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Plant Nanobionics: Application of Nanobiosensors in Plant Biology
Abstract
Nanobiosensors (NBSs) are a class of chemical sensors which are sensitive to a physical or chemical stimulus (heat, acidity, metabolism transformations) that conveys information about vital processes. NBSs detect physiological signals and convert them into standardized signals, often electrical, to be quantified from analog to digital. NBSs are classified according to the transducer element (electrochemical, piezoelectric, optical, and thermal) in accordance with biorecognition principle (enzyme recognition, affinity immunoassay, whole sensors, DNA). NBSs have varied forms, depending on the degree of interpretation of natural processes in plants. Plant nanobionics uses mathematical models based on qualitative and less quantitative records. NBSs can give information about endogenous concentrations or endogenous fluxes of signaling molecules (phytohormones). The properties of NBSs are temporal and spatial resolution, the ability of being used without significantly interfering with the system. NBSs with the best properties are the optically genetically coded NBSs, but each NBS needs specific development efforts. NBS technologies using antibodies as a recognition domain are generic and tend to be more invasive, and there are examples of their use in plant nanobionics. Through opportunities that develop along with technologies, we hope that more and more NBSs will become available for plant nanobionics. The main advantages of NBSs are short analysis time, low-cost tests and portability, real-time measurements, and remote control.
... Biological and physicochemical data in soil, such as humidity, microbial load, and pH, can be monitored using nanobiosensors. These technologies conserve water, herbicides, pesticides, and preserve soil fertility and assisting in the efficient use of manpowers, resulting in increased productivity and improved quality (Butnariu and Butu, 2019). This study emphasizes the application of nanotechnology in agriculture as shown in Fig. 3, which may assist to ensure the long-term survival of NPs in agriculture and their environment (Shang et al., 2019). ...
... It is an integrated and production-based farming strategy that strives to improve whole-farm production efficiency, site-specific, profitability, and productivity by reducing unintended consequences for wildlife and the environment. This new perspective suggests that precision agriculture is a dynamic management approach that is ready to incorporate new technologies as they become available (Butnariu and Butu, 2019). ...
... Nanomaterial's properties allow them to handle a wide range of signals, including optical, electrochemical, and mass-sensitive signals. Data transmission and storage are handled by the data recording unit, which consists of an amplifier and a signal processor (Butnariu and Butu, 2019). These devices are generally used in agricultural genetic engineering, where it's crucial to understand reaction pathways and enzyme and microbe sensitivities for different substrates and signaling molecules. ...
Most developing nations' economies are built on agriculture and most of their citizens rely on it for survival. Global agricultural systems are experiencing tough and unprecedented challenges in the age of changing climate. Every year, the world's population grows, necessitating increased agrarian productivity. As a result, there has been a movement toward utilizing emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology with plant systems has inspired great interest in the current scenario in developing areas that come under the umbrella of agriculture and develop environmental remediation strategies. Plant-mediated synthesized nanoparticle (NPs) are eco-friendly, less time consuming, less expensive, and provide long-term product safety. Simultaneously, it provides tools that have the potentiality as "magic bullets" containing nutrients, fungicides, fertilizers, herbicides, or nucleic acids that target specific plant tissues and deliver their payload to the targeting location of the plant to achieve the intended results for environmental monitoring and pollution resistance. In this perspective, the classification and biological activities of different NPs on agroecosystem are focused. Furthermore, absorption, transport, and modification of NPs in plants were thoroughly examined. Some of the most promising new technologies e.g., nanotechnology to increase crop agricultural input efficiency and reduce biotic and abiotic stresses are also discussed. Potential development and implementation challenges were explored, highlighting the importance of using a systems approach when creating suggested nanotechnologies.
... Currently, very little information is available on how these NPs affect the soil microbial community. They may have an impact on soil microorganisms through direct effects, changes in the bioavailability of nutrients, indirect effects resulting from their interaction with natural organic compounds, and interactions with toxic organic compounds which would alleviate their toxicity [62,63]. Many studies have looked at how root exudates affect how well NPs are absorbed by roots. ...
... When compared to control treatments, such exposure boosts CAT, POD, and SOD activities, which aid in reducing a variety of abiotic stresses. Additionally, CNTs can function as an artificial antenna for the chloroplast, assisting it to absorb green light, infrared, and ultraviolet (UV) [63]. The use of polyhydroxyfulerene (PHF), a water-soluble carbon nanomaterial, can lessen the level of plant toxicity brought by HMs [43]. ...
In the current scenario, the rising concentration of heavy metals (HMs) due to anthropogenic activities is a severe problem. Plants are very much affected by HM pollution as well as other abiotic stress such as salinity and drought. It is very important to fulfil the nutritional demands of an ever-growing population in these adverse environmental conditions and/or stresses. Remediation of HM in contaminated soil is executed through physical and chemical processes which are costly, time-consuming, and non-sustainable. The application of nanobionics in crop resilience with enhanced stress tolerance may be the safe and sustainable strategy to increase crop yield. Thus, this review emphasizes the impact of nanobionics on the physiological traits and growth indices of plants. Major concerns and stress tolerance associated with the use of nanobionics are also deliberated concisely. The nanobionic approach to plant physiological traits and stress tolerance would lead to an epoch of plant research at the frontier of nanotechnology and plant biology.
... The resulting biosensors were developed to reveal a remarkably high sensitivity in detecting ions of copper in environmental matrices (Chen et al. 2017). Similarly, Butnariu and Butu (2019) explained that plant nano bionics and biosensors utilize mathematical models based on qualitative and not quantitative details. Such biosensors can provide details on endogenous contents and fluxes in signaling molecules which are the plant hormones. ...
... Such biosensors can provide details on endogenous contents and fluxes in signaling molecules which are the plant hormones. They concluded that plants-based biosensors are of low cost, portable, and short time and allow real-time detection (Butnariu and Butu 2019). Further, Mazarei et al. (2008) documented that the utilization of plants as sentinels in the sensing of diseases and stress within the environment due to contaminants lies because plants are ubiquitous and indispensable components of most ecological systems. ...
The quest to develop more effective and cost-efficient environmental monitoring methods has efficiently improved with high sensitivity, rapidness, and selectivity, over the traditional low detecting and analytical methods such as capillary electrophoresis, potentiometric biosensor Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), chromatographic techniques, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), thermal and piezoelectric biosensors, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Recent advances have led to the development of improved biological sensors that exhibit the capability to detect and analyze parameters by using bio-recognition elements. These sensitive and effective biosensors at nanoparticle range are becoming more efficient and cost-effective means of monitoring food analysis and our environment. Further, the use of fluorescence in environmental monitoring systems with the aid of green fluorescence protein (GFP) and yellow fluorescence proteins (YFP), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based biosensors (genosensors) have now been engaged to provide a friendlier environment. Moreover, gold nanorods DNA biosensors (GNRs-DNA) are utilized for the identification of microorganisms. Another improvement is detecting bacterial cells and metabolites by nano/micro biosensors such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). This biosensor utilizes the spectroscopic analysis method to detect microbes, disease markers, explosives, and chemicals. