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Comparison of vertical ground reaction force during walking in children with flat foot and a normal foot

Authors:
Mostafa Payandeh at University of Guilan
Mostafa Payandeh
Nahid Khoshraftar Yazdi at Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad
Nahid Khoshraftar Yazdi
Ahmad ebrahimi Atri
Ahmad ebrahimi Atri
Mohsen Damavandi
Mohsen Damavandi
Mohsen Damavandi
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Abstract

Background and Aim: Foot arch will always be known as absorbing the force from the ground to foot. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vertical ground reaction force subject with flat foot and a normal foot. Materials and Methods: Fifteen subjects were randomly selected from between children with flexible flat foot, and 15 subjects were randomly selected to the control group from the population with normal feet that were homogeneous with group flat foot of the height, age and weight. And KISTLER force plate were used to measure vertical ground reaction force component both groups at three times; weight transfer on heel, midstance and weight transfer on the toe, during the Stance phase. Data analysis using SPSS 21 software and was performed independent t-test (p< 0/05). Results: There was a significant difference in the weight transfer on heel and midstance phase between flat foot and a normal foot. But no significant difference between the two groups at the weight transfer on the toe. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in the subject flat foot at time, transfer of weight on the heel and transfer of weight on the toe, enters more ground reaction force then individuals normal foot. This could be a major factor for foot injuries in the subjects flat foot. According to research findings, shoes Makers can use the information obtained and measures the toes and shoe heel to include for subjects flat foot, able to absorb amount of the ground reaction force and this will prevent subjects from injury. Comparison of vertical ground reaction force during walking in children with flat foot and a normal foot. J Rehab Med. 2015; 4(1): 33-41.
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 



Comparison of vertical ground reaction force during walking in children with
flat foot and a normal foot
Mostafa Payandeh *1 , Nahid Khoshraftar Yazdi 2 , Ahmad Ebrahimi Atri 3 , Mohsen Damavandi 4
1. MSc student of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Physical Education) (corresponding author)
paradise.gheshm2011@gmail.com
2. Assistant Professor of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Physical Education)
3. Assistant Professor of FerdowsiUniversity of Mashhad (Physical Education)
4. Assistant Professor of Hakim University of Sabzevari( Physical Education
Article received on: 2014.3.22 Article accepted on: 2015.1.16
ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Foot arch will always be known as absorbing the force from the ground
to foot. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vertical ground reaction force subject
with flat foot and a normal foot.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen subjects were randomly selected from between children with
flexible flat foot, and 15 subjects were randomly selected to the control group from the
population with normal feet that were homogeneous with group flat foot of the height, age and
weight. And KISTLER force plate were used to measure vertical ground reaction force
component both groups at three times; weight transfer on heel, midstance and weight transfer on
the toe, during the Stance phase. Data analysis using SPSS 21 software and was performed
independent t-test (p< 0/05).
Results: There was a significant difference in the weight transfer on heel and midstance phase
between flat foot and a normal foot. But no significant difference between the two groups at the
weight transfer on the toe.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in the subject flat foot at time, transfer of
weight on the heel and transfer of weight on the toe, enters more ground reaction force then
individuals normal foot. This could be a major factor for foot injuries in the subjects flat foot.
According to research findings, shoes Makers can use the information obtained and measures the
toes and shoe heel to include for subjects flat foot, able to absorb amount of the ground reaction
force and this will prevent subjects from injury.
Key Words: Flat foot , Vertical ground reaction force, Force plate, Child
Cite this article as: Mostafa Payandeh, Nahid Khoshraftar Yazdi, Ahmad Ebrahimi Atri, Mohsen Damavandi.
Comparison of vertical ground reaction force during walking in children with flat foot and a normal foot. J Rehab
Med. 2015; 4(1): 33-41.
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Jong Sung Changa
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 :
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

