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International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
UNDERSTANDING CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES OF TELECOMMUTING
AND VIDEO CONFERENCING APPLICATIONS IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Kenneth Okereafor, PhD
Deputy General Manager - Database Security,
Department of Information and Communications Technology,
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Abuja, NIGERIA.
nitelken@yahoo.com
Phil Manny
Founder & Director – Agora Nexus
Director West Africa – Alliance Media Group.
phil.manny@agoranexus.com / phil@alliances.global
ABSTRACT
As a result of restrictions in mass gathering and imposition of social distancing to curtail the
spread of COVID-19, there is an unprecedented adoption of telecommuting and video
conferencing as innovative technological alternatives for remote work and office
administration, colloquially referred to as teleworking, mobile working, home working or
“work from home (WFH)”. The combination of telecommuting and video conferencing comes
with the benefits of reduced overhead, increased productivity and minimal risks of exposure
to infectious diseases including the COVID-19 which is spread through human clusters.
Unfortunately, the popularity of telecommuting and video conferencing applications has also
opened up potential avenues for cyber-attacks and other hostile hacking incidents that target
porous networks and unsafe systems and applications, thereby raising serious ethical, cyber
security and privacy concerns. This paper examines a comprehensive overview of cyber
security issues related to telecommuting and video conferencing applications including their
vulnerabilities, threats, and impacts.
Keywords: COVID-19, cyber-attack, cybercrime, cyber security, remote work,
telecommuting, teleworking, WFH.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Having spread to all corners of the globe, the infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has
influenced a global restriction on social congregation of all types including the traditional
workplace. With this reality, millions of businesses have been forced to contend with the
option of managing a completely remote workforce with the aid of telecommuting and related
technologies. COVID-19 and the mass shift to WFH has provided a digital rocket and a huge
cultural shift operationally for every organization across the global. Many technology
vendors have already adjusted relevant portions of their product and service offerings to
reflect the booming global adoption of WFH. Similarly, organizations across all sectors are
implementing remote work policies for their employees, in accordance with this trend.
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
Technology giants Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, Google, and many others have
updated guidelines for their employees to work remotely and balance productivity. At the
same time, they are focusing attention on fine-tuning potential connectivity flaws previously
existing on their products and services.
The cyber security risks arising from inherent vulnerabilities in remote technologies are not
particularly new, but as the social distancing policies of the pandemic compel employees to
work more from home and as people seek new ways to stay connected, malicious hackers
around the world are also taking advantage of the widespread changes in the workforce
attitude and the increase in online activities, to launch large-scale phishing attacks, phone
scams and other computer-based exploits against these vulnerabilities. Successful cyber-
attacks lead to data loss, reputation damage and technology apathy; and potentially
undermine the efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19. In this paper, the first of two
series, we examine issues arising from working from home including cyber security risk
factors, technological apathies, and impacts of cyber-attacks.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 discusses the basic components of
telecommuting and video conferencing applications. Section 3 examines the challenges of
remote work and reviews their cyber security implications. Section 4 focuses on the business
and technical impacts of WFH-based cyber-attacks. Section 5 concludes the paper with
summary remarks.
2.0 COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUTING AND VIDEO CONFERENCING
Telecommuting – also called teleworking – is the technology-assisted practice of working
remotely or from home by the combined use of internet-connected communication systems,
email facilities, the telephone, and other online digital applications. It is the application of
computer software and high-speed telecommunication systems to implement workplace-
related communications remotely. The video conferencing component is a variation of
remote real-time video interaction where participants cluster in a fixed location as opposed to
individual participation in traditional teleworking. However, an innovative integration of a
video conferencing session as a representative of singular teleworking participant is possible
where the segmentation of large participants from different geographic locations is required.
Video conferencing solutions can be used for two-way live communication with limited
possibilities of interaction with the audiences. Application areas include virtual meetings,
online training, technical support, webinar sessions, business conferences, chats rooms,
messaging and file sharing, as well as multiparty internet telephony communications.
The current wave of telecommuting has been triggered by the demands of the COVID-19
pandemic and can therefore be referred to as episodic or situational as it is not a scheduled
type of routine telecommuting, but one that has been necessitated by an emergency situation.
