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Current status and future prospects of renewable energy: A case study

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P. Balakrishnan
P. Balakrishnan
P. Balakrishnan
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Muhammad Salman Shabbir at York St John University
Muhammad Salman Shabbir
Ahmed Siddiqi at University of Central Punjab
Ahmed Siddiqi
X. Wang
X. Wang
X. Wang
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The aim of this study was to analyze renewable energy installed capacity of developing countries by focusing on China as the leading country in renewable energy development to determine the reasons for growth or suspension of developments. Then, recent laws and policies of renewable energy systems were discussed in developing countries, to analyze their policies toward the use of renewable electricity. According to the findings, the most important barrier to further renewable energy developments in such countries is the unwillingness of the private sector to make investments due to considerable expenditures and the late return of capital. It was suggested in this study that governmental supports and the guaranteed purchase of generated electricity could resolve the problems to some extent.
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Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and
Environmental Effects
ISSN: 1556-7036 (Print) 1556-7230 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ueso20
Current status and future prospects of renewable
energy: A case study
P. Balakrishnan, M. S. Shabbir, A. F. Siddiqi & X. Wang
To cite this article: P. Balakrishnan, M. S. Shabbir, A. F. Siddiqi & X. Wang (2019): Current status
and future prospects of renewable energy: A case study, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery,
Utilization, and Environmental Effects, DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2019.1618983
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1618983
Published online: 15 Jun 2019.
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Current status and future prospects of renewable energy: A case
study
P. Balakrishnan
a
, M. S. Shabbir
b
, A. F. Siddiqi
c
, and X. Wang
d
a
Department of Electrical and electronics Engineering, Malla Reddy Engineering College for Women, Secunderabad,
India;
b
School of Management, Universiti Saints Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia;
c
UCP Business School, University Central
Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan;
d
School of Management, Dalian University of Technology, China
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyze renewable energy installed capacity of
developing countries by focusing on China as the leading country in renew-
able energy development to determine the reasons for growth or suspen-
sion of developments. Then, recent laws and policies of renewable energy
systems were discussed in developing countries, to analyze their policies
toward the use of renewable electricity. According to the findings, the most
important barrier to further renewable energy developments in such coun-
tries is the unwillingness of the private sector to make investments due to
considerable expenditures and the late return of capital. It was suggested in
this study that governmental supports and the guaranteed purchase of
generated electricity could resolve the problems to some extent.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 15 October 2018
Revised 5 March 2019
Accepted 14 April 2019
KEYWORDS
Energy; economy; policy;
capital cost; China
Introduction
Human requires energy for cooking, heat, lighting, and transportation in the daily life. Some of the
requirements are classified as basic needs, including heat and cooking. Currently, one of the most
important goals of developing countries is to supply energy, because there is a direct relationship
between economic growth and energy supply (Liu 2017a). Competition among countries for access
to more energy while supplying energy has led to environmental pollution that is one of the most
important global challenges caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, developing countries
such as China and India have played the greatest roles in emitting greenhouse gasses. These
countries mainly use fossil fuels (e.g., petroleum, gas, and coal) to supply the necessary energy.
Nowadays, the use of fossil fuels to supply energy is the most important cause of greenhouse gas
emissions, the effects of which must be reduced by using other sources of energy (Liu 2017b).
Renewable energy is an acceptable alternative to fossil fuels because it is clean and can be used in
most parts of the world. Currently, there is a wide variety of renewable energy sources such as
hydropower energy, wind energy, solar energy, and biomass energy, each of which is dealt with in
detail in this paper. Despite the capabilities of such sources to supply electricity, it is not very
common to use them. Only a few countries such as China, Germany, and the USA have made major
investments in renewable energy development, and the rest of the world is still exploiting fossil fuels
to supply energy. The main reason for the unpopularity of renewable energy sources may be
complexities of renewable energy systems and implementation cost of the systems. Unlike renewable
energy sources, fossil fuels can be transferred to a reactor to produce heat, the steam of which can
rotate turbines and generate electricity. Nevertheless, renewable energy is increasingly being used,
whereas the use of fossil fuels is decreasing. Nowadays, scientists are seriously seeking a way to
CONTACT X. Wang wangxl3352@gmail.com School of Management; Dalian University of Technology, China
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ueso.
