Impact of Propagation Path Loss by Varying BTS Height and Frequency for Combining Multiple Path Loss Approaches in Macro-Femto Environment

Abstract

Propagation path loss estimation is an important constraint in the design and implementation of 4G wireless networks. When the radio frequency signal is communicated through different areas and received at the receiving end, it just decays. This diminution is called propagation path loss. In the design of wireless linkage transmission, the consideration of path loss plays a significant role. Several multipath mechanisms, such as reflection, diffraction, absorption, scattering, and atmospheric conditions, can produce strong attenuation of radio signals. In this paper, a path loss is calculated for SISO, SIMO, and MIMO infrastructure by varying transmitter antenna height at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz frequency bands. Moreover, the path loss is executed for LOS and NLOS arrays using multiple path loss approaches. Reflection losses are investigated through the brute force method of ray tracing. Also, Epstein–Peterson approach was used to calculate diffraction losses. The summation of all the losses estimates path loss for single-input single-output (SISO), single-input multiple-output (SIMO), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas low-loss model infrastructure at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz frequency bands. By varying base station (B.S.) antenna height and a fixed mobile station (M.S.) height of 1.5 m, the MATLAB simulations show no remarkable change in the path losses for SISO infrastructure. However, a heat map’s intensity shows that path loss varies by varying base station (B.S.) antenna height for SIMO infrastructure and the optimized transmitter height for 41 m at 900, 1800 2100 MHz bands. Also, the height of transmitter arrays in MIMO is 32 m, along with the same data are thrown from it. MIMO simulation results show maximum efficiency at the height of 1.5 m in building 2 compared to the SIMO infrastructure. Moreover, the heatmap bar indicates that path loss will be minimum at the top of the heatmap bar and maximum at the bottom. The maximum power received at the top of the bar in dBm significantly impacts the throughput and response time of a wireless link.

Full text

Vol.:(0123456789)
1 3
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05819-w
RESEARCH ARTICLE-COMPUTER ENGINEERING ANDCOMPUTER SCIENCE
Impact ofPropagation Path Loss byVarying BTS Height andFrequency
forCombining Multiple Path Loss Approaches inMacro‑Femto
Environment
MuhammadAmmarSaeed1· MuhammadZeeshankhan1· Asimkhan1· MuhammadUmerSaeed2·
MuhammadArshadShehzadHassan1· TalalJaved1
Received: 9 June 2020 / Accepted: 4 June 2021
© King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2021
Abstract
Propagation path loss estimation is an important constraint in the design and implementation of 4G wireless networks. When
the radio frequency signal is communicated through different areas and received at the receiving end, it just decays. This
diminution is called propagation path loss. In the design of wireless linkage transmission, the consideration of path loss
plays a significant role. Several multipath mechanisms, such as reflection, diffraction, absorption, scattering, and atmos-
pheric conditions, can produce strong attenuation of radio signals. In this paper, a path loss is calculated for SISO, SIMO,
and MIMO infrastructure by varying transmitter antenna height at 900, 1800, and 2100MHz frequency bands. Moreover,
the path loss is executed for LOS and NLOS arrays using multiple path loss approaches. Reflection losses are investigated
through the brute force method of ray tracing. Also, Epstein–Peterson approach was used to calculate diffraction losses. The
summation of all the losses estimates path loss for single-input single-output (SISO), single-input multiple-output (SIMO),
and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas low-loss model infrastructure at 900, 1800, and 2100MHz frequency
bands. By varying base station (B.S.) antenna height and a fixed mobile station (M.S.) height of 1.5m, the MATLAB simu-
lations show no remarkable change in the path losses for SISO infrastructure. However, a heat map’s intensity shows that
path loss varies by varying base station (B.S.) antenna height for SIMO infrastructure and the optimized transmitter height
for 41m at 900, 1800 2100MHz bands. Also, the height of transmitter arrays in MIMO is 32m, along with the same data
are thrown from it. MIMO simulation results show maximum efficiency at the height of 1.5m in building 2 compared to the
SIMO infrastructure. Moreover, the heatmap bar indicates that path loss will be minimum at the top of the heatmap bar and
maximum at the bottom. The maximum power received at the top of the bar in dBm significantly impacts the throughput
and response time of a wireless link.
Keywords Single-input single-output (SISO)· Single-input multiple-output (SIMO)· Multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO)· Base station (B.S.)· Mobile station (M.S.)
1 Introduction
With the maturity of the fourth-generation (4G) cellular net-
work and the concept of the fifth-generation (5g) communi-
cation systems, users have higher and higher requirements
for high-quality service anytime, anywhere [1]. The trans-
mission path loss is an essential parameter in designing and
executing wireless networks to meet the increasing demand.
Path loss may be caused by various effects, such as fading,
scattering, reflection, and diffraction,. Because of these phe-
nomena, the received signal strength is affected by attenua-
tion and fluctuated. Yu etal. [1] proposed a path loss model
of antenna height dependence in indoor stair environments.
Attenuation and fluctuation both designate the environment’s
path loss or radio characteristics, mainly depending on the
environmental aspects, such as building density, population,
and area type. When the line of sight (LOS) and non-line of
sight (NLOS) multipath were introduced between transmitter
* Muhammad Zeeshan khan
zeeshankhanee@cqu.edu.cn
1 Department ofElectrical Engineering andTechnology, The
University ofFaisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
2 Implementation Consultant Siemens PLM Software,
Faisalabad44000, Pakistan