As a result, each vital component of telecommuting presents a unique security challenge [1]
that must either be mitigated or closely monitored to minimize the chances of its
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
circumvention by malicious hackers and internet fraudsters. The components of
telecommuting are reviewed below.
2.1 High Speed Data Networks
Fast networks provide the channel through which remote communication links are established
and maintained throughout a telecommuting session. They provide the platform for good
connectivity required for the systems to retain good quality audio, video, text, and image.
Anything that affects the quality and easy accessibility of the data network, could impact on
the output, and could potentially diminish the system’s integrity and cyber security rating.
Available connectivity options include fiber, radio, Wi-Fi connections, mobile networks, etc.
The ability of the network component to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and
availability of data being transmitted across the session, provides a fair assessment of the
overall security of the service, and is usually a basic for technological evaluation.
2.2 Cloud Services
Cloud services are essential for hosting the platform for telecommuting to strive. Cloud
services [2] are virtual computing resources (data storage and computing power), made
available to users by cloud computing providers on demand via the internet without direct
active management by the user. While it is attractive to take advantages of cloud computing,
the security aspects in a cloud-based computing environment remain at the core of interest [3]
[4].
For the purpose of supporting the remote work, cloud services include the application
software, visual presentation utility, web-based plug-ins, dedicated web portals, instant
messaging, voice over internet protocol (VOIP), and other complementing programmers. E.g.
shared documents programmers such as file storage and synchronization services – Google
Drive and Microsoft One Drive, web-based document management application – Google
Docs, and file hosting service – Drop Box, all operate under the cloud software as a service
(SaaS) model.
2.3 Terminals
Terminals are the end-user connecting devices through which communications and exchange
are initiated, received, or controlled from in both telecommuting and video conferencing
applications. They include smartphones, laptops, tablets, desktop computers, alongside their
peripherals: webcams, monitors, speakers, earpieces, styluses, etc. The functionality of these
terminals at any point in time during an established session contributes to the security status
and to how safe the transmitted data eventually becomes.
2.4 Security and Protective Utilities
There is a huge list of protective systems that all together add up to provide protection at various
stages of a telecommuting session. In addition to protecting the terminals and complementing the
cloud services, they also ensure the safety of the medium through interoperability with systems
from multiple vendors. Security tools also provide encryption of on-going communications to
prevent or minimize the risk of eavesdropping on confidential
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
information. They also provide quality of service balancing, monitoring and alert
mechanisms. E.g. endpoint protections, as well as utility protocols such as virtual private
network (VPN) and voice over internet protocol (VoIP).
2.5 Telecommuting Applications
Many telecommuting applications exist from multiple vendors in various forms, serving
audiences from diverse backgrounds. Zoom, Cisco WebEx, Slack, Citrix, Skype, and
Microsoft Team are among the numerous telecommuting Apps available today. Although the
underlying concept remains the same across all applications, the technology implementations
and specific features defer from vendor to vendor. E.g. Zoom’s waiting room feature
performs similar functions as Microsoft Team’s lobby, providing a temporary screening
facility to allow the meeting organizer to carry out due diligence on each potential participant
prior to granting admittance.
3.0 CHALLENGES OF TELECOMMUTING AND VIDEO CONFERENCING
Challenges are viewed from three broad but interwoven perspectives, namely technological
apathies, cybersecurity risk factors and philosophy of cyberattacks on WFH platforms.
3.1 Technological apathies and cultural issues
3.1.1 Employee perspective of technology
From an employee standpoint, there are so many areas of challenge to consider including: the
role of the individual in the organization, the assigned level of access to company assets, the
operational competence and psychological balance to work alone, IT security awareness, the
convenience of the remote environment, as well as technology reliability.
As most organizations transition from traditional architecture to cloud and internet based,
many are compelling their staff to sign WFH policy documents as a code of conduct.
However, with the increase in phishing emails of over 300% since lockdown, the long-term
psychological stress associated with such compulsion needs to be addressed, especially as
activity surveillance and productivity monitoring are becoming a norm. In general, the overall
WFH cultural changes encompass the technological apathies.
