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Global Scenario of Remediation Techniques to Combat Pesticide Pollution
Abstract and Figures
The introduction of chemical substances in agriculture through fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, phytohormones is closely linked to both the increase of agricultural production and the problems of the environment. These attacks against the intensification of agriculture by means mainly refer to the following: chemical pesticides lead to the depletion of the natural fertility of the soil and, ultimately, to an imbalance in the natural composition of the soil; chemical pesticides, especially those with N and P, lead to the release of nitrogen and phosphorus into the environment with adverse consequences on surface water eutrophication and biological balance; chemical pesticides produce changes in the quality of the crops, respectively of the elements, by accumulations of nitrates, carbohydrates, lipids, change of the C/N, N/P, Ca/Mg ratio; the residual effect of some chemicals in the food, together with other factors, contributes to the promotion of modern diseases; intensive agriculture, modifying biocenoses create an ecological imbalance.
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... In the EU, organic farming is supported by the Common Agricultural Policy. The role of organic farming is to provide quality food while protecting the environment [11][12][13][14][15] Synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, GMO, antibiotics, synthetic growth hormones, artificial flavors, colors and preservation, sewage sludge and irradiation are not allowed in certified organic production. The EU has launched a new strategy entitled Farm to Fork which aims to increase organic crops production up to 25% by 2030. ...
The development of organic farming as a result of increasing consumer preference for organic food has led to the development and registration of new pest-control products for certified organic production. In this study, the effects of three biocontrol products containing spores and mycelium of Arthrobotrys oligospora—Artis®, Beauveria bassiana—Bora®, and Coniothyrium minitans—Öko-ni® were tested on four basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars: ‘Aromat de Buzau’, ‘Serafim’, ‘Macedon’ and ‘Cuisoare’. The application of Öko-ni® increased basil yields by 8% relative to Control. The application of Bora® increased chlorophyll content of basil leaves by 2% and the activity of photosynthesis by 66% relative to the Control. Basil essential oil (EO) content was increased by 18% with the application of Artis® and by 34% with the application of Bora® and Öko-ni®, respectively. The content of phenolic compounds analyzed by HPLC varied; caffeic acid concentration was higher in the plants treated with Öko-ni®, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and rutin concentrations were higher in those treated with Artis®, while the quercitrin content was higher in Bora®-treated plants. The two main EO constituents that were identified were linalool and methyl chavicol in ‘Aromat de Buzau’, linalool and eugenol in ‘Serafim’, neral and geranial in ‘Macedon’, also linalool and eugenol in ‘Cuisoare’. The investigated myco-biocontrol products had positive effects on basil fresh biomass and EO content and also influenced the content of phenolic compounds.
An in-depth comprehension of the classifications, characterizations, and bioaccumulative properties of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have become global issues due to bioaccumulation, persistency, and toxicity, is addressed. Literary concept on POPs is discussed in detail. The milestones of development of pesticide application, industry, and management are represented. Banned POPs: the dirty dozen and nasty nine, according to the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (SC-POPs), have special investigations. Natural and anthropogenic sources of POPs are highlighted. The molecular diagnostic ratio (MDR) to identify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources is highlighted. Many biopesticides assigned by the US Environmental Protection Agency are reported. POPs can be categorized into three common classes: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, and bactericide), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Reproductive problems, immunological and neurological illnesses, cancer, and endocrine disruption are some of the most well-known harmful health outcomes linked to POP toxicity. The primary fate of POPs in the marine environment is through atmospheric deposition at the air-sea interface. A second important route for POPs is when they attach to settling particles in municipal or industrial effluents and are deposited in the bottom sediment. The key processes that control the fate of POPs are air-sea exchange, ocean currents, phase distribution, and degradation.
The delignification efficiency of different laccase enzymes was examined on the eucalyptus Kraft pulp. The laccase enzyme from Trametes versicolor showing the highest delignification efficiency was selected and used in the elemental chlorine-free bleaching sequence for improving the pulp bleachability. A n appreciable reduction in chlorine dioxide consumption was also obtained. Further reduction in chlorine dioxide consumption was obtained when the same laccase treated pulp was subjected to an acid treatment after the extraction stage followed by the DE P D sequence. Elemental-chlorine free bleaching was also performed using the xylanase-laccase treated pulp. Xylanase treatment was incorporated to the laccase mediator system in the elemental-chlorine free bleaching both sequentially and simultaneously. The bleaching sequence DE P D followed and in both the cases, the reduction in chlorine dioxide consumption was greater in comparison to the control. The chlorine dioxide consumption was reduced further when xylanase-laccase treated pulp was given an additional acid treatment. The final pulp properties of the treated pulps were comparable to the control pulp.