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
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and receiver, it happens to attenuate. Thus, the received sig-
nal strength is decreased due to the following factors: height
of transmitter and receiver antenna, frequency of the signal,
and the difference from the transmitter to receiver [2]. The
ray tracing image method more accurately determines the
ray path between transmitter and receiver in a less com-
plicated environment. The ray tracing technique’s precision
depends mainly on the database of electrical, physical, and
electromagnetic parameters of obstacles in the propagation
path [3, 4]. The results show that the ray tracing method’s
accuracy can be improved by adding diffraction loss and
scattering loss into the analysis. Instead of using the exist-
ing path loss model, an enhanced representation is used to
evaluate the propagation path loss in a specific region. S.
Deng etal. [4–6] have observed the indoor and outdoor 5g
diffraction models at 10, 20, and 26GHz. It was concluded
that the optimization method considering the influence of
base station antenna height and the additional correlation of
particular structure could more effectively describe the chan-
nel characteristics in outdoor and indoor environment [7, 8].
In this paper, reflection losses were calculated by the
image method of ray tracing. Epstein–Peterson approach
was utilized to calculate diffraction losses for NLOS arrays.
In addition to the path loss through boundary wall and the
indoor path losses, the free-space path loss was calculated
for line of sight arrays. The summation of all the losses
and the optimized transmitter height improves designing a
radio network. For the traditional infrastructure of single-
input single-output (SISO) and single-input multiple-output
(SIMO), line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS)
data were used to fit the parameters of antenna height-
dependent innovative path loss method. Then, the correct-
ness of this method is verified through the shadow and fit-
ness of the restrained data. Moreover, the implementation
of physical layer security allows smooth communication
between a transmitter to receiver. Therefore, multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) techniques are also implemented
to reduce network congestion problems.
2 Modelling Design
The free space path loss (FSPL), path loss through the build-
ing’s concerned boundary wall, and the indoor losses were
calculated for LOS arrays. Reflection losses were investi-
gated through the brute force method. Diffraction losses
were estimated through Epstein–Peterson approach. The
process chart for the investigation of all the losses is pre-
sented in Fig.1
3 Outdoor toIndoor Penetration Losses
The path loss of outdoor to indoor building and penetration
loss is modelled [9] as shown below
Equation1 shows that PLb is the basic outdoor path
loss, called free-space path loss (FSPL). PLtw is the build-
ing penetration loss through an external wall. PLin is the
loss dependent on the depth of the building. And
𝜎P
Is the
standard deviation for the penetration loss. Free space path
loss is also called basic path loss and is modelled in Eq.2
as follows:
PLtw is characterized as [9]:
PLnpi is an additional loss plus the loss of the exterior wall
to account for non-vertical incidence;
Lmaterial_i = amaterial_i + bmaterial_i. f is the penetration loss of
material i, example values of which can be found in Table.
pi is the proportion of i-th materials, where
∑N
i=1Pi
= 1; and
N is the number of materials. The indoor path loss modelled
in Eq.4 is given as [9]:
4 Reection Losses byBrute Force Method
ofRay Tracing
The indoor electromagnetic wave propagation is seriously
affected by the reflection of the primary multipath propa-
gation, i.e. diffraction and scattering of buildings’ inter-
nal structures [10]. The ray tracing was calculated using
the brute force method technique by considering detailed
site information and extensive numerical calculations.
The analysis must include the electrical characteristics of
windows, doors, floor types, glass partitions, ceilings, and
walls to model the received signal strength accurately. Ray
tracing is a standard method to predict multiple reflection
loss. Electromagnetic waves reflect when they hit objects,
much larger than the wavelength and have various electri-
cal properties. The reflection of an electromagnetic wave
depends upon the transmission of the reflection coefficient
obtained by the dielectric constant of the material occur-
ring at the propagation path. The electric field intensity
(1)
P
.L.=P.L.b+P.L.tw +PLin +N
(
0, 𝜎2
p
)
(2)
P.L.b=92.45 +20 ∗log10 (distance)+20 ∗log10 (frequency)
(3)
P.L.
tw =P.L.npi −10* log10
n
∑
i=1(
pi*10
Lmateriali
−10
)
(4)
P.L.in =0.5 ∗d2Din