3.1.2 Geography related apathies
The technology reliability in the specific geographic location of the remote workers is an
important challenging factor in examining convenience in the shift to WFH, cloud and
internet-based architecture. E.g. remote workers in some technologically advanced parts of
the world have routine access to reliable 4G (soon to be 5G) unlimited mobile data as well as
up to 62MB fibre to the home (FTTH) internet service. These incentives make accessing,
downloading, or completing any cloud and internet-based work very easy, as opposed to less
developed regions of the world where there are issues of power supply, bandwidth, and
access to quality internet services.
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
3.1.3 Convenience of the working environment
A very important aspect of consideration for the remote worker is the working environment.
Many do not have the luxury of a dedicated home office or workspace away from distraction
from kids, visitors, and domestic chores. Furthermore, chances of data errors exist from
environmental distractions as people working from home get easily distracted by combining
work with domestic endeavors including laundry, personal emailing, private web browsing,
etc.
For most people, going to the office physically is a sanctuary which entails a 100% focus on
the job. Therefore, in looking at the remote environment, the psycho-emotional effects of
being isolated and not experiencing the pleasure of seeing and interacting with colleagues
deserves serious consideration.
3.1.4 Attitudinal adjustment conflict
Those who have been regularly working from a home office prior to the pandemic as an
integral part of work flexibility, and already conversant with using telecommuting
applications for remote connections and client interactions around the globe, are most likely
to adjust faster to the current COVID-19 induced WFH shift than others. For such people, the
current shift is less of a change. However, those whom it is new to are more likely to
experience a transitory period of adjustment during which initial resistance and conflict are
expected, in addition to some level of isolation and loneliness.
3.2 Cyber security Risk Factors
A number of direct and indirect factors account for the cyber security incidents on WFH
systems, and they present burning issues which organizations have to contend with while
employees work from outside of a traditional office environment. By design, remote
communication systems such as telecommuting and video conferencing applications are
bandwidth intensive. This means that they rely heavily on the quantity and quality of
connectivity to sustain communications sessions. It also means that anything that affects the
stability or quality of the connectivity among the participants could degrade the outcome or
lead to total failure, respectively.
Despite their numerous benefits, telecommuting and video conferencing systems have
inherent vulnerabilities which cybercriminals and internet spammers take advantage off to
perpetrate attacks.
3.2.1 Insecure networks
Poor network conditions and inadequate bandwidth are two major network-related issues
with remote video technology. Up to the early 2000s, the legacy internet telephony systems
were characterized by high latency, jitters, and echoes on Sipura, Media ring, Delta3,
Net2phone and other early VOIP platforms [5]. With progressive research by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
and vendor markets, contemporary solutions have surmounted these initial hiccups.
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
An unsafe network, especially one comprising of an unregulated, unprotected, or unencrypted
channel is a major weakness which can be taken advantage of by malicious hackers to launch
cyber-attacks and diminish the quality of the session or disrupt the session entirely. The
porosity of an insecure network is easily spotted by the malicious hacker during pre-attack
vulnerability scanning while searching for exploitable loopholes. Loopholes in an insecure
network can include unencrypted channels, factory default device access credentials, weak
authentication protocols, outdated devices drivers, unpatched software, and obsolete
operating systems.
3.2.2 Capacity gap with ignorant employees
Ignorance of basic cybersecurity requirements for online engagement particularly for remote
collaboration is an indication of corporate capacity gap. An ignorant employee constitutes a
major risk to the security of telecommuting as a remote work tool. E.g. early signs of
ignorance begin to manifest when virtual meeting notices and login ID for a teleworking
session are announced on social networks, making it difficult to monitor and verify the
identity of potential participants.
3.2.3 Data security ethical issues
The inability of corporate organizations, employees, and participants in a teleworking session
to adhere to online etiquettes regarding sharable information on open networks can become a
serious privacy concern that challenges the safety and confidentiality of sensitive data. This
also includes how individuals are able to manage their connecting terminals before, during
and after each telecommuting session.
3.2.4 Unsafe terminals
An unsafe terminal is one with an underlying security issue or having a poorly protected
operating condition capable of affecting the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the
data it processes or of the system it is meant to support. The presence and use of an insecure
terminal in a telecommuting session particularly one running on obsolete software or housing
an unpatched utility poses a danger to the safe operation of the session. Such insecure
terminal presents loopholes which cybercriminals are able to exploit to attack the remote
work session either by introducing a disruptive bug or by intercepting the transmitted data
and listening in on confidential communication, both of which could potentially result in
privacy invasion.