Stance
       p
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

 

pStance
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n= 
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 
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Bertani 
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
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    
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
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Effect of Fatigue on Spatial and Temporal Parameters of Gait in Normal and Flexible Flat Foot
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2020
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue on spatial and temporal parameters of gait in peoples with normal and flexible flat foot. In this Quasi-experimental study, among 15-18-years-old boy students in Tehran, 10 people with flexible flat foot and 10 people with normal foot arch participated as subjects. The results showed that there was a significant difference in post-test between groups in the single support. But there were no significant differences in the variables of stride time, step time, double support, stride length, step length, and step width. Also, fatigue had a significant effect on the variables of stride time, step time, double support, stride length, step length and step width. it seems that fatigue has a significant effect on some temporal and spatial parameters of gait in people with normal and flat foot.
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Ground reaction force and support moment in typical and flat-feet children
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
Assessing ground reaction force could provide valuable information in prescribing appropriate footwear to reduce the consequences of flat-foot as well as limiting further complication in flat-feet children. The main goal of this study was to explore the dynamic plantar loading dur-ing child walking for. This study examined ground reaction force in 60 flat-foot children and 25 aged-matched control subjects. Measured parameters included ground reaction force (GRF), and the joint moments of the lower limb. The contribution to the support moment from each joint in the lower limb was determined for the control and flat feet groups.
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Cognitive performance is improved while walking : Differences in cognitive-sensorimotor couplings between children and young adults
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2010
We investigated how 9-year-olds and young adults performed a working memory task under different difficulty conditions while walking on a treadmill. Stride-length and stride-time variability tended to decrease with cognitive load in young adults, whereas children showed an increase in walking variability when cognitive load was very high. Participants in both age groups improved their cognitive performance when walking at their preferred speed as opposed to sitting or walking at a fixed, non-preferred speed. We conclude that the interaction of walking and cognitive performance is influenced by sharing resources between two tasks, and that performance improvements in cognition may be caused by an exercise-induced activation of resources.
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A Review of Resistance Exercise and Posture Realignment
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2001
Exercise has been promoted in an attempt to correct postural deviations, such as excessive lumbar lordosis, scoliosis, kyphosis, and abducted scapulae. One of the assumed causes of these conditions is a weak and lengthened agonist muscle group combined with a strong and tight antagonist muscle group. Strengthening and stretching exercises have been prescribed accordingly. It is implied that strengthening exercises will encourage adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon length, reposition skeletal segments, and produce static posture realignment. A review of the literature has found a lack of reliable, valid data collected in controlled settings to support the contention that exercise will correct existing postural deviations. Likewise, objective data to indicate that exercise will lead to postural deviations are lacking. It is likely that exercise programs are of insufficient duration and frequency to induce adaptive changes in muscle-tendon length. Additionally, any adaptations from restricted range-of-movement exercise would likely be offset by daily living activities that frequently require the body segments to go through full ranges of motion.
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Gait studies of patients with flat feet
Article
  • Dec 1993
Many patients are referred to the outpatients department with ‘flat feet’, but it is generally accepted that a small proportion, if not treated, will produce pain and disability in later life. The great toe extension test is used as a screening test to identify this small group, a negative test indicating failure of normal mechanical functioning of the plantar-aponeurosis.This paper aims to validate this test by demonstrating, by biomechanical analysis, that the foot with the abnormal great toe extension test shows abnormal forces and moments generated around the ankle joint during walking.
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Differences of ground reaction forces and kinematics of lower extremity according to landing height between flat and normal feet
Article
  • Feb 2012
The study compared lower extremity kinematics and kinetics between male subjects with flat and normal feet when landing on both feet from platforms at different heights. Ten subjects with a flat feet arch and 10 subjects with a normal foot arch were recruited. They performed a double limb drop landing from 20, 40, and 60 cm onto a force-plate. A three-dimensional motion analysis system, force plates, and electromyography were used to analyze lower extremity kinetic and kinematic data. The GRF and angle of sagittal plane significantly increased with landing height in the flat foot group. In particular, hip joint angles at a height of 60 cm were significantly greater. The electromyography values were significantly higher for the tibialis anterior and vastus lateralis muscles, but were significantly lower in the abductor hallucis, gastrocnemius, and biceps femoris muscles in the flat foot group. GRF, joint angles, and muscle activity patterns in the lower extremities increases more with height in flat footed individuals than in people with a normal foot arch. Flat feet may aggravate the risk of shock on landing from a height; this might be ameliorated by a compensatory strategy at the hip joints to facilitate load distribution.
