Fauna of Culex (Culicidae, Diptera) Mosquitoes in Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum

Abstract

A total of 11 mosquito species were identified including Culex univittatus, Culex fuscitarsis, Culex gelidus, Culex hutchinsoni, Culex fuscocephala, Culex bailyi, Culex nigropunctatus, Culex bahri, Culex plantaginis, Culex flavicornis, Culex brevipalpis. Three of these identified species were an addition to the fauna of mosquitoes of Pakistan which are Culex bahri, Culex plantaginis, Culex flavicornis. The specimens were collected from the localities of Jalalpur Sharif, Jinnah Park, Hindu Temple, Khewra, Dharyala Jalap, Haran Pur, Lilla and Railway Station. The objective of this study was to collect and identify the mosquito specimens from Tehsil, Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum up to species level as well as description of the fauna of mosquitoes from the study area.

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International Journal of Mosquito Research 2017; 4(5): 28-31
ISSN: 2348-5906
CODEN: IJMRK2
IJMR 2017; 4(5): 28-31
© 2017 IJMR
Received: 07-07-2017
Accepted: 08-08-2017
Muhammad Sami-ur-Rehman
Department of Entomology,
PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Punjab,
Pakistan
Muhammad Farooq Nasir
Department of Entomology,
PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Punjab,
Pakistan
Muhammad Naeem
Department of Entomology,
PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Punjab,
Pakistan
Arif Mehmood
Department of Entomology,
PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Punjab,
Pakistan
Muhammad Mushtaq
Department of Zoology, PMAS-
Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Correspondence
Muhammad Sami-ur-Rehman
Department of Entomology,
PMAS-Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Punjab,
Pakistan
Fauna of Culex (Culicidae; Diptera) mosquitoes in
tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Sami-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Farooq Nasir, Muhammad
Naeem, Arif Mehmood and Muhammad Mushtaq
Abstract
A total of 11 mosquito species were identified including Culex univittatus, Culex fuscitarsis, Culex
gelidus, Culex hutchinsoni, Culex fuscocephala, Culex bailyi, Culex nigropunctatus, Culex bahri, Culex
plantaginis, Culex flavicornis, Culex brevipalpis. Three of these identified species were an addition to the
fauna of mosquitoes of Pakistan which are Culex bahri, Culex plantaginis, Culex flavicornis. The
specimens were collected from the localities of Jalalpur Sharif, Jinnah Park, Hindu Temple, Khewra,
Dharyala Jalap, Haran Pur, Lilla and Railway Station. The objective of this study was to collect and
identify the mosquito specimens from Tehsil, Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum up to species level as well as
description of the fauna of mosquitoes from the study area.
Keywords: Mosquito, Taxonomy, Culicidae, Diptera, Pind Dadan Khan
1. Introduction
Mosquitoes are the nematocerid flies which pertain to order Diptera and family Culicidae of
the insect`s taxonomic classification [10]. Mosquitoes display a worldwide distribution ranging
from throughout the tropic as well as temperate regions [20]. They are well known to be the
vectors of several pathogenic microbes spreading diseases in humans as well as animals. The
most commonly known diseases caused by mosquitoes include malaria, lymphatic filariases,
arboviral encephalitides, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese, Eastern Equine [19, 20].
Up till now, the total number of identified species and subspecies of mosquitoes is known to
be 3,601. The two subfamilies Anophelinae and Culicinae contain a number of 482 and 3,119
identified species respectively [21]. Studies on mosquito systematics have been carried out in
several areas of Pakistan as well as Asia describing the fauna of mosquitoes of these areas. A
total of 31 species were recorded from the valley of Peshawar which belonged to 6 genera
including Anopheles (10), Aedes (8), Culex (9), Culiseta (2), Armigeres (1) and Mansonia (1)
[1]. Five genera were identified in a study of different localities of Tandojam, Sindh [5]. First
record of Culex raptor from Pakistan was reported from Murre Hills, Punjab, Pakistan by
Qasim et al. in 2014 [17]. A total of fourteen species were identified by Hamidian et al. (2011)
from the North Khorasan province, among which 77% of the Culex in the Middle Asia also
occured in Iran [6]. Hantosh et al. (2012) reported one Culex and four Anopheles species from
different localities in Iraq [8]. Keeping in view the taxonomic studies on mosquitoes in several
regions of the country as well as their economic importance, there was a need to explore the
mosquito fauna of Tehsil, Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum. For this purpose, collection and
identification of the mosquito specimens up to species level was done and a description of the
fauna of mosquitoes in tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum was given in this study.