3.2.5 Insider collusion
One of the corporate threats very difficult to manage, and one that is very rampant among
organizations, is the conspiracy of direct involvement of an employee in initiating, aiding, or
facilitating a cybercrime by deliberately providing an intruder access to a yet-to-be-mitigated
loophole on the system. Collusion in telecommuting occurs when two or more legitimate
participating employees release meeting IDs or other connection credentials to non-members
for malicious intent, or when identified errors are deliberately overlooked to the advantage of
the intruder.
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
3.2.6 Social engineering
Teleworking platforms are very vulnerable to social engineering attacks due to the
weaknesses in humans which are mostly taken advantage of by cybercriminals. Social
engineering methods use psychological tricks to create deception [6], which in turn makes
people to perform actions that could divulge personal and corporate confidential information
[7] rather innocently. It is a psychological exploitation which scammers use to skillfully
manipulate humans and carry out emotional attacks on innocent people [8], such as on
telecommuting and video conferencing platforms.
On a WFH session, a scammer assumes a name that matches a legitimate participant’s
identity and gains access to the session where he can remain passive throughout the episode.
The ability of the attacker to remain passive and extract confidential information constantly
from the session compromises the confidentiality of the entire system. In an extreme case, the
attacker may choose to become active by disrupting the session through posting of derogatory
comments and offensive images which may lead to an outright discontinuation of the session.
Such disruptions have ethical and reputational connotations, and could be very scandalous.
3.2.7 Distraction errors
The distraction of mixing WFH and domestic affairs increases the risks that the remote
worker can inadvertently introduce malware links into the company’s computer network
thereby exposing employers and colleagues to various degrees of cyber-attacks, where over
90% of which are delivered by email related services. Many remote workers are likely to fall
victim to distraction errors including wrong entries and delayed responses, given the
currently disrupted management communications occasioned by the COVID-19 lockdown.
3.3 Cyber-attacks on WFH platforms
3.3.1 Man-in-the-middle attack
In the man-in-the-middle (MiM) attack, the attacker, using special hacking tools, intercepts a
telecommuting communication channel and eavesdrops on on-going conversation. The
purpose of this attack can be passive or active. A passive man-in-the-middle attack simply
intercepts the conversation, and records or merely listen in without disruption. Such passive
attacks only have impact on the data confidentiality as the attacker can capture confidential
picture, record secret data or access sensitive documents being transmitted along the
communications channel. An active MiM attack on the other hand seizes data between two
nodes [9], causes actual disruption and modification [10] or alters part of the intercepted data
such that its content, quality, and integrity are compromised. Advanced forms of MiM attack
can also completely delete data from the channel, or cause delayed delivery of data
exchanged over the virtual meeting session.
MiM attack is possible on any unencrypted or poorly secured cloud based remote work
application, whether WebEx, Zoom, Microsoft Team, or others. The concept of zoom
bombing is a MiM attack specifically targeted at gaining unauthorized access, wherein the
19
International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
adversary inserts his clandestine identity into the session, and listen in, gathers corporate
sensitive information that can potentially be used for espionage or other cybercrimes.
Vulnerability in the zoon app is the potential for people to take advantage of the publicly
announced session logon and join the meeting and in the middle of the conversation begin to
post inappropriate content or use other forms of offensive attack such as cyber bullying to
disrupt the session.
3.3.2 DDoS attack
With a distributed denial of service (DDoS), the attacker’s target is to disrupt the entire
teleconferencing session by deliberately overloading the system with so much unnecessary
traffic that it overwhelms its capacity to cope, thereby leading to a malfunction, a breakdown
or incessant bouts of reboots. A DDoS impacts negatively on system performance and can
potentially lead to participants’ frustration.
4.0 IMPACTS OF CYBERATTACKS ON WFH APPLICATIONS
The consequences of successful breaches and cyber-attacks [1] on WFH applications could
have an overbearing impact on work quality and turnaround time but could also impose
privacy implications.