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of reflected wave (Er), transmitted wave (Et) is related to
the simplified reflection coefficient (ζ) given in formula
5, such as [11]
where
𝜀r
is the relative dielectric constant, and θi is the angle
of incidence.
In the stated indoor scenario, the n-Ray model is real-
ized by considering the reflected ray, direct ray from the
ground, and the wall’s reflection. The resulting power is
the sum of all the contributions. The receiving power of
(5)
𝜉
=Er
Et
=
�
𝜉
�
ej𝜓=
sin 𝜃i−a
√
∫r−cos2𝜃
sin 𝜃
i
+a
√
∫
r
−cos2𝜃
the n-Ray model of reflection coefficient (
Γi
), path length
(xi), and phase difference (α) of each path is given as fol-
lows [11].
Equation6 reflects that Prn-ray is the power received
from the number of rays at the receiver. Knowing the
power received, path loss can be calculated. Meanwhile,
the receiver and transmitter are static, deterministic time
fluctuations are not involved in simulation [11]
(6)
P
rn−ray
=Pt
(
𝜆
4𝜋
)
atar
|
|
|
|
|
n
∑
i=1
ΓiejΔ𝛼
Xi
|
|
|
|
|
2
Fig. 1 Path loss flow chart

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Equation6 and 7 demonstrate that Pt is transmitter power
and Pr is receiver’s power, where θi, θr are the angle of inci-
dence and reflection. Moreover, at is the gain of transmitter,
and ar is the gain of the receiver.
5 Diraction Losses byEpstein Peterson
Diraction Model
Fresnel’s knife-edge diffraction models were commonly used
due to their ease of execution. For non-line of sight propaga-
tion with multiple obstacles, the knife-edge is protracted to
considerable deterministic edge diffraction models. Other
frequently used multiple edge diffraction models were the
Bullington method, Epstein–Peterson method, Deygout
method, and Giovanelli method [11]. The Bullington method
is a close approximation of the single knife-edge diffrac-
tion model and is not accurate since other obstacles were
ignored, and the diffraction losses were underestimated.
(7)
PL
=10 ∗log10
(P
t
Pr(d))
Although the accuracy is higher for the Deygout method,
it overestimates the path loss and works better for a single
dominant obstacle. However, both approaches were the same
but varied in calculating the heights of the barriers.
Diffraction is the radio wave propagation around obsta-
cles even when the line of sight is not clear. Diffraction
exposure still exists, even when the radio frequency signal
is blocked. Radio frequency signal diffraction should be con-
sidered. Since the coverage will spread behind the obstacle,
the signal approximation level will upsurge at many points
in some geographic zones. Besides, if the power is obtained
outside of a transmitting side, the control will affect the
mobile station’s control. Due to the extension of coverage,
the capacity will also be affected because it will support a
larger geographical zone so that more mobile stations will
be needed in the same service area [12].
In this analysis, the Epstein–Peterson model based on
Fresnel’s knife-edge diffraction is chosen to estimate the
diffraction losses. Diffraction is treated as a loss typically
measured in dBm. The loss is directly detracted from the
total power of the signal. Simulation parameters are enlisted
in Table1. The diffraction loss is calculated using Eq.8 by
approximating the shape of the obstacle to the knife-edge
[13]:
(8)
v
=h
√
2(d1+d2)
𝜆d1d2
Table 1 Simulation parameters Simulation parameters Values
Transmitted power 15 dBm
Transmitted frequency 900, 1800, 2100MHz
Height of transmitter antenna 30, 32, 35, 41m
Height of receiver antenna 1.5m
Transmitter antenna gain 16 dBi
Receiver antenna gain 2 dBi
Permittivity value of floor with porcelain tiles (epsilon) 6
Permittivity value of concrete wall 3.75
Reflection coefficient of ground 20
Permittivity value of glass window 4
Permittivity value of ceiling with gypsum board 3
Fig. 2 3D view of buildings (SISO)
Table 2 SISO path loss at TX 30m and RX 1.5m
Sr. no Fre-
quency
(MHz)
Distance
(BS to MS)
(m)
Hbs (height
of base sta-
tion) (m)
Hms (height
of mobile
station) (m)
PL (dB)
1 900 200 30 1.5 77.45
2 1800 200 30 1.5 84.56
3 2100 200 30 1.5 86.16

