Mobile Cloud Computing: Implications and Challenges

Abstract

During the last few years, there is a revolutionary development in the field of mobile computing, multimedia communication and wireless technology. Together with an explosive growth of the mobile computing and excellent promising technology of cloud computing concept, Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) has been introduced to be a potential technology for mobile services. MCC integrates the cloud computing into the mobile environment and overcomes opportunities and its issues related to this environment (e.g., heterogeneity, scalability, and availability), performance (e.g., storage, battery life, and bandwidth), and security (e.g., reliability and privacy). This paper will explain how cloud computing and mobile devices can be combined for future opportunities, implications and legal issues for developing countries.

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Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
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Vol 2, No.7, 2012
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Mobile Cloud Computing: Implications and Challenges
M.Rajendra Prasad
1*
Jayadev Gyani
2
P.R.K.Murti
3
1. Department of Computer Science, Alluri Institute of Management Sciences, Warangal, India.
2. Department of CSIT, Jayamukhi Institute of Technological Sciences, Warangal, India.
3. Department of CSIT, Jayamukhi Institute of Technological Sciences, Warangal, India.
* E-mail of the corresponding author:
mrpaims@yahoo.com
Abstract
During the last few years, there is a revolutionary development in the field of mobile computing,
multimedia communication and wireless technology. Together with an explosive growth of the mobile
computing and excellent promising technology of cloud computing concept, Mobile Cloud Computing
(MCC) has been introduced to be a potential technology for mobile services. MCC integrates the cloud
computing into the mobile environment and overcomes opportunities and its issues related to this
environment (e.g., heterogeneity, scalability, and availability), performance (e.g., storage, battery life,
and bandwidth), and security (e.g., reliability and privacy).
This paper will explain how cloud
computing and mobile devices can be combined for future opportunities, implications and legal issues
for developing countries.
Keywords: Cloud computing, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MCC.
1. Introduction
Cloud computing will economically moderate the requirement of advanced handsets for running
mobile applications. Conferring to the up-to-date study from Juniper Research [1], the market for cloud
based mobile applications will breed 88% from 2009 to 2014. The market was just over $400 million
this past recent year, Juniper web domain showing by 2014 it will touch $9.5 billion. Most of us utilize
our mobile phones as mini-computers that travel and being with us and retain us connected round the
clock. Mobiles are now essential part in this modern age of education, business world and significance
of mobile database is unavoidable. According to a novel study from ABI Research [2]
cloud computing
will entirely renovate future of mobile applications development and their utilization. Cloud computing
offers a range of new opportunities and its issues for developing countries to do what they could not do
earlier with computers and the Internet. Cloud computing infrastructure and applications are able to
interact with users who have mobile phones, Tablet PCs, OLPC [One-Laptop-per-Child] [3]
and other
mobile devices. In this study, we explore how cloud computing will surpass the Internet in adoption
and usage as this technology’s users are on the other side of the digital divide. Mobile phones and other
devices have penetrated and saturated developing countries where the Internet has failed. This paper
looks at the diffusion of mobile phones and devices in developing countries and its continuous dramatic
rise of mobile phone users in developing countries $15 Mobile Phones and $20 Tablet PCs are now in
the hands of that technology connectivity deprived billions.
This paper will explain how cloud computing and mobile devices combine present and future new
imperatives and challenges for developing countries. Because the mobile phone and devices user
market is too big to be ignored, cloud service providers, in collaboration, with mobile service providers
have deployed hundreds of cloud-enabled applications and are continuing in their cloud venture to
provide an endless range of products. The popular mobile applications that are helping development
efforts, such as m-Commerce, m-Learning, m-Health, m-Banking, m-Game, m-Agriculture, and others
that already exists within developing countries. Each technology has its own excellent (imperatives),
good (challenges), and poor (issues) side by side. There is an attempt to address the issues and
challenges in deploying mobile applications via cloud computing in developing countries when
compared to be developed countries. For example, issues such as connectivity to remote regions and
the challenges faced by service providers and ruling governments to subsidize and provide mobile
infrastructure.
1.1 Cloud Computing
Cloud computing can be defined as a new style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often
virtualized resources are provided as a services over the Internet. Cloud computing has become a
significant technology emerging trend, and many experts, researchers and academicians expect that
cloud computing will reshape information technology (IT) sector and the IT marketplace in world.
With the cloud computing technology, users use a wide variety of devices, including PCs, Laptops,