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ENERGY SOURCES, PART A: RECOVERY, UTILIZATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1618983
reduce expenditures and increase energy efficiency in renewable energy systems. Such methods and
techniques have encouraged more countries to employ renewable energy systems to produce energy.
China is one of the most important countries developing renewable energy systems. This country
plays a major role in the global economy but it is not considered as a developed country because
China’s GDP per capita is around USD 7000, which is too low to be regarded a developed country.
China now holds a higher position than other countries in terms of the development of renewable
energy systems. It is the most important member of the G5 and the second largest economy of the
world playing a major role in the global economy. China’s economy has been growing since 1978
thanks to an educated and inexpensive labor force and the reform of economic laws. According to
the reports made by the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy imports and CO
2
emissions
increased by 300% and 44%, respectively, that is caused by a 70% increase in the demand for
electricity from 2004 to 2009 (International Energy Agency, 2010). Increased demands for energy
and increased CO
2
emissions made the National People’s Congress (NPC) amend the Renewable
Energy Law in 2009 (that was passed in 2005) in order to provide the groundwork for renewable
energy development by increasing financial credits and financial exemptions.
This study aimed to analyze renewable energy installed capacity of developing countries with an
emphasis on wind, solar and hydropower energies. Due to the plenty of water resources and proper
geographic conditions, China has focused on wind energy, solar energy, and hydro-electric energy
more than the other types of renewable energy (China is the second largest country of the world).
Economics of renewable energies were also discussed after evaluating the current status and future
prospects of the key renewable energies (e.g., wind, solar and hydropower energies).
Renewable energy development
Hydropower energy
Hydropower energy is used more than other types of renewable energy in China. This country managed
to increase the hydropower installed capacity to 300000 MW in 2015. Compared to 2010, there was
a nearly 100000 MW increase (Li et al. 2018). In the past few years, China built more than 47000
hydropower stations, the total installed capacity of which was nearly 75000 MW (Li, Li, and Ji 2015). The
most important hydropower systems were established on Yangtze, Southeast Coast, and Pearl Rivers.
Most hydropower stations in China are located in the areas with the limited access to coal. These
provinces include Liaoning, Jilin, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Chongqing, and Shanxi. The capacity of each hydropower system is greater than 1000 MW in these
provinces, which indicates high potential of these hydropower plants in generating electricity. In these
provinces, hydropower energy is the most important energy source after coal energy, especially in Fujian,
Hubei, Tibet, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan, where more than 30% of their electricity is
consumed from hydropower energy (The National Development and Reform Committee, 2008).
China has 13 hydropower stations, mainly located on large rivers such as Yangtze, Jinshajing,
Yalongjiang, and Daduhe, with an installed capacity of about 275.77 GW. The country intends to
build new hydropower plants and develop previous hydropower stations. Considering the climatic and
potential conditions of each station, priority is given to the development of hydropower stations on
Hongshuihe, Yangtze and Wujiang rivers. It also has long-term plans to build small hydropower systems.
Predictions show that technically exploitable capacity of small hydropower will be about 128 GW,
scattered over 1,600 mountainous regions. Compared to Central China and East China with 16.8%
and 15.6% shares of small-scale hydropower energy, West China with 67.6% share has more significant
share, mainly due to the concentration of most rivers and water resources in these areas (Hao, 2007).