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Equations9–13 show that v is the diffraction parameter to
study the edge sharpness, depending on the diffraction loss.
h is the height of the obstacle in meters. d1 is the distance
between the transmitter and the obstacle in meters. d2 is the
(9)
if v<=−1 then PL =0
(10)
if v<=0 then PL =20 log 10 (0.50 −0.62 ∗𝜈)
(11)
if v<=1 then PL =20 log 10 (0.5 ∗10 −0.95 ∗𝜈)
(12)
if
v≤
2.4 then PL
=20 log 10
(
0.4 −
√
0.1184 −(0.38 −0.1 ∗𝜈)2
)
(13)
if
v>
2.4 then PL =20 log 10 (0.225 ∕
𝜈
)
distance between the receiver and the obstacle in meters. λ
is the signal wavelength in meters.
The summation of all the losses for the designing of a
radio network is as follows:
Finally, Eq.14 indicates the total path loss obtained from
the summation of multiple path loss approaches expressed
in dBm.
6 Results andDiscussion
In 4G wireless communication, simultaneously, interpret-
ing the effects of different propagation phenomena such as
reflection diffraction and direct rays on path loss is carried
out in MATLAB at 900, 1800, and 2100MHz bands. The
variation in predicted path loss depends on the distance
between transmitter and receiver. Changing the transmitter
antenna’s height and the receiver was fixed at 1.5m to opti-
mize the transmission path loss to obtain the improved signal
strength. Moreover, different types of obstacles and their
corresponding failures were added in the analysis, including
basic path loss, path loss through the concerned building
boundary wall, and other buildings’ outer walls. The path
loss was calculated by considering the inner walls of the
(14)
Path loss =PL(b)+PL(tw)+PL(in)+Ceiling_Loss
+Reflection_Loss + Diffraction_Loss
Table 3 SISO path loss at TX
32m and RX 1.5m Sr. no Frequency
(MHz)
Distance (BS to
MS) (m)
Hbs (height of base
station) (m)
Hms (height of mobile
station) (m)
PL (db)
1 900 200 32 1.5 − 43.01
2 1800 200 32 1.5 − 32.89
3 2100 200 32 1.5 − 30.62
Table 4 SISO path loss at TX 41m and RX 1.5m
Sr. no Fre-
quency
(MHz)
Distance
(BS to MS)
(m)
Hbs (height
of base sta-
tion) (m)
Hms (height
of mobile
station) (m)
PL (db)
1 900 200 41 1.5 77.55
2 1800 200 41 1.5 84.66
3 2100 200 41 1.5 86.26
Table 5 SISO path loss at TX 35m and RX 1.5m
Sr. no Fre-
quency
(MHz)
Distance
(BS to MS)
(m)
Hbs (height
of base sta-
tion) (m)
Hms (height
of mobile
station) (m)
PL (db)
1 900 200 35 1.5 77.49
2 1800 200 35 1.5 84.60
3 2100 200 35 1.5 86.20
Table 6 Boundary wall path
loss models [9]Infrastructure Path loss through boundary wall PL_ [tw]
Traditional (low-loss model)
5
−10log10
(
0.3 ∗10−
Lglass
10 +0.7 ∗10−
Concrete
10
)
Modern (high-loss model)
5
−10log10
(
0.7 ∗10−
IRRglass
10 +0.3 ∗10−
Concrete
10
)
Table 7 Material penetration losses [9]
f is in GHz
Material Penetration loss [dB]
Standard multi-pane glass Lglass = 2 + 0.2 f
IRR glass LIRR = 23 + 0.3 f