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Smart Phones, and PDAs to access different kinds of utility programs, storage, and application
development platforms over the Internet, via services offered by cloud computing providers. An
advantage of the cloud computing technology includes cost savings, high availability, and easy
scalability. The below figure.1 adapted from [4], shows six phases of computing paradigms, from
dummy terminals/mainframes, to PCs, Networking Computing, Internet Computing to Grid and Cloud
Computing.
Figure.1
Six computing paradigms – from mainframe computing to Internet computing, to grid
computing and cloud computing (Adapted from Voas and Zhang (2009))

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1.1.1 Service Layers of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing can be viewed as a collection of services, which can be represented as a layered
cloud computing architecture, as shown in Fig.2
Figure.2 Layered architecture of Cloud Computing
• Software as a Service (SaaS) - It is a model of software deployment whereby the provider
licenses an application to the customers for use as a service on demand. The capability
provided to the End users is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud
infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client
interface such as a web browser (e.g., web enabled e-mail). The end users does not manage or
control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems,
storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user
specific application configuration settings.
Today SaaS is offered by companies such as
Google, Salesforce, Microsoft, Zoho, etc.
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) - It is the delivery of computing platform and solution stack as
a service. The capability provided to the end users is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure
user created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools
supported by the provider. The end user does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage. PaaS providers offer a
predefined combination of OS and application servers, such as WAMP platform [5]
(Windows, Apache, MySql and PHP), LAMP platform (Linux, Apache, MySql and PHP), and
XAMP(X-cross platform) limited to J2EE, and Ruby etc. Google App Engine,
Salesforce.com, etc are some of the popular PaaS examples.
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - It is the delivery of computer infrastructure (typically a
platform virtualization environment) as a service. The capability provided to the end users is
to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where
the end user is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems
and applications. The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but
it has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited
control of select networking components. Some of the common examples are Amazon,
GoGrid, 3tera, etc.
• Monitoring-as-a-Service (MaaS) – It is the outsourced provisioning of security, primarily on
business platforms that leverages the Internet to conduct business. [21] MaaS has become
increasingly popular over the last decade. Since the advent of cloud computing, its popularity
has grown even more. Security monitoring involves protecting an enterprise or government
client from cyber threats. A security team plays a crucial role in securing and maintaining the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of IT assets. The major functionality of MaaS is to
monitor the working of all the three layers SaaS, PaaS and IaaS.

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1.1.2 Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
There are three types of cloud computing deployment models [6]
are: (a) Private Cloud (b) Public
Cloud and (c) Hybrid Cloud as shown in Fig. 3.
Figure.3 Three types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
a. Private Cloud (or Internal Cloud) – It refers to cloud computing on private networks.
Private clouds are built for the exclusive use of one client, providing full control over data,
security, and quality of service. Private clouds can be built and managed by a company’s own
IT organization or by a cloud provider.
b. Public Cloud (or External Cloud) – In this model, computing resources are dynamically
provisioned over the Internet via Web applications or Web services from an off-site third
party provider. Public clouds are run by third parties, and applications from different
customers are likely to be mixed together on the cloud’s servers, storage systems, and
networks.
c. Hybrid Cloud (or Mixed Cloud) – This environment intersects and combines multiple public
and private cloud models. Hybrid clouds introduce the complexity of determining how to
distribute applications across both a public and private cloud.
1.1.3 Cloud Computing Features
Cloud computing brings an array of new features compared to any other computing paradigms. There
are briefly described in this section.
• Scalability and On-Demand Services - Cloud computing provides resources and services for
users on demand. The resources are scalable over several data centers.
• Quality of Service (QoS) - Cloud computing can guarantee QoS for users in terms of
hardware or CPU performance, bandwidth, and memory capacity.
• User-Centric Interface - Cloud interfaces are location independent and they can be accessed
by well established interfaces such as Web services and Web browsers.
• Autonomous System - Cloud computing systems are autonomous systems managed
transparently to users. However, software and data inside clouds can be automatically
reconfigured and consolidated to a simple platform depending on user’s needs.
• Pricing - Cloud computing does not require up front investment. No capital expenditure is
required. Users may pay and use or pay for services and capacity as they need them.