Since these hydropower stations are mostly located in rural areas, development of small hydropower
stations can lead to their economic growth. By the end of 2005, small hydropower projects had a capacity
of about 38 GW, which accounted for 32.9% of the total hydropower generation capacity. So far, more
than 40,000 hydropower stations have been built in China supplying electricity for more than 653 rural
2P. BALAKRISHNAN ET AL.
areas. In 2005–2008, China launched a project to build more than 15 small hydropower systems, with
a capacity of more than 1,000 MW (The National Development and Reform Committee, the People’s
Republic of China 2008). Figure 1 shows the hydropower stations dispersion in China.
Wind energy
Another source of renewable electricity is wind energy. China has the largest wind energy installed
capacity in the world. In fact, it is considered as the leading country in wind power generation. It is
estimated that total exploitable wind energy capacity of this country is nearly 4350 GW, 200 GW of
which is allocated to offshore wind farms. According to the studies conducted by Green Peace, China
will be able to increase the wind power capacity to 230 GW by 2020, meaning that it prevents the
emission of 140 million tons of CO
2
and reduction of coal consumption by 150 million tons
every year. This capacity is 13 times as much as the capacity of Three Gorges Dam, located in
Hubei Province. It is also equal to the capacity of 200 medium-size coal power plants (Zhang and Li
2012). Estimates indicate that Sanbei Region in Northern China has the largest wind energy
potential. It covers the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang
and some parts of Gansu Province. Of course, the wind energy density is variable like the other
countries and varies from 100 to 500 W/m
2
. The highest wind power density belongs to Sanbei
Region, Ala Mountains, Dabancheng, Huitengxile, and Chengde, reaching 500 W/m2. Figure 2
depicts distribution of wind energy density in China.
As shown in Figure 2, China has a high potential in wind energy resources. However, inappropriate
geographic distribution of wind resources, which is inconsistent with its power load profile, has deterred
the country from maximizing the wind energy exploitation. Northeastern coastal areas with high energy
Figure 1. Distribution of hydropower stations in China.
(http://www.circleofblue.org/2011/world/burst-of-new-dams-in-southwest-china-produces-power-and-public-ire/)
ENERGY SOURCES, PART A: RECOVERY, UTILIZATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 3
demands have fewer wind resources, while the northern areas with huge wind energy potential have
relatively low energy demand. This inappropriate distribution causes problems and difficulties in economic
development in the areas with less wind energy potential. In just a few urban areas, including Jiangsu,
Fujian, Shandong, and Guangdong, wind energy potential is consistent with energy demand.
Solar energy
China is a country rich in solar energy. Contrary to China’shigh potential for solar energy,
adaptation rate of households is about 193.4 kWh per 1,000 households, which is still low compared
to other countries such as Australia (385.2 kWh) (Mauthner, Werner, and Spork-Dür 2015). Despite
the low adaptation rate, solar power has developed in China so rapidly that the installed capacity of
solar PV reached 1200 MW with the development of large and medium scale solar farms during
eight years and introduced China as a leader country in solar energy in 2007. China’s share of global
solar power was reported to be about 35% this year. Only a year later, its installed capacity of solar
power reached 2000 MW representing an increase of 66%. According to the data provided by the
Chinese Weather Bureau (CWB), solar power potential is striking in this country, but irradiation
varies from place to place (Liu et al., 2010). Among the provinces of China, Tibet has the highest
potential for solar energy with an annual sunlight hours and annual radiation levels of 3200 and
6600–8000 MJ/m2. The annual irradiation in other areas averages about 5800–6600 MJ/m2. One
concern about the potential of solar energy to generate electricity is different daily irradiations and
different altitudes. However, nearly 67% of China’s space enjoys suitable potential to install solar
power systems. There are currently over 100 solar PV plate manufacturers. One of the most
important manufacturers is Wuxi Shangde, which is rapidly expanded due to the urgent need for
solar energy systems. It should be noted that with a yield of 82 MW in 2005, it reached 158 MW in
2006. This company is the fourth largest solar power system manufacturer after Sharp, Q-cell, and
Kyocera. Figure 3 portrays China solar PV capacity by province in 2015 and 2016.