4.1 Identity theft
Sensitive data being transmitted across unsafe telecommunication channels and poorly
protected telecommuting terminals can be intercepted by internet fraudsters and used for
fraudulent bank transactions, gain unauthorized assess, activate ransom advantage, or be
simply modified for use in future cyber criminalities. Depending on the nature and sensitivity
of the stolen corporate data, loss of trade secrets can threaten the survivability of the
organization. In the healthcare sector, loss or unauthorized modification of patient’s medical
records can lead to misdiagnosis and fatalities both which have long term reputational
consequences.
4.2 Privacy issues
Data leaks are rampant among insecure telecommuting systems due to poor access control
mechanisms to detect, prevent of proactively respond to cyber security breaches. The
resulting privacy breaches have a long-term negative effect on the reputation of the
organization and could trigger costly litigations, operational disruption, or overall ripple
effect on operational sustenance.
4.3 Accessibility issues
With slow networks, remote working could become a nightmare affecting the prompt
availability of data at the point of need. Delayed access to data could impose life-threatening
impacts on organizations that rely on the timeliness of data access for services such as
banking transactions, emergency healthcare, aviation control, and crime forensics.
5.0 CONCLUSION
20
International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
Work from home (WFH) provides an opportunity to sustain corporate productivity when
physical gathering is risky or prohibited such as the COVID-19 pandemic. WFH would be
impossible without the fantastic telecommuting technologies available today as an enabler of
mobility, allowing colleagues to communicate and collaborate in real-time from different
geographic locations. At the same time, the gains of working from home tend to be
contending with the risks of exposure to cyber threats and malicious hackers who capitalize
on unsafe networks and insecure systems to circumvent the remote communication
experience. This paper has examined the cyber security, ethical and technological loopholes
in remote working. It also identified their impacts on the employer’s data as well as the
employee’s online safety.
The second paper, and concluding part of this two-part series titled “Solving the Cyber
security Challenges of Telecommuting and Videoconferencing Applications in the COVID-19
Pandemic”, proposes cyber security mitigation actions that can be applied both now and in
the post COVID-19 era to make WFH, virtual meetings, webinars, and teleconferences safer
alternatives to direct communications in times of mobility restrictions.
Caveat
The conclusions and views expressed in this paper are the authors’ personal opinions, and do
not necessarily represent the opinions of any organization(s) to which they are affiliated.
Names of specific vendors, manufacturers, products, services, or institutions wherever
mentioned or implied in this paper are for illustrative, educational, and informational
purposes only. Implicit or expressed mention of such names of specific vendors,
manufacturers, products, services, or institutions does not suggest authors’ preference,
endorsement or recommendation of the vendors, manufacturers, products, services, or
institutions so mentioned. Similarly, non-mention of specific vendors, manufacturers,
products, services, or institutions does not suggest authors’ disapproval or apathy against
such vendors, manufacturers, products, services, or institutions.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Kenneth Okereafor is a United Nations trained Cyber security expert, and Deputy General
Manager at the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) Nigeria, where he oversees
Database Security and Health Informatics. With a PhD in Cyber security & Biometrics from
Azteca University Mexico, he has accumulated over two decades of professional ICT
experience, and has acquired special skills in applying Cyber Threat Intelligence &
Mitigation Technologies to detect, prevent and respond to Cyberattacks in industry,
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
government, and academia. Kenneth is a member of the International Organization for
Standardization’s Technical Committee on Health Informatics (ISO-TC-215), and he
currently chairs ISO’s Security and Privacy Working Group-4 in Nigeria, developing and
adopting Cybersecurity standards for Nigeria’s digital health ecosystem. He has research
interests in, and publications on, Global Cybersecurity Operations, Incident Response, Multi-
biometrics, Electronic Health Security, Computer Forensics, and Digital Identities; and may
be reached at nitelken@yahoo.com.
Phil Manny is the Founder & Director of Agora Nexus (www.agoranexus.com), and
Regional Director, West Africa of Alliance Media Group (www.alliances.global). He is an
Economics graduate of Cardiff University UK, Business School, and has spent the last 12
years running B2B C-level events and programmes across the globe with a focus on Sub-
Saharan Africa. With experience across multiple sectors including O&G, IT, Power, and
Shipping, Phil prides himself on understanding and learning of cultural and regional diversity
in business.
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International Journal in IT and Engineering
http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
International Journal in IT & Engineering (IJITE)
Volume 8 Issue 6, June 2020 ISSN: 2321-1776 Impact Factor: 6.493
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
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