2. Materials and Methods
Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan is located at the southern side of the District Jhelum bearing an area
of 875 square miles and lies between 32°27 and 32°50 North and 72°32 and 73°29 East. Tehsil
Pind Dadan Khan is also known for its exceptional richness in some minerals including salt,
gypsum, coal, fire clay and limestone [11]. For the purpose of the study of taxonomy of
mosquitoes from tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, broad spectrum surveys of different localities of
thearea were conducted in order to obtain a diversified collection of the specimens. The
localities from which sampling was done were Railway Station, Hindu Temple, Jalalpur

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Sharif, Khewra, Dharyala Jalap, Haran Pur, Lilla and Jinnah
Park.
The localities were surveyed with regular time intervals
during the research tenure and the specimens were collected
by the help of aspirators and aerial nets. The collected
specimens were then identified up to species level by
observing their morphological characters under the
microscope using the taxonomic keys including “The Fauna
of British India including Ceylon and Burma” [2] and Walter
Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU). The identification of the
specimens was carried out under the Binocular microscope
(Swift) in order to distinguish their morphological characters
by comparing them with the published literature. The
specimens were identified on the basis of their morphological
characters including eyes, legs, antennae, wings, abdomen,
hairs, femur, tibia, palpi, proboscis, pulvilli, etc. The study on
the systematics of mosquitoes was carried out in the
Biosystematics Laboratory of Department of Entomology at
Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi.
3. Results and Discussion
A total of 11 species under one subfamily, one genus and six
subgenera were identified from the given localities, three of
which were reported for the first time from Pakistan including
Cx. plantaginis, Cx. bahri, and Cx. flavicornis.
3.1 Family Culicidae
Proboscis long, wing venation and scales present alongside
wing veins are the major identification characteristics of
family Culicidae.
3.2 Genus Culex Linnaeus, 1758
Presence of a well-developed palpi is the main distinguishing
character of this genera. Spiracular as well as postspiracular
bristles missing. The scales on mesonotum and scutellum
usually narrow. Well-developed mesonotal bristles present.
3.3 Subgenus Culex Linnaeus (1758)
Mosquitoes ranging from moderate to small size. The dorsal
surface of vertex mainly supported with vertical and narrow
scales while flat scales are observed at each of the lateral sides
of the head. Mesonotal and scutellar scales are narrow. Male
palpi greater in length than proboscis with its apical segments
bending upwards and supported with tufts of hairs. Female
palpi are shorter in length than proboscis. No scales on
antennal segments of males.
3.3.1 Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald, 1901
Synonyms; simplex Theobald, montforti Ventrillon
Material Examined
Jalalpur Sharif; 1♂ 1♀, 10.V.2016. 2♀, 03.VI.2016. Haran
Pur; 2♂ 2♀, 19.V.2016. 1♂, 08.VI.2016. Dharyala Jalap; 1♂
1♀, 28.V.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 09.VI.2016. 1♂ 1♀ 15.VI.2016.
Railway station; 1♂ 1♀, 23.XII.2016. 1♀, 29.I.2017. Lilla;
1♂ 2♀, 19.XI.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 27.I.2017.
Comments
This species was reported from Pakistan in 1971[12]. Adults
were mostly collected from the graveyards, scrape yards and
animal sheds. Mid and hind tibiae provided with a pale stripe
on anterior side. White scales observed behind prothoracic
spiracle in the form of a patch.
3.3.2 Culex (Culex) fuscitarsis Barraud, 1924
Synonyms; fuscocephala
Material Examined
Haran pur; 1♂ 1♀, 28.V.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 11.VI.2016. 2♂ 1♀,
09.VII.2016. Jalalpur sharif; 2♂ 1♀, 02.VII.2016. 3♂ 1♀,
09.VII.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 11.VII.2016. Dharyala jalap; 1♂ 2♀,
03.VII.2016. 1♂ 3♀, 09.VII.2016. Jinnah Park; 1♂ 1♀,
28.V.2016. 2♂ 1♀, 29.V.2016. 1♂ 3♀, 03.VI.2016. 2♂ 1♀,
1♂ 1♀, 19.VI.2016. Lilla; 2♂ 1♀, 11.VIII.2016.
Comments
The specimen were mostly collected from animal sheds,
scrape yards and graveyards. Culex fuscitarsis is also reported
from Pakistan in 2014 [17]. It was usually observed in the
months of May, June, July and August. Abdomen of Culex
fauscitarsis appears to be basaly banded with narrow pale
bands.
3.3.3 Culex (Culex) gelidus Theobald, 1901
Synonyms; cuneatus, bipunctata
Material Examined
Jalalpur sharif; 2♂ 1♀, 03.VII.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 10.VII.2016.
Haran pur; 1♂ 3♀, 09.VII.2016. 2♂ 1♀, 11.VII.2016. Lilla;
2♂ 1♀, 17.VII.2016. Dharyala Jalap; 1♂ 1♀, 20.III.2016. 2♂
1♀, 16.IV.2016.
Comments
Wings of Culex gelidus were with usual broad scales and
tibiae were observed to be unlined. The specimens were
collected from stagnant water near residential areas,
graveyards, scrape yards and animal sheds. This species was
mostly found in the month of July.
3.3.4 Culex (Culex) hutchinsoni Barraud, 1924
Material Examined
Khewra; 1♂ 2♀, 21.V.2016. 1♂ 3♀, 29.V.2016. Jinnah Park;
2♂ 1♀, 29.V.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 16.VI.2016. 2♂ 2♀, 24.VII.2016.
Railway station; 1♂ 2♀, 31.V.2016. 3♂ 1♀, 29.VI.2016. 2♂,
10.VII.2016. 3♂ 1♀, 24.VII.2016.
Comments
The specimens were correlated with the published literature
[2]. These specimens were collected from residential areas of
Pind Dadan Khan. Culex hutchinsoni is a very small species
dark brown in color with the terminal segment of male palpi
having whitish spots at their bases.
3.3.5 Culex (culex) fuscocephala Theobald, 1907
Synonyms; fuscitarsis
Material Examined
Lilla; 2♂ 1♀, 10.VII.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 17.VII.2016. 1♂,
24.VII.2016. Khewra; 2♂ 2♀, 11.VII.2016. 1♂ 1♀,
23.VII.2016.
Comments
Culex fuscocephala was the least found species only found in
the month of July. The abdomen of the adult mosquitoes
appears to be unbanded and the pleurae contained a patch of
scales in between two clean patches which were dark brown
in color. The specimens were more often collected from the
scrape yards, graveyards, and river side.

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3.4 Subgenus Culiciomyia Theobald, 1907
Moderate sized mosquitoes. Narrow and vertical scales on
vertex and nape while flat scales at each side of the head.
Mesonotal and scutellar scales narrow. Scales on tarsi and
wings dark. Usually one lower mesepimeral bristle.
3.4.1 Culex (Culiciomyia) bailyi, Barraud (1934)
Material Examined
Khewra; 1♂ 2♀, 20.V.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 30.V.2016. 1♂ 1♀,
25.VI.2016. 2♂ 3♀, 02.VII.2016. Hindu temple; 2♂ 1♀,
18.VI.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 16.VII.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 29.VII.2016. Haran
pur; 1♂ 1♀, 19.VIII.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 16.X.2016.