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Kinematic differences between normal and low arched feet in children using the Heidelberg foot measurement method
Article
  • Feb 2010
The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematics of normal arched and low arched feet in children and use this data to quantify the differences between the two foot types during walking gait. Multi-segment foot motion was measured, using the Heidelberg foot measurement method (HFMM), for 25 normal arched feet and 27 low arched feet in 9-12-year-old children. The kinematic differences in the foot between the two groups during walking were relatively small, except for the medial arch and forefoot supination angles. The magnitude of the medial arch angle was approximately 10 degrees greater in the low arched group than the normal arched group throughout the gait cycle. There was a significant difference found in the forefoot supination angle (p<0.03), relative to the midfoot, between the two groups at initial heel strike, and maximum and minimum values throughout the gait cycle. The values for the normal group were significantly higher in all these angles indicating that the forefoot of the low arched foot remains less pronated during the gait cycle. There was no significant difference in the motion of the rearfoot between the two foot types. The results of this study provide normative values for children's feet and highlight the mechanical differences in flexible flat feet in this age group. This data contributes to knowledge on foot kinematics in children and will be valuable for future research on the structure, function and potential treatment of the flexible flat foot.
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Flat foot functional evaluation using pattern recognition of ground reaction data
Article
  • Sep 1999
  • CLIN BIOMECH
Main purpose of this study was to apply quantitative gait analysis and statistical pattern recognition as clinical decision-making aids in flat foot diagnosis and post-surgery monitoring. Statistical pattern recognition techniques were applied to discriminate between normal and flat foot populations through ground reaction force measurements; ground reaction forces time course was assumed as a sensible index of the foot function. Gait analysis is becoming recognized as an important clinical tool in orthopaedics, in pre-surgery planning, post-surgery monitoring and in a posteriori evaluation of different treatment techniques. Statistical pattern recognition techniques have been utilized with success in this field to identify the most significant variables of selected motor functions in different pathologies, and to design classification rules and quantitative evaluation scores. Ground reaction forces were recorded during free speed barefoot walks on 28 healthy subjects, and 28 symptomatic flexible flat foot children selected for surgical intervention. A new feature selection algorithm, based on heuristic optimization, was applied to select the most discriminant ground reaction forces time samples. A two-stage pattern recognition system, composed by three linear feature extractors, one for each ground reaction force component, and a linear classifier, was designed to classify the feet of each subject using the selected features. The output of the classifier was used to define a functional score. The classifier assigned the ground reaction force patterns performed by each subject into the right class with an estimated error of 15%, corresponding to an assignment error for each subject's foot of 9%. The most discriminant ground reaction forces time samples selected are in full agreement with the pathophysiology of the symptomatic flexible flat foot. The obtained score was utilized to monitor the 1 and 2 years post-operative functional recovery of two differently treated subgroups of 32 flexible flat foot subjects. Statistical pattern recognition techniques are promising tools for clinical gait analysis; the obtained score provides important functional information that could be used as a further aid in the clinical evaluation of flat foot and different surgical treatment techniques. Symptomatic flexible flat foot surgical decision making is frequently difficult because of the lack of objective criteria to assess functional abnormalities of the foot/ankle complex. Gait analysis and statistical pattern recognition can give us parameters with which to characterize "functional" flat foot. Moreover, we can objectively follow up the recovery of the foot/ankle complex function after surgical treatment.
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Correlating Factors and Clinical Significance of Flexible Flatfoot in Preschool Children
Article
  • May 2001
  • J PEDIATR ORTHOPED
To elucidate the correlating factors and clinical significance of flexible flatfoot (FF) in preschool children of Taiwan, a cross-sectional study was conducted in a research laboratory equipped with a gait analysis facility. Altogether, 377 preschool children (201 boys, 176 girls), ranging in age from 2 to 6 years, were enrolled in this investigation. The results show that age, height, weight, foot progression angle, occurrence of physical knock-knee, and joint laxity score correlate with FF. Children with FF, compared with children without, performed physical tasks poorly and walked slowly, as determined by gait parameters. The FF should not simply be regarded as a problem of static alignment of the ankle and foot complex, but may be the consequence of a dynamic functional change of the lower extremity. Better understanding of the correlating factors and the clinical relevance of FF may prove helpful in deciding on the most appropriate treatment for a particular patient.
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