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1.1.4 Cloud Computing Challenges
The new paradigm of cloud computing provides an array of benefits and advantages over the previous
computing paradigms and many organizations are migrating and adopting it. However, there are still a
number of challenges, which are currently addressed by researchers, academicians and practitioners in
the field.
a. Performance
The major issue in performance can be for some intensive transaction-oriented and other data
intensive applications, in which cloud computing may lack adequate performance. Also, users
who are at a long distance from cloud providers may experience high latency and delays.
b. Security and Privacy
Companies are still concerned about security when using cloud computing. Users are worried
about the vulnerability to attacks, when information and critical IT resources are outside the
firewall.
c. Control
A quantity of IT wings or departments are concerned because cloud computing providers have
a full control of the platforms. Cloud computing providers typically do not design platforms
for specific companies and their business practices.
d. Bandwidth Costs
Cloud computing, companies can save money on hardware and software; however they could
incur higher network bandwidth charges. Bandwidth cost may be low for smaller
Internet-based applications, which are not data intensive, but could significantly grow for
data-intensive applications.
e. Reliability
Cloud computing still does not always offer round the clock reliability. There were cases
where cloud computing services suffered few hours’ outages.
In the present and future days to
expect more cloud computing providers, richer services, established standards and best
practices.
2. Mobile Cloud Computing
Mobile Cloud Computing is a new paradigm for mobile applications whereby most of the processing
and data storage associated with the applications is moved off the mobile device to powerful,
centralized computing platforms located in the Cloud. These centralized applications are then accessed
over the mobile Internet, using either a thin native client or web browser on the device. However, this
model for Mobile Cloud Computing still does not fully leverage the powerful communications, context
and commercialization capabilities of the mobile network itself.
Mobile Cloud Computing builds on
the principles of cloud computing, bringing attributes such as on demand access, no on premise
software and “XaaS” (Everything as a Service) to the mobile domain, adding Network as a Service
(NaaS) and Payment as a Service to the maximum of on demand capabilities and allowing applications
to leverage the full power of mobile networking and billing without the need for specialist application
servers.
The phrase “Mobile Cloud Computing” was introduced after the concept of “Cloud
Computing” was launched in mid 2007. It has been attracting the attention of entrepreneurs as a
profitable business option that reduces the development and running cost of mobile applications and
mobile users as a new technology to achieve rich experience of a variety of mobile services at low cost,
and of researchers as a promising solution for green core IT [7].
The Mobile Cloud Computing Forum [8] defines MCC as “Mobile Cloud computing at its simplest
refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and the data processing happen outside of the
mobile device. Mobile cloud applications move the computing power and data storage away from
mobile phones and into the cloud, bringing applications and mobile computing to not just smart phone
users but a much broader range of mobile subscribers”.

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Figure.4 Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) Architecture
The general architecture of MCC proposed by [20] can be shown in Fig.4 Mobile devices are
connected to the mobile networks via base stations (e.g., base transceiver station (BTS), access point,
or satellite) that establish and control the connections (air links) and functional interfaces between the
networks and mobile devices. Mobile user’s requests and information (e.g., ID and location) are
transmitted to the central processors that are connected to servers providing mobile network services.
Here, Mobile network operators can provide services to mobile users as AAA (Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting) based on the home agent (HA) and subscriber’s data stored in
databases. After that, the subscriber’s requests are delivered to a cloud through the Internet. In cloud,
the cloud controllers process the requests to provide mobile users with the corresponding cloud
services. These services are developed with the concepts of utility computing, virtualization, and
service oriented architecture (eg.web application, and database servers).
3. Key Requirements for Mobile Cloud Computing
There are some key features of Mobile Cloud Computing that make it possible to implement seamless
service delivery in across the network environment. From the perspective of the enterprise solution
provider or web/mobile application developer, the objectives of the Mobile Cloud Computing platform
are:
• Simple APIs offering transparent access to mobile services, and requiring no specific
knowledge of underlying network technologies.
• The ability to deploy applications across multiple carrier networks, under a single commercial
agreement.
• Seamless handling of each carrier’s specific network policy, such as chosen mobile subscriber
confirmed opt-in /
confirmed opt-out and privacy management principles.
4. Importance of Mobile Cloud Applications
Mobile cloud computing is one of the mobile technology trends in the future since it combines the
advantages of the integration of both mobile computing and cloud computing, thereby providing
optimal services for mobile users. The applications supported by mobile cloud computing including
mobile commerce, mobile learning, and mobile healthcare and other areas. The below issues and
related approaches for mobile cloud computing (i.e., from communication and computing areas) have
been identified. The future work has been explored for the existing problems and its solutions. Mobile
applications gained considerable share in a global mobile market. Various mobile applications have
taken the advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing. The following are the few implications:
4.1. m-Commerce
Mobile commerce (m-commerce) is a business model for commerce using mobile devices. The
m-commerce applications generally fulfill some tasks that require mobility (e.g., mobile transactions
and payments, mobile messaging, and mobile ticketing). The m-commerce applications have to face
various challenges (e.g., low network bandwidth, high complexity of mobile device configurations, and