Comments
There was no clear dark area at the pleurae while a stripe of
dark color was observed across the pleurae, mainly on its
upper part. The specimens were mostly collected from
stagnant water around the residential area, graveyards and
vegetable fields.
3.4.2 Culex (Culiciomyia) nigropunctatus Edwards, 1926
Synonyms; annulata
Material Examined
Hindu temple; 1♂ 1♀, 23.VII.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 20.VIII.2016.
Jinnah Park; 1♂ 1♀, 09.VII.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 21.VIII.2016. Lilla;
1♂, 10.IX.2016. 2♀, 18.IX.2016. Jalalpur sharif; 1♂ 1♀,
30.IX.2016. 1♂, 15.X.2016. Railway station; 1♂ 1♀,
26.II.2017.
Comments
Culex nigropunctatus appeared to be a small species and
brownish in color. A definite blackish velvety spot on the
upper part of the mesepimeron is usually a distinguished
character displayed by this species.
3.4.3 Culex (Culiciomyia) bahri Edwards, 1914
Synonyms; lemmonae
Material Examined
Jinnah Park; 1♂ 1♀, 28.VI.2016. 2♂ 1♀, 31.VII.2016. 1♂
1♀, 17.IX.2016. Haran pur; 1♂ 1♀, 15.VII.2016. 1♂ 2♀,
11.IX.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 22.X.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 31.X.2016. Dharyala
jalap; 1♂ 1♀, 06.XI.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 27.XI.2016. 2♂ 2♀,
11.XII.2016.
Comments
The specimens were analyzed and correlated to the published
description given in 1934 [2]. Plume series of scales in the
wings was narrower and the last two segments of the ♂ palpi
were observed to be longer than the proboscis. This species
was reported for the first time from Pakistan in this study.
3.5 Subgenus Lophoceratomyia Theobald, 1905
Brownish mosquitoes which are medium to small in their size.
Small flat scales present on vertex of head towards the
margins of eyes. Proboscis and palpi lack pale rings and are
dark brownish in colour. One or two lower mesepimeral
bristles. Tarsi dark entirely. Dark scales on wings which are
dispersed and few in number.
3.5.1 Culex (Lophoceratomyia) plantaginis Barraud, 1924
Material Examined
Hindu temple; 1♂ 2♀, 16.VII.2016. 2♂ 1♀, 27.VIII.2016.
Jinnah Park; 1♂ 1♀, 20.VIII.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 09.X.2016. 1♂
1♀, 16.X.2016. 1♂, 12.XI.2016. 2♀, 04.XII.2016. Jalalpur
sharif; 1♂ 1♀, 13.V.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 18.VI.2016. 2♂ 3♀,
15.VII.2016. Haran pur; 1♂ 2♀, 21.VIII.2016. 1♂ 1♀,
11.IX.2016. Khewra; 1♂ 1♀, 01.X.2016. 2♂ 1♀, 22.X.2016.
Dharyala jalap; 1♂ 1♀, 20.VIII.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 30.X.2016.
Lilla; 2♂ 1♀, 30.X.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 27.XI.2016. Railway
station; 1♂ 2♀, 23.VIII.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 20.XI.2016.
Comments
It was the most observed species in the localities of the study
area. Wing scales were sparse specifically on vein 6. The
scales on the mesonotum were light brown and the basal
segment of antennae was with a dull and somewhat rounded
appearance. The specimen were accumulated from different
habitats including graveyards, scrape yards, vegetable fields
and standing water. Culex plantaginis has been firstly
reported from Pakistan in this study.
3.5.2 Culex (Lophoceratomyia) flavicornis Barraud, 1924
Material Examined
Railway station; 2♂ 1♀, 31.VII.2016. 1♂ 3♀, 18.IX.2016.
Khewra; 1♂ 1♀, 06.IX.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 16.X.2016. Lilla; 3♂
2♀, 13.XI.2016. Jinnah Park; 1♂ 2♀, 20.XI.2016. Haran pur;
1♂ 1♀, 20.V.2016. 2♂ 1♀, 17.VII.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 16.XII.2016.