The area of Ponce Enríquez, Southern Ecuador, is one of the most important artisanal and small scale gold mining (ASGM) areas in the country, where informal mining operations can be found using amalgamation technique, even though it has been prohibited since 2010. Considering the potential impact of these mining operations, the present research focused on heavy metal pollutants in subsurface sediments at 214 sampling locations from several detailed sampling campaigns in the rivers Fermín, Fermín Norte, Guanache, Villa, and Siete. Four parameters were calculated to evaluate the geochemical composition of the river sediment and heavy metal concentrations: The enrichment factor (EF), the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), the contamination factor (Cf) and the pollution load index (PLI). The analyzed elements were Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Cd, Sb, Sr, and Hg. Due to the lack of standards for pollution levels in sediments in Ecuador, Canadian guidelines were used as interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) in this research for comparison with the obtained results in subsurface sediments. The multi-index geochemical analysis indicated elevated heavy metal concentrations in all subsurface sediments in the studied river ecosystems.
The world population is going to increase in tremendous rate. To feed and clothe
this population from exhausted land and fast depleting water resources would be
the great concern and challenge to the future generation. Moreover the use of
genetically modified crops, hybrid seed, fertilizers and pesticide in the agricultural
field is major concern today. Pesticide at present is an indispensable tool to
increasing the yield and to protect the economically important crops from pest,
insects, fungi, nematode and weeds. There are three primary approaches to
bioremediation; biostimulation, bioaugmentation and phytoremediation.
Biodegradation of pesticide by bacteria, fungi, algae and other organisms is
ecofriendly, most efficient and economical method of detoxification. Another
approach is genetically modified microorganism i.e. recombinant strain for
degradation would be boon to soil bioremediation processes
On earth, all forms of life wholly and solely depend upon the clean water sources for their survival. The freshwater ecosystems are home for large number of organisms from microscopic to macroscopic species. However, water pollution has changed the history of freshwater ecosystems due to addition of variety of pollutants. The problem of water pollution is getting worsened year after year which ultimately affects the limited freshwater resources. The anthropogenic activities have created a situation that may, in the coming years, cause permanent damage to the balanced structure of freshwater ecosystems. There are numerous techniques available for wastewater treatment prior to its discharge into recipient water bodies. But, due to one or other reasons, these conventional techniques fail to meet the demands of treating the wastewaters. Besides, efficiency of these available conventional techniques is also a matter of concern. The literature cited in this chapter suggests that nanotechnology could be a valuable, efficient and clean technology to treat the wastewaters. It is not selective to cleanup only organic based pollutants but efficient to remediate heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Cr³⁺) and pesticides in wastewaters. Furthermore, due to an excellent adsorption and catalytic properties of nanomaterials, it has proven to have marvellous antimicrobial activity, pathogen detection and disinfectant quality for the treatment wastewaters.
Although three quarters of Earth is occupied by water but quantity of available fresh water is limited. In a vast arena of environmental issues during the present era, aquatic pollution is one of the major problems. In order to curb the growing concern of aquatic pollution, biotechnological interventions provide distinguished avenues in the form of novel techniques of remediation (biodegradation, biostimulation, blastofiltration, cyanoremediation, biosparging and mycoremediation). And in order to hold back effluence of pollutants into aquatic environs, biotechnological gadgets (biological fuel cells and biosensors) are quite helpful to achieve sustainable development.
