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INVESTIGATING POSSIBILITIES OF THREE-STRAND YARN
PRODUCTION
Murat Demir1, Musa Kilic1
Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, Tinaztepe Campus, 35397, İzmir, TURKEY
Phone: +902323017730 Fax: +902323017750
E-mail: murat.demir@deu.edu.tr , musa.kilic@deu.edu.tr
Abstract
Conventional ring spinning system is used for the largest proportion of total yarn production today and
has kept same principle since 19th century. Analyzing new spinning systems shows that some
modifications on conventional systems aid to produce yarn in better quality. Siro-spun spinning can be
counted amongst one of the modern systems that enable to produce yarn in better quality and more
economical way with help of some modifications. In this study, it was aimed to produce three-strand
yarn in single process inspiring from siro-spun spinning. For this purpose, some modifications developed
on siro-spun system and three-strand yarns were produced. Physical and mechanical properties of
yarns that produced from different materials were measured and compared with three-plied yarns.
Results showed that three-strand yarns are superior in terms of hairiness and elongation, but inferior in
terms of unevenness. Moreover, there is no statistically significant difference between strengths of three-
strand and three-plied yarns.
Keywords:
Yarn technology, twist spinning, siro-spun spinning
Introduction
Twist spinning has been known many years and has an increasing popularity within the recent years.
Twist spinning is also known as two-strand spinning. Currently, two systems are used for two strand
spinning: Duospun (designed by Ems Sa and Huber and Suhner) and Sirospun (designed by Zinser
Textilmaschinen GmbH).
During the production process of twist spinning, two fibre strands are given into the drafting area of
conventional ring spinning machine and leave drafting area together. At the same time, single yarn is
produced by twisting individual fibre strand on themselves with aid of spindle, ring and traveler and then
two individual single yarns are twisted for production of two-plied yarn.
In siro-spun spinning, elimination of plying and twisting machines provide economic superiority
against conventional plied yarns and related with economic advantages and less production process
siro-spun has become a big competitor against conventional two-fold yarns [1]. However, because of
the variety of twists, siro-spun yarns cannot take all market from two-plied yarns [2]. Production of siro-
spun yarns is provided by some modifications on conventional ring spinning machine. Two rovings are
fed individually through slightly modified but generally conventional ring drafting area. After drafting area,
the fibre strands leave front cylinder separately and they become single yarn with the help of common
spindle and spinning triangle. These two yarns bound together to form of composite yarn [3].
Inside the literature, there are many studies that compare two-strand yarns and two-plied yarns in
terms of physical, mechanical and structural properties. Siro-spun yarns have more strength and
abrasion resistance and less hairiness when compared to single fold yarns [4]. Comparing compact and
siro-spun yarns showed that, siro-spun yarns are superior in terms of hairiness, degrees of imperfections
and strength [5]. At same twist level, siro-spun yarns have less hairiness and degrees of imperfections
while more elongation compared with two fold yarns [6].
Strand space and spinning triangle are important production parameters that affects properties of
siro-spun yarns. During the production of siro-spun three spinning triangles are occurred and structure
of those triangles are directly related with strand space [7]. There is a positive influence between strand
space and cohesion forces between fibres that affect yarn strength [8].
Inside the literature, it can be seen that many researchers attempt to modify conventional and modern
systems in order to obtain superior yarn properties. Yılmaz and Usal [9], applied air nozzle and yarn
guide on compact spinning machine and it is called compact-jet. With this new spinning system, it is
possible to produce yarn with less hairiness. Moreover, it is also possible to produce yarns in better
quality by combining siro and compact spinning systems [10].
Moreover, some researchers investigate the possibilities of production of multi-spun yarns. These
studies mostly focused on yarn structure or mathematically analysed spinning conditions [11,12].
In the scope of this study, possibilities for the production of three-strand yarn will be investigated. For
this purpose, some modifications on conventional ring spinning machine is planned. It is predicted that
these modifications will provide great impacts on physical, mechanical and structural properties of three-
strand yarns.
Experimental
In the study, three-strand and three-plied yarns were produced from cotton, PES, Tencel and %50
cotton-%50 nylon 6.6 based on given structural properties in Table 1.
Table 1. Structural properties of three-strand and three-plied yarns
Yarn
Number of
single
yarn
Number of
produced
yarn
Twist of single yarn
Twist of produced
yarn
Three-strand
yarn
Ne 60
Ne 60/3
650 T/m (Z)
650 T/m (Z)
Three-plied
yarn
Ne 60
Ne 60/3
1300 T/m (Z)
before plying
650 T/m (Z) after plying
650 T/m (S)
Investigating literature and analyzing some practical experiences are showed that better guiding
strands during production have positive influence on yarn properties. Therefore, it is thought that some
modifications should be made on siro-spun spinning machine to produce better quality yarns (Figure 1).
In this study, only an extra funnel for the third roving was placed on the machine for better guiding.
Future studies might be focused on improving strand delivery by using additional attachments such as
three-grooved delivery cylinder.
a. b.
Figure 1. Modifications on drafting zone (a. Embedding third roving funnel, b. Third groove on delivery cylinder)
In the study, physical, structural and mechanical properties such as unevenness, imperfections,
hairiness, strength and elongation were measured by using Uster Tester and Uster Tensorapid.
Results and Discussion
Properties of three-strand and three-plied yarns that produced from different materials were
statistically analyzed. For this purpose, ANOVA analysis at α = 0.05 were performed and graphs for
confidence intervals at 95% were illustrated.
Hairiness
Result of eliminating plying and twisting machine, hairiness values (H) of three-strand yarns were
found lower than three-plied yarns (Figure 2). As it seen from Table 2, differences between three-strand
and three-plied yarns in terms of hairiness is statistically significant for all raw material types.
