that preservation of the EVM in southwestern Angola is widely impacted by the access to biomedicine. Future studies should investigate the opportunity to integrate traditional medicine into mainstream development projects, which is crucial for decolonizing the veterinary sector in Angola.
Herein, we report the occurrence of four new compounds in ethanolic extract of Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver leaves along with other compounds previously reported in this species. The compounds were isolated and characterized using column chromatography, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. FTIR spectrum of the extract showed phenolic O−H stretching (3362 cm-1), C=O (1660 cm-1), C−O stretching (1369 cm-1 and 1319 cm-1) and C−N stretch (1072 cm-1) which confirmed the presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and nitrogen-containing compounds. Oleanolic acid (1), oleanolic acid acetate (2), pterin-6-carboxylic acid (3), undecanol (4), betulinic acid (5), betulin (6) and benzyl alcohol (7) were identified in the extract. Compounds 1-4 are being reported for the first time in Albizia coriaria.
Two phytotoxic proteins, ricin and abrin, have been isolated and purified, and single crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction study have been obtained. Ricin crystals belong to space group C2 with a = 177.3 A, b = 57.3 A, c = 92.2 A, and β = 105°40′. The asymmetric unit contains 1 molecule of molecular weight 50,000, as estimated from crystallographic data and measurements of the crystal water content (68% by weight) and density (1.142 g per cm³). Abrin crystals possess a probable space group P212121 with a = 74.9 A, b = 269.8 A, and c = 70.3 A, with 2 molecules of molecular weight 65,000 in the asymmetric unit.
From the leaf exudate of Aloe lateritia ENGLER the C-glucosyl com pounds homonataloin, aloeresin A and aloesin (synon. aloeresin B) were isolated together with the anthraquinone nataloeem odin-8-methylether and spectroscopically identified. Hom onataloin, widely distributed in Aloe species, was separated into homonataloin A and B by combined TLC and DCCC. In their 1 D and 2D ¹ H NMR spectra only the shifts of the 2′-hydroxyl protons of both glucosyl residues differ significantly, indicative of 10 S (A) resp. 10 S (B) configurations. In both com pounds the anthrone is in β-position of the D-glucopyranosyl, as determined by the large coupling constants of the anomeric protons. The ¹³ C NMR signals are unambiguously assigned by the use of DEPT, APT and gated-decoupling methods. Only the chemical shifts of C -11 and C -14 show significant differences between both diastereomers due to the adjacent 2′-sugar hydroxyls. The two homonataloins differ mostly in optical rotation and circulardichroism due to different configurations at C - 10 of the anthrone part. The absolute configurations of the diastereomers are determined by correlation of their CD spectra with the CD spectra of the structural analogues 7-hydroxyaloins A and B, which shows that hom onataloin A is the 10 S, 1′S-compound and that homonataloin B has 10 R, 1′S-configuration.
This study was designed to investigate the effect of an aqueous methanol extract of Acacia nilotica pods Anp) on various biochemical parameters, namely blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, High density lipids (HDLs), triglycerides, Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate and Pyruvate Transaminase (SGOT, SGPT) and serum creatinine clearance in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three experimental groups: control, diabetic and Anp treated. The Anp treated group was further subdivided into three different groups based on the dose administered. This showed that a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight maximally reduced the blood glucose levels as compared to the diabetic group (p<0.001). This dose also significantly (p<0.05) lowered the plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride and Low-density lipids (LDLs) in treated rabbits as compared to diabetic rabbits. Furthermore, the same dose also significantly increased the plasma HDL levels of the treated group when compared with the diabetic group. Whereas the activity of SGOT and SGPT were decreased significantly (p<0.001). Anp extract in treated diabetic rabbits. Anp treatment showed no significant effect on creatinine clearance. For interest a paper with similar aims, but using water extract of Nigella stiva L. appeared in this journal in 2004, (Merel et at, 31 (1), 49-53).
Ginger oil is produced by steam or hydrodistillation of ground rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). It is valued for its pleasant, aromatic, more or less lemony odor. Ginger oil finds much use in the food and drink industry, e.g., ginger ale, ginger beer, and various cookies and desserts. The oil is further used in small quantities in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and perfume industry. It has still not been clarified which compounds are responsible for the characteristic ginger aroma. The various investigations have all come to different conclusions and in some respects contradict each other. The citral (= geranial and neral combined) content is responsible for the lemony note.