Concrete Lconcrete = 5 + 4 f
Wood Lwood = 4.85 + 0.12 f

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concerned building, and losses through the building’s obsta-
cles such as glass partitions, indoor losses, ceiling losses,
reflection, and diffraction losses were added to calculate the
path loss.
Fig. 3 2D SISO and SIMO view of buildings
Fig. 4 3D view of buildings (SIMO)
Fig. 5 3D view of buildings (MIMO)
Fig. 6 d2d_out, d2d_in, d3d_out, d3d_in for indoor UEs [9]
Fig. 7 Receivers at 1.5m height

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In this analysis, guesstimate the path loss for the sum
of the number of line of sight and non-line of sight arrays
approaches from a transmitter to receiver. Figure2 shows
that the transmitter is placed at a distance of 200m from
the receiver set in front of the ground floor of building 2
at a fixed height of 1.5m. Transmitter height is varied to
optimize the propagation path loss. Reflection and diffrac-
tion phenomena occur at the ground and the buildings 1, 3,
4, 5, 6.
Traditional infrastructures (low-loss model) have fewer
boundary wall losses than modern infrastructure (high-loss
model). Traditional infrastructure is used to calculate the
path losses for LOS and non-LOS arrays. With the inten-
tion of precisely simulating the strength of the received sig-
nal, the analysis must include the electrical characteristics
of doors and windows, glass partitions, walls, and ceilings
[14–16]. Table2 shows the simulated results at 900, 1800,
2100MHz frequency bands of the path loss known to be
77.45, 84.56, 86.16dB for the single transmitter and single
receiver. Ray tracing by image method is usually trained
to expect the losses owing to various reflections [17–19].
Table3 shows the path loss at a transmitter height of 32m.
The transmitter height parameter was selected from [20].
Path loss is known to be −43.01, −32.89, and −30.62 dBm,
respectively, at 900, 1800, and 2100MHz frequency bands.
Ray tracing technique uses a high-frequency calculation
to provide Maxwell’s equation’s exact solution [21]. When
a ray strikes on an object, some of its energy is lost due to
absorption, and the reflected or diffracted signal reaches the
receiver, the received signal strength (RSS) is reduced [22].
Table4 shows the propagation path loss by considering the
height of the transmitter antenna at 41m and the receiver’s
antenna height of 1.5m shown in Fig.2. By comparing
Tables2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, it was concluded that path loss
increases by increasing transmitter antenna height. There is
no remarkable change in the path loss reduction by varying
the transmitter antenna height for SISO infrastructure except
Table3 due to obstacles in the desired terrain. Moreover,
Fig. 8 SIMO heatmap Tx 41m Rx 1.5m at various frequency band 900, 1800, and 2100MHz