Despite the high potential of solar energy in China, unfortunately, the role of this renewable energy
source in overall energy consumption is negligible. One of the reasons for the disagreement with solar
power is the imposed costs, which will be further explained in more detail. However, the most important
Figure 2. Wind energy installed capacity in China by province.
(https://www.greenbiz.com/article/chinas-wind-power-conundrum)
4P. BALAKRISHNAN ET AL.
reason behind the limited role of solar power in china’s energy outlook is the easy access to cheap coal.
More than 50% of the world’s coal is consumed in China. Coal also supplies 66% of China’s required
electricity (EnergyMatters 2015). Nevertheless, the decreased coal dependency not only reduces CO
2
emissions and improves the environment, but also accelerates economic growth.
Renewable energy economy
Figure 4 shows the cost of generating electricity by using renewable resources in 2010 and 2015 (World
Energy Council, 2016). This figure indicates comprehensive information on the development of renewable
energies from 2010 to 2015. There is no doubt that the electricity production cost decreased more than
most of the renewable energy sources; however, there are some exceptions to be addressed, too. Among
renewable energy sources, electricity cost of geothermal energy increased from 2010 to 2015 due to changes
Figure 3. China solar PV capacity by province in 2015 and 2016.
(http://www.paulsoninstitute.org/paulson-blog/2017/03/06/understanding-chinas-latest-solar-five-year-plan/)
Figure 4. renewable energy production cost.
ENERGY SOURCES, PART A: RECOVERY, UTILIZATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 5
of some parts and repair and maintenance of equipment. However, it is not possible to modernize
equipment because of the low efficiency of this source of energy. Moreover, the electricity production
cost of hydropower, offshore wind, and biomass resources did not show any significant changes between
2010 and 2015, because hydropower energy systems have long lifetimes. Therefore, it is not possible to
upgrade equipment due to technical constraints and high costs. Unlike other renewable energy sources,
there were significant improvements in solar PV and solar thermal sources from 2010 to 2015. In other
words, the solar thermal electricity production cost decreased from 0.331 USD/kWh to 0.245 USD/kWh.
There was also a 56% decrease in solar PV from 2010 to 2015. Thus, it can be concluded that solar energy
systems have improved more than other renewable energy sources with more rapid technological devel-
opments. Despite a significant decrease in the electricity production cost of solar energy systems, it is still
more costly than other renewable energy sources. For instance, the biomass electricity production cost was
nearly 0.055 USD/kWh in 2015; however, the solar PV electricity production cost was estimated to be about
0.125 USD/kWh, and the solar thermal electricity production cost was estimated nearly 0.331 USD/kWh.
Currently, China is focusing more on the development of wind energy systems mainly because of
appropriate lands and low costs of investment compared with other renewable energy sources. Figure 1
also indicates that the electricity production cost of solar energy systems will probably decrease, because
more electricity can be generated due to production of highly efficient solar panels and designing solar
collectors of variable angles. Thus, the process efficiency will increase.
Conclusion
This study aimed was to analyze renewable energy installed capacity of developing countries by
focusing on wind, solar and hydropower energies. Due to the plenty of water resources and proper
geographic conditions, China has focused on wind energy, solar energy, and hydro-electric energy
more than the other types of renewable energy (China is the second largest country of the world).
According to the findings, the most important barrier to further renewable energy developments in
such countries is the unwillingness of the private sector to make investments due to considerable
expenditures and the late return of capital. It was suggested in the study that governmental supports
and the guaranteed purchase of generated electricity could resolve the problems to some extent.
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6P. BALAKRISHNAN ET AL.