Figure 2. Hairiness (H) values of three-strand and three-plied yarns
Table 2. ANOVA table for H values
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
100% Cotton
1,815
1
1,815
335,445
,000
100% Tencel
9,506
1
9,506
381,700
,000
100% Polyester
,471
1
,471
378,225
,000
50%-50% Cotton-Nylon 6.6
,581
1
,581
6,148
,038
Mechanical Properties
Comparing mechanical properties of three-plied yarns and three-strand yarns show that part from
cotton yarns, there is no statistically significant difference between strength values of three-strand and
three-plied yarns. Moreover, elongation properties of three-strand yarns are higher than three-plied
yarns. As it seen from Table 3 and Table 4, differences between three-strand and three-plied yarns in
terms of breaking force and breaking elongation are not statistically significant in general.
Figure 3. Breaking force (cN) and breaking elongation (%) values of three-strand and three-plied yarns
Table 3. ANOVA table for breaking force (cN) values
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
100% Cotton
8702,500
1
8702,500
15,499
,004
100% Tencel
1102,500
1
1102,500
2,867
,129
100% Polyester
3261,636
1
3261,636
5,257
,051
50%-50% Cotton-Nylon 6.6
532,900
1
532,900
4,370
,070
Table 4. ANOVA table for breaking elongation (%) values
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
100% Cotton
,139
1
,139
4,401
,069
100% Tencel
,488
1
,488
7,164
,028
100% Polyester
,172
1
,172
2,284
,169
50%-50% Cotton-Nylon 6.6
,973
1
,973
18,018
,003
Unevenness
Results showed that unevenness values of three-strand yarns are higher than three-plied yarns in
general. It is assumed that this situation might be the result of lack of control on strand delivery. In the
present work, strand delivery is only tried to be controlled by using third sliver funnel. As it seen from
Figure 4a, strand spaces can be changed when the strands are fed into the drafting zone. As a result of
this situation, irregularity between strand spaces are seen on spinning triangle (Figure 4b). This situation
which has direct influence on yarn properties is assumed to be fixed with the better controlled strand
delivery. Moreover, it is also seen from Table 5, there is significantly statistical difference in unevenness
values for all raw materials.
a. b.
Figure 4. Modifications on drafting zone (a. Strand delivery, b. Three-strand yarn spinning triangle)
Figure 5. Unevenness (CVm%) values of three-strand and three-plied yarns
Table 5. ANOVA table for Unevenness (CVm%) values
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
100% Cotton
59,341
1
59,341
20,538
,002
100% Tencel
3,069
1
3,069
65,918
,000
100% Polyester
2,570
1
2,570
53,413
,000
50%-50% Cotton-Nylon 6.6
64,770
1
64,770
14,200
,005
Imperfections
Due to lack of strand guiding, thick place values of three strand yarns are higher than three-plies yarn, as it similar
with unevenness values. Comparing thin places (+%50 /km) and neps (+200p /km) values of three-strand and three-
plied yarns show that there are no statistically significant differences in general. Due to the fact that neps values
are mostly related with spinning preparations, results are obtained independent of spinning type.
Figure 6. Imperfections values of three-strand and three-plied yarns
Table 6. ANOVA table for thick places (+50% /km) values
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
100% Cotton
15210,000
1
15210,000
33,065
,000
100% Tencel
160,000
1
160,000
16,000
,004
100% Polyester
2250,000
1
2250,000
8,036
,022
50%-50% Cotton-Nylon 6.6
57760,000
1
57760,000
13,511
,006
Table 7. ANOVA table for thin places (+50% /km) values
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
100% Cotton
15210,000
1
15210,000
2,483
,154
100% Tencel
,000
1
,000
.
.
100% Polyester
40,000
1
40,000
2,667
,141
50%-50% Cotton-Nylon 6.6
33640,000
1
33640,000
19,615
,002
Table 8. ANOVA table for neps (+200% /km) values
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
100% Cotton
1210,000
1
1210,000
4,654
,063
100% Tencel
490,000
1
490,000
4,900
,058
100% Polyester
640,000
1
640,000
1,969
,198
50%-50% Cotton-Nylon 6.6
1210,000
1
1210,000
5,902
,041
Conclusions
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the production possibilities of three-strand yarns with the
same principle of siro-spun spinning. For production of three-strand yarns, third funnel was attached on
laboratory type siro-spun spinning machine and 100% Cotton, 100% Tencel, 100% polyester and 50%-
50% cotton-Nylon 6.6 yarns were produced. Properties of three-strand yarns were compared with three
plied yarns.
Hairiness values of yarns are mostly related with production processes. Eliminating twisting and
doubling machines from production flow, three-strands yarns have better hairiness value than three-
plied yarns for all material types. It is also seen from the results that there is no statistically significant
difference between mechanical properties of three-strand and three plied yarns.
Investigating literature and experimental results showed that strand delivery and strand spacing have
significant impact on unevenness. When the strands leave drafting zone, spaces between strands have
direct influence on geometry of spinning triangle. It is expected that controlling strands from strand
feeding to condensing zone of yarn will provide to produce yarns in better quality.
Siro-spun spinning has been placed in market and has become a strong rival against two-plied yarns.
It is believed that, three-strand yarn spinning with the same production principle of siro-spun spinning
will be placed in market as a big competitor of three-plied yarns with the economic benefit of eliminating
plying and twisting process.
Acknowledgements
This study is carried out in cooperation with KİPAŞ Mensucat A.Ş., Kahramanmaraş, TURKEY.
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