Comments
The antennal segment 6 contains a tuft of bright yellowish
hairs whereas head is supported with the appearance of both
narrow and flat scales. This species was mostly observed in
the months of May, July, September, November and
December. This species was reported in this study for the first
time from Pakistan.
3.6 Subgenus Neoculex Dyar, 1905
Mosquitoes of small size with blackish tarsi. Numerous and
strong mesonotal bristles. Narrow scales on the vertex of head
as well as on scutellum.
3.6.1 Culex (Neoculex) brevipalpis Giles, 1902
Synonyms; fidelis, longipes, macropus, uniformis
The collection of these specimen was done from areas with
heavy vegetation and stagnant water, scrape yards, rain water
ponds and residential areas.
Material Examined
Jalalpur sharif; 2♂ 1♀, 17.VI.2016. 1♂ 3♀, 10.VII.2016. 2♂
2♀, 24.VII.2016. Dharyala jalap; 1♂ 2♀, 31.VII.2016. 1♂
1♀, 25.IX.2016. 1♂ 2♀, 20.XI.2016. Khewra; 1♂ 1♀,
10.IX.2016. 2♂ 1♀, 19.XI.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 03.XII.2016. Lilla;
1♂ 1♀, 09.X.2016. 1♂ 1♀, 13.XI.2016. 1♂ 3♀, 11.XII.2016.
Comments
These specimens were mainly characterized by the absence of
lower mesepimeral bristle in them. This species was recorded
in the months of June, July and from September to December.
4. Discussion
The presence of adult mosquitoes was recorded throughout
the study period but the presence of species varied according
to their favorable environmental conditions in different
months. However, the maximum number of mosquito species

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International Journal of Mosquito Research
were recorded in the month of July due to high humidity
during the monsoon season. The higher percentage of
humidity played a vital role in the development of mosquitoes
The second highest figure of mosquito species recorded was
in the month of June which was 11 while, the third highest
figure was obtained in the month of October (10) which was
due to great fluctuations in temperature in between day and
night. Results showed that Cx. plantaginis was the most
observed species during the study which was recorded in the
months of May, June, July, August and October, November,
December followed by Cx. bahri which was observed in the
months of June, July, September, October, November and
December, Cx. brevipalpis in similar months as of Cx. bahri,
Cx. univittatus in the months of May, June, August,
September and October, Cx. bailyi in May, June, July, August
and October, Cx. nigropunctatus in July, August, September,
October and February, Cx. flavicornis in May, July,
September, November and December, Cx. fuscitarsis in May,
June, July and August, Cx. hutchinsoni in May, June and July,
and Cx. gelidus in March and July respectively. Whereas, Cx.
fuscocephala was the least observed species which was
recorded in the month of July. Furthermore, Cx. plantaginis
was observed in almost all of the collection localities except
Jalalpur Sharif. Following Cx. plantaginis was Cx. fuscitarsis,
Cx. nigropunctatus, Cx. flavicornis, Cx. univittatus, Cx.
brevipalpis, Cx. gelidus, Cx. hutchinsoni, Cx. bailyi and Cx.
bahri which were recorded from 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3
localities respectively. While Cx. fuscocephala was only
observed from the localities of Khewra and Lilla.
5. Conclusions
A total of 11 species under one subfamily, one genus and six
subgenera were identified from the given localities. The
species which were recorded from the surveyed localities
included; Culex univittatus, Culex fuscitarsis, Culex gelidus,
Culex hutchinsoni, Culex fuscocephala, Culex bailyi, Culex
nigropunctatus, Culex bahri, Culex plantaginis, Culex
flavicornis, Culex brevipalpis, Three of these identified
species were an addition to the fauna of mosquitoes of
Pakistan. Maximum number of species were recorded from
Haran Pur and Jalalpur Sharif (which were 10 in number from
both localities) while a minimum of 7 species were recorded
from Hindu temple (which was the lowest number of species
in the surveyed area).
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