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Icing is a common physical phenomenon, and the icing of wind turbine blades can significantly affect the performance of wind turbines. Therefore, researching methods to prevent icing is of great significance, and the coating method of anti-icing is an effective way to delay icing, with advantages such as low energy consumption and easy implementation. In this study, using the coating method as the background, tetradecane phase change microcapsules were prepared, with a melting enthalpy of 90.8 J/g and a crystallization enthalpy of 96.3 J/g, exhibiting good coverage and energy storage efficiency. After mixing tetradecane phase change microcapsules (PCMS) with polyurethane coating (PUR) and coating them on wind turbine blades, after a 5 min icing wind tunnel test, the coating could significantly delay the icing on the blade surface, with the highest anti-icing rate reaching 60.41%. This indicates that the coating has a good anti-icing effect and provides basic research data for exploring new anti-icing methods.
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... One strategy involves the utilization of solar rooftop power generation systems (PLTS) by consumers of the PT State Electricity Company (PLN) Persero. Renewable energy, particularly solar panels, presents a viable alternative to the widespread use of fossil fuels on a national and global scale, thereby mitigating the effects of global warming (Balakrishnan, S. Shabbir, F. Siddiqi, & Wang, 2020). ...
Mediating role of attitude in green purchase intention for solar power plants: A green marketing analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
Purpose: The principal objective of this study is to identify the factors that might influence the inclination towards eco-friendly purchases while considering the incorporation of renewable energy via Solar Power Generation Systems (PLTS). Research Methodology: A comprehensive data analysis was conducted using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) facilitated by the SMART PLS. This study targets household electricity consumers in Palembang, Indonesia. Results: The findings indicate that Environmental Knowledge has a significant impact on Green Purchase Intention, whereas green product awareness plays a notable role in influencing green purchase intention. Moreover, it was found that attitude did not significantly affect Green Purchase Intention. Green Product Awareness has a substantial effect on green purchase intentions. Notably, this study establishes that Environmental Knowledge does not impact Green Purchase Intention through attitude, indicating partial mediation. The findings of this study emphasize the critical role of Environmental Knowledge and Green Product Awareness in shaping green purchase intentions among electricity consumers in Palembang, Indonesia. Limitations: Fostering an environment that is conducive to enhancing environmental literacy and promoting awareness of green products is imperative. Contribution: This research explores the various elements that impact the likelihood of making eco-conscious purchases, particularly in relation to embracing renewable energy technologies.
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... Researchers [5] have also shown the value of the local climate for solar PV installations. The adoption of these technologies has increased as a result of government initiatives to promote solar energy [6]. Only ...
Experimental Performance and Comparison of Sustainable Cooling Techniques for Solar (Photovoltaic) Panel
Article
  • Jan 2024
Citation: Wankhede S, Pesode P, Jadhav D, Mane Y, Mugale M. 2023. Experimental Performance and Comparison of Sustainable Cooling Techniques for Solar (Photovoltaic) Panel. NanoWorld J 9(S4): S105-S112. Abstract Solar panels are necessary for capturing renewable energy, but extreme heat can shorten their lifespan and reduce their effectiveness. Sustainable cooling techniques have been investigated as a solution to this problem. In order to improve solar panel performance, this study compares various cooling techniques, including watermelon rind, banana leaves, wet soil, green net, coir, and jute bags. The study intends to assess how well these methods work in lowering panel temperature and raising overall effectiveness. Key performance indicators used in the controlled studies were voltage output and temperature. The outcomes of the experiment show that various cooling methods have variable effects on solar panels' ability to regulate temperature. Due primarily to its evaporative cooling abilities, watermelon rind displayed the highest voltage output and significant temperature reduction. Watermelon rind surpassed banana leaves, wet soil, green net, coir, and jute sack in terms of voltage output and temperature reduction. The comparative analysis shows how each method works well in reducing temperature rise and enhancing solar panel efficiency. These results offer useful information to solar panel system stakeholders, assisting in the selection of appropriate sustainable cooling methods based on their effectiveness and suitability for certain environmental circumstances. Overall, by enhancing the effectiveness and dependability of solar panel systems, the experimental performance and comparison of these cooling strategies advance renewable energy technology.