Water is an essential compound for supporting the biota on earth. There are various sources of water to support the life in freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems play magical role as they provide services to support life process in living creatures. But, growing population, urbanization, industrialization put drastic pressure on the freshwater ecosystems, with the result altered the quality scenario of freshwaters by adding huge quantities of contamination. Water contaminations not only degrade the quality of freshwater, but simultaneously pose harmful risks to the whole environment. The chemical substances in freshwater ecosystem can’t be neutralized easily due to their complex structure and have great potential to remain intact in any kind of environments. These substances nowadays are continuously added into the freshwater ecosystem on daily basis by way of discharging untreated domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater. Most of these substances get accumulated in the bottom sediments and very minute concentration in the form of organic and inorganic constituents remain either in suspended form or solution in liquid medium of freshwater ecosystem. Presences of these kinds of pollutants in freshwater ecosystem have long-term impacts on aquatic and associated biota. Therefore, need of an hour is to monitor the quality of freshwater ecosystem on regular basis and focus should be given to the treatment of effluents prior to its discharge into the freshwater ecosystem.
Fish diseases are major challenges now-a-days which disrupt the stable supply of fishes around the world. Fish diseases are caused by bacterial and fungal infection and other environmental factors (poor water quality) are generally responsible for mass mortalities both in cultured as well as in wild fishes. Bacterial infection produces septicaemia, ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases causing significant mortality in fishes of different habitats and affects the economy of the aquaculture sector. Polluted environs contains always disease spreading pathogens in addition to facultative microbes. The current review suggests that the incidences of bacterial infection in fishes have increased significantly, with new pathogens regularly recognized. Furthermore, the accounts of the whole genomes of various bacterial species over the years have allowed the identification of an important number of virulence genes that affect the pathogenic potential of these bacteria. The literature over review provides the most relevant information derived from the available bacterial genomes in relation to virulence and on the diverse virulence factors. Thus an attempt is made in the current review to portray the importance of profiling and evaluation of effect of the pathogenic bacteria in the fish fauna.
The burden of pollutants in water is growing at an alarming rate. The Pollution load is the chief element responsible for ecological stress in aquatic ecosystems. Causative agents for stress in the aquatic ecosystem are usually heavy metals, limiting or excessive nutrient availability, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and changing water properties. Biofilms are collective populations of microbes embodied in the extracellular polymeric substance and are mostly found on different surfaces. These are good indicators of pollution as well as the best candidates for the treatment of pollution load in water bodies. Microbial populations from biofilm have been successfully characterized and used for bioremediation and removal of nutrients from polluted waters due to their unique mechanism of binding with pollutants and high tolerance limit. Biofilm based bioreactors are in use today for cleaning polluted water and have been proved to be more efficient than conventional pollution treatment plants. In this section an effort has been made to evaluate biofilm as the best available option for environmental cleanup of pollution in aquatic ecosystems.
This volume is a reference and identification manual for the vascular plants found in permanent or seasonal fresh water in the subcontinent of India south of the Himalayas. About 660 species are described and the style of the text is accessible both to experts and to those with only a little botanical training. All the plants are illustrated by line drawings showing the diagnostic features. The importance of wetlands to life on Earth is now generally accepted. This is the first such Flora to cover wetland plants for this entire geographical area, replacing and supplementing many local Floras. It will enable scientists and conservationists to identify the plants with accuracy and to build on this information to promote conservation. This is a most valuable contribution to systematic botany by an international recognized scientist.
New techniques, improved understanding and changes in regulations relating to environmental analysis means that students, technicians and lecturers alike need an up-to-date guide to practical environmental analysis. This unique book provides detailed instructions for practical experiments in environmental analysis. The comprehensive coverage includes the chemical analysis of important pollutants in air, water, soil and plant tissue, and the experiments generally require only basic laboratory equipment and instrumentation. The content is supported by theoretical material explaining, amongst other concepts, the principles behind each method and the importance of various pollutants. Also included are suggestions for projects and worked examples. Appendices cover environmental standards, practical safety and laboratory practice. Building on the foundations laid by the highly acclaimed first edition, this new edition has been revised and updated to include information on new monitoring techniques, the Air Quality Index, internet resources and professional ethics. Like its predecessor, this informative text is certain to be valued as an indispensable guide to practical environmental analysis by students on a variety of science courses and their lecturers. Reviews of the first edition: "I strongly urge academics in chemistry, biology, botany, soil science, geography and environmental science departments to give [this book] serious consideration as a course text." Malcolm Cresser, Environment Department, University of York, UK "Destined to become a course text for many university courses ... a high quality, informative introductory text ... there should be multiple copies on most university's library shelves." Environmental Conservation