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it has been checked that which reflected or diffracted rays
reached the receiver. The path loss was calculated for those
rays that were at the receiver end. This occurrence may be
due to the multiple edge reflections and diffractions of other
buildings for NLOS arrays. The electromagnetic wave reflec-
tion depends on coefficients and transmission attained from
the material’s dielectric constant across the propagation path
[22]. In the direct LOS ray, path loss includes only penetra-
tion loss of the outer wall, indoor loss of the building, and
ceiling loss.
Figures3 and 4 show the 2D, 3D dimensional views of
SISO and SIMO receiver antennas mounted on the ground
floor of building 2. The multiple receiver’s antennas were
placed on the ground floor of building 2 at the height of
1.5m. Once the signal is transmitted from transmitter to
receiver, it shows multiple obstacles from zero to n. Each
obstacle causes diffraction, and the net loss of diffraction
determines the level of the received signal. According to
the Huygens wave theory of light, the diffraction principle is
described by Fresnel [23]. If the obstacle’s size is the same
as the wavelength sequence of a wave, diffraction will occur.
The diffraction methods were classified according to the type
and number of obstacles that depend upon the shape, wave-
length, height, and obstacles [24]. Figure5 shows the height
of MIMO transmitter arrays at 32m, along with the same
data are thrown from it. MIMO transceivers infrastructure
has been observed from the maximum power received at the
height of 1.5m in building 2 compared to the SIMO infra-
structure, whose performance is less than that.
Figure6 shows the 2D, 3D outdoor (d2d_out, d3d_out), and
indoor (d2d_in, d3d_in) distance from base station to the receiv-
er’s user equipment. hue is the height of user equipment in
the building, and hbs is the base station antenna’s height. To
obtain good simulation results, the Epstein model was used
to calculate diffraction losses under various obstacle condi-
tions. The diffraction loss caused by the unique obstacle is
Fig. 9 SIMO heatmap Tx 35m Rx 1.5m at various frequency band 900, 1800, and 2100MHz

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considered, respectively, and the entire diffraction loss is
accomplished by adding the single loss.
Figure7 shows that multiple receivers were placed at
1.5m in the building to obtain the optimal path loss.
It was observed that general path loss due to the envi-
ronment and the absorption of boundary wall losses were
apparent for LOS arrays. However, for indoor environment,
path loss arises through wooden chairs and tables, iron
stands, and the indoor concrete walls, etc. Figures8, 9, 10,
and 11 show the propagation path loss heatmap of SIMO
infrastructure for the transmitter antenna by varying height
30m, 32m, 35m, and 41m, respectively. A fixed receiver
antenna was placed at an altitude of 1.5m for various fre-
quency bands at 900, 1800, and 2100MHz. Propagation
path loss intensity of a heatmap indicates that by changing
transmitter antenna height, propagation path loss varies, and
path loss reduction was apparent at the height of 41m. This
occurrence can be explained due to the following reasons.
By increasing height, obstacles gradually reduced, result-
ing in decreased reflections and diffractions and maximum
power. Moreover, scattering losses were neglected in this
paper. Also, maximum path loss was observed at B.S. height
of 30m for SIMO.
The bar of the heatmap shown in Fig.12 illustrates
that path loss will be minimum at the top of the heat map
bar and maximum at the bottom. The maximum power
received at the top of the bar in dBm significantly impacts
the throughput and response time of a wireless link. More
B.S. antennas than user equipment per cell achieve a high
level of interference suppression. The base station should
be upgraded so that the number of antennas increases
proportionally.
Figure13 shows the physical phenomena of the path
losses. When an electromagnetic wave propagates from
transmitter to receiver, it exhibits two types of rays, line of
sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) rays. Line of sight
propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic radiation,
which means that the wave propagates directly from the
transmitter to the receiver. Unlike line of sight propagation,
observed for many reasons such as diffraction, radio waves
Fig. 10 SIMO heatmap Tx 32m Rx 1.5m at various frequency band 900, 1800, and 2100MHz