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... To address the problem of limitations in energy and reduce the impact use source power energy damage the environment, the Ministry of Energy and Resources Mineral Resources (ESDM) plans to utilize energy renewable. One of them uses energy renewable namely solar panels is a possible alternative accepted For replacing the use of material burn fossil Goods in a manner national or globally that can reduce the effect of global warming (Balakrishnan, et al, 2020;Shahbaz, et al, 2020). The superiority of the PLTS compared to energy used during this among them maintenance and operation easier so which can reduce pollution and effects house glass, and it more economical and easily integrated with the system's existing electricity there is (Fristuti, Melia & Royda, 2020). ...
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Effect Of Pre Pregnancy Body Mass Index Status In Pregnancy With Obesity Cases
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2020
Introduction: Increasing of obesity become endemic problem in childbearing age of women. Therefore, this morbidity frequently found in pregnancy with all of the obesity consequences. Some problems in developing country like Indonesia, especially in our tertiary hospital also experienced burden situation of obesity in pregnancy cases. Aims:To describe obesity in pregnancy cases and analyze obesity status before pregnancy on obstetric outcome of this morbidity Material and methods:Retrospective case control study using medical record on singleton pregnancy complicated with obesity in major East Java tertiary referral hospital in one year. Results:of 1144 deliveries, we revealed 337 cases (29%) of obesity. 246 cases were included and analyzed in this study. Majority of cases were multiparity (72.8%), with age of 31.5±5.6 y.o, BMI of 35.6±4.9 kg/m 2 with 19.5% had morbidly obese status.48% of cases had obesity status before pregnancy. Pre pregnancy obesity status not related to Cesarean Section delivery (P=0.07), the occurrence of preeclampsia (P=0.35), gestational diabetes (P=0.97) and fetal macrosomia (P=0.97). Pre pregnancy obesity status related to higher BMI status at delivery (P<0.001) and morbidly obesity condition (P<0.001; OR 5.96; CI 2.58-13.77) Conclusion:Our study revealed high incidence of obesity during pregnancy. While obesity correlated well with obstetric morbidity, pre pregnancy body mass index status did not associated with obstetric complication in pregnant obesity cases. Higher BMI and morbidly obese pregnancy cases due to pre pregnancy obesity status may contribute to non-significant increase of cesarean section.
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Solar Heat Worldwide 2015
Technical Report
Full-text available
  • Jun 2015
This report was prepared within the framework of the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC) of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The goal of the report is to document the solar thermal capacity installed in the important markets worldwide, and to ascertain the contribution of solar thermal systems to the supply of energy and the CO2 emissions avoided as a result of operating these systems. The collectors documented are unglazed collectors, glazed flat-plate collectors (FPC) and evacuated tube collectors (ETC) with water as the energy carrier as well as glazed and unglazed air collectors.
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Hydropower development situation and prospects in China
Article
  • Feb 2018
  • RENEW SUST ENERG REV
China's economic development faces an energy challenge, and the appropriate solution to this energy bottleneck is the key to a robust, rapid, and sustainable development. Abundant hydropower resources provide unprecedented advantages and opportunities for China's rapid hydropower development over the last five decades. China's hydropower growth contributed greatly to the global output net growth, with the current installed hydropower capacity at 320 GW. This study uses the 13th Five-Year energy plan to summarize the development of China's hydropower sector for the past 50 years and its current progress, recommend the major hydropower bases and its scale, describe the main problems encountered in developing China's hydropower resources and the solutions to these difficulties, and predict China's hydropower development trends and prospects in the future. This study aims to give an overview of the present situation of hydropower in China and its future political, economic and environment perspectives and challenges.