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security). Therefore, m-commerce applications are integrated into cloud computing environment to
address these issues [9]. Proposes a 3G e-Commerce platform based on cloud computing.
4.2. m-Learning
Mobile learning (m-learning) is designed based on electronic learning (e-learning) and mobility.
However, traditional m-learning applications have limitations in terms of high cost of devices and
network, low network transmission rate, and limited educational resources [10, 11, 12]. Cloud based
m-learning applications are introduced to solve these limitations, for example utilizing a cloud with the
large storage capacity and powerful processing ability, the applications provide learners with much
richer services in terms of data (information) size, faster processing speed, and longer battery life.
4.3. m-Health Care
The purpose of applying MCC in medical applications is to minimize the limitations of traditional
medical treatment (e.g., small physical storage, security and privacy, and medical errors [13]). Mobile
healthcare (m-healthcare) provides mobile users with convenient helps to access resources (e.g., patient
health records) easily and quickly. Besides, m-healthcare offers hospitals and healthcare organizations
a variety of on-demand services on clouds rather than owning standalone applications on local servers.
4.4. m-Banking
Mobile banking (also known as m-Banking, SMS Banking, etc.) is a term used for performing balance
checks, account transactions, payments etc., via a mobile device such as a mobile phone or Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA). Mobile banking today is most often performed via SMS or the mobile Internet
but can also use special programs, called clients, downloaded to the mobile device.
4.5. m-Game
Mobile game (m-game) is a potential market generating revenues for service providers. M-game can
completely offload game engine requiring large computing resource (e.g., graphic rendering) to the
server in the cloud, and gamers only interact with the screen interface on their devices [14]
demonstrates that offloading (multimedia code) can save energy for mobile devices, thereby increasing
game playing time on mobile devices.
5. Key Benefits of Mobile Cloud Computing Applications
MCC provides the software engine that fuels the convergence of open mobile networks, mobile cloud
computing, on demand enterprise solutions, and web and mobile applications, opening up new low
friction commercial channels between multiple diverse industries and vertical market segments. Our
solution, when deployed either by Mobile Operators or cross-network Mobile Cloud Providers, makes
it easy for enterprise solution providers and web or mobile application developers to turbo-charge a
wide variety of applications and services, enriching them with powerful mobile network features and
intelligence available on demand via the mobile cloud. The solutions deliver significant benefits to a
range of organizations, including Mobile Cloud Providers, Network Operators, Enterprise Solution
Providers, and Web or Mobile Application developers. These benefits are summarized in the following
sections.
• Mobile Cloud Providers - It enables Mobile Cloud Providers to develop new
industry-targeted B2B solutions by adding mobile network enablers and intelligent commerce
to their range of on demand cloud based services.
• Network Operators - It enables operators to monetize their mobile network and billing assets
by providing a full commercial solution for Network as a Service.
• Enterprise Solution Providers - The solution allows enterprises and organizations to
improve customer service, increase employee collaboration, enhance business processes and
drive productivity gains.
• Web and Mobile Application Developers - It empowers Web and Mobile application
developers to differentiate their applications with mobile network features and allows them to
reach and bill their maximum potential customer base.
The solution makes it easy for developers to enrich their applications with valuable mobile network
capabilities and intelligence and provides a new direct-to-billing channel for their applications.
6. Legal Issues in Cloud Computing
In the same way that the electricity one uses may have been generated in another country where costs
are lower, the computer processing power or storage one buys via a Cloud service may be based in
another country, or indeed may be divided between multiple countries. But as well as the cost and
efficiency advantages brought in this arrangement, this also raises vexing legal issues in the case of
Cloud Computing arising out of exporting customers data abroad; also, the Cloud Services Provider has
to contend with the Legal Systems under different Jurisdictions with not so much of visibility as to