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can be propagated as earth waves that follow the earth’s con-
tour at low frequencies. Moreover, non-line of sight (NLOS)
is a common term in radio communication that can describe
the wireless channel without line of sight (LOS) between
the transmitting and receiving antennas. NLOS and near-
line of sight (near-line of sight) were radio transmissions
through paths partially blocked by a physical object in the
Fresnel region. Obstacles that usually cause NLOS condi-
tions include buildings, trees, hills, mountains, and, in some
cases, high-voltage power lines. Some of them reflect, dif-
fract, or scatter some radio waves, while others absorb or
interfere with signals. NLOS reduces the adequate receiving
power, and the receiver’s low power level reduces the chance
of receiving and transmitting successfully.
7 Conclusion
A propagation path loss model is necessary for correct plan-
ning, interference estimation, frequency allocation, and cell
parameters in a mobile radio system. These are the basics
of the network planning process and location-based service
technology to predict a radio wave’s received signal strength
(RSS). Measurements were achieved in the outdoor and
indoor environment with material penetration loss of glass
partitions, concrete boundary walls, and ceilings to analyze
the mobile radio signals path loss for LOS arrays. Reflec-
tion losses were investigated through the image method of
ray tracing. Epstein–Peterson approach calculates diffrac-
tion losses. The summation of all the losses was calculated.
Moreover, the height for Single input single-output (SISO)
and Single input multiple outputs (SIMO) antennas’ low-
loss model infrastructure at various frequency bands were
Fig. 11 SIMO heatmap Tx 30m Rx 1.5m at various frequency band 900, 1800, and 2100MHz

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analyzed. Path loss increases by increasing frequency bands.
Base station (B.S.) antenna height is variable, and a fixed
mobile station (M.S.) antenna height is 1.5m. By varying
base station (B.S.) antenna height, the MATLAB simula-
tions show no remarkable change in the path loss for SISO
infrastructure. However, the intensity of a heatmap shows
that path loss varies by varying base station (B.S.) antenna
height for SIMO infrastructure. The optimized propaga-
tion path loss for SIMO infrastructure is at the height of
41m at 900, 1800, and 2100MHz frequency bands. MIMO
simulation results show maximum efficiency at the height
of 1.5m in building 2 compared to the SIMO infrastructure.
Moreover, the heatmap bar indicates that path loss will be
minimum at the top of the heatmap bar and maximum at the
bottom. The maximum power received at the top of the bar
in dBm significantly impacts the throughput and response
time of a wireless link.
Fig. 12 MIMO heatmap analysis Tx 32m Rx 1.5m at various frequency bands at 900, 1800, 2100MHz
Fig. 13 Physical phenomena of path loss

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
1 3
8 Future Recommendation
Propagation path loss is a significant parameter for the
designing of a radio network. Further upgradation in these
results can be possible by incorporating physical layer secu-
rity in MIMO networks. It could be implemented by using
MIMO techniques to reduce network congestion problems.
Beamforming with customization of transmitter arrays
makes smooth communication between source to destina-
tion. Some multiple input transmitter arrays will be used
for data transmission and the other for jamming signal to
eavesdropper simultaneously to enhance the throughput, as
well as the response time of a wireless link.
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