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China’s plans and policies for reducing CO 2 emission from biomass-fired power plants: Modeling and economic study
Article
  • Oct 2017
The main strategies for biomass utilization are the development of biomass-fired power plants, which can minimize the emissions and pollutants from fossil fuels combustion, the improvement of energy density from biomass materials, and the economic development, especially in the rural areas. In the present paper, an economic study of catalytic biomass combustion was carried out to determine the potential of catalysts for CO2 capture. The effects of catalyst type and feed input (Mfeed (kg/h)) on CO2 concentration and total plant cost (TPC) were studied. Results were showed that on increasing Mfeed from 500 kg/h to 2500 kg/h, TPC increases from 2125 kEuro2014 to 6428 kEuro2014 for CaCO3, from 2270 kEuro2014 to 7734 kEuro2014 for MgCO3, and from 2410 kEuro2014 to 7927 kEuro2014 for CaCO3-MgCO3, due to an enhancement in the size of burner with increasing Mfeed.
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China’s strategy for the development of renewable energies
Article
  • Jul 2017
Becoming a net importer of crude oil has encouraged China to develop new energy systems for heat and power generation. Increasing crude oil prices have increased the potential wide influence on China’s economic growth. This article explores the influence of domestic renewable energy policy regarding the China Energy Outlook for the years 2015–2035. Applying the national roadmap of renewable energy, three scenarios are constructed: wind energy, biomass energy, and solar energy. The advantages and disadvantages of these scenarios are studied and some suggestions are proposed to improve the economic aspects of renewable energy development.
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Large scale wind power integration in China: Analysis from a policy perspective
Article
  • Feb 2012
  • RENEW SUST ENERG REV
Between 2006 and 2010 the installed capacity of wind power in China has doubled and by 2010 China's cumulative installed capacity of wind power ranked the first in the world, surpassing the United States. However, the rapid expansion of installed capacity has not been matched by grid connection, and this deficiency has aroused the concern of both policy makers and scholars. Unlike most of the current studies which focus on technical strategies in China's wind power industry, this paper analyzes the problem from a policy perspective. The paper analyzes the four challenges that large scale wind power integration in China faces: the uncoordinated development between wind power capacity and power grids; the lack of suitable technical codes for wind power integration; the unclear nature of the grid companies鈥�responsibility for grid connection; and the inadequate economic incentives for grid enterprises. To address these problems, the paper recommends that the government: formulates policies to better coordinate the development of wind power and the planning and construction of power grids; establishes grid codes that reflect in particular the requirements to be met by users of power transmission and distribution networks; and integrates administrative intervention and economic incentive policies to stimulate the grid enterprises鈥�enthusiasm to absorb wind power generation.
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China: post-industrial revolution
  • Energymatters
EnergyMatters. China: post-industrial revolution. 2015. cited 2016 15, April. http://euanmearns.com/china-postindustrial-revolution/.
Hydropower development situation and prospects in China
  • Jan 2007
  • RENEW SUST ENERG REV
  • 232-239
  • H Fengshan
Fengshan, H. 2007. Almanac of China's water power-2005. Beijing: China Electric Power Press. IEA key energy statistics. 2010. Paris, France: International Energy Agency Li, X. Z., Z. J. Chen, X. C. Fan, and Z. J. Cheng. 2018. Hydropower development situation and prospects in China. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 82:232-39. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.090.
Solar heat worldwide: markets and contribution to the energy supply 2013. Gleisdorf: International Energy Agency. www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2015.pdf. The National Development and Reform Committee, the People's Republic of China
  • Jan 2008
  • F Mauthner
  • W Werner
  • M Spork-Dür
Mauthner, F., W. Werner, and M. Spork-Dür. 2015. Solar heat worldwide: markets and contribution to the energy supply 2013. Gleisdorf: International Energy Agency. www.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2015.pdf. The National Development and Reform Committee, the People's Republic of China. 2008. The eleventh five-year plan of renewable energy source development. Beijing: China.