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where the Data resides and how it is routed to the End User while passing through different Legal
Jurisdictions. Again, vexing Legal Issues relating to ownership of data and liability for its loss or
misuse have to be dealt with by the Cloud Service Providers. The legal issues differ from those arising
from conventional outsourcing or hosting.
A traditional data hosting or server hire contract may have involved use of someone else’s storage or
computer. But it would normally have been clear who you were dealing with and where your rented
resources were located. Such arrangements were also unlikely to have been established on a casual or
informal basis. With Cloud computing, however, the location(s) of your data may be unclear, possibly
even unidentifiable and it is also much easier to set up such an arrangement. The ease with which Mobile
Cloud resources can be allocated and reallocated makes it more likely that it will be done without an
appropriate review of the relevant legal issues.
7. Conclusion
The emergence of Cloud Computing, and its extension into the mobile domain, has brought a new
dimension to Network as a Service: the vision of a global, interconnected “Mobile Cloud” where
application providers and enterprises will be able to access valuable network and billing capabilities
across multiple networks, making it easy for them to enrich their services whether these applications
run on a mobile device, in the web, in a SaaS Cloud, on the desktop or an enterprise server.
Mobile
Cloud Computing will provide a full commercial environment for applications, providing an easy way
for smaller developers to monetize their services as well as new routes to market. Crucially, Mobile
Cloud Computing will eliminate the commercial and technical fragmentation that has thus far proven to
be a barrier to successful collaboration between application providers and operators on a global scale.
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[20] Hong T.Dinh, Chonho Lee, Dusit Niyato, and Ping Wang,” A Survey of Mobile Cloud
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M.Rajendra Prasad is an Assistant Professor in Department of Computer Science at Alluri Institute of
Management Sciences, Warangal, India. The author is M.Tech (SE), Master of Computer Applications
from Kakatiya University, Warangal. His research area is Cloud Computing and other areas of interest
includes Middleware Technologies, Web Technologies and Open Source Technologies. He has 6 years
of teaching experience at Postgraduate Level. He is the Life Member of Indian Society for Technical
Education (ISTE), Associate Member of Computer Society of India (CSI).
Dr. Jayadev Gyani is a Professor & Head in Department of CSIT at Jayamukhi Institute of
Technological Sciences, Warangal, India. He is Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of
Hyderabad, M.Tech (CSE) from Osmania University, Hyderabad. He has 18 years of teaching
experience at B.Tech.and M.Tech. Level. He is Member, Board of Studies, Information Technology,
Kakatiya University. He also received grants of AICTE and UGC, New Delhi. He has delivered
lectures as a Resource Person in several FDPs and SDPs sponsored by AICTE and is coordinator for
SDPs also. He has 33 publications in National and International Journals and Conferences. He is the
Member of ACM, Life Member of Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), Senior Member of
International Association of Computer Science & I.T., Singapore.
Dr.P.R.K.Murti was a Senior Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of Hyderabad.
Presently he is working as a Professor in Department of CSIT at Jayamukhi Institute of Technological
Sciences, Warangal. He obtained M.Tech, Ph.D.(Engg.) from IIT, Kharagpur. He is a Post-Doc Fellow
from Catholic University of LOUVAIN, Belgium, Humboldt Fellow from Ruhr University of
BOCHUM, Germany and Research Fellow from Technical University of TWENTE, Netherlands. He
has produced three Ph.D. degrees in his guidance. He has 48 years of teaching experience. He has 40
publications in International Journals and Indian Conferences. He is Fellow and Life Member in
various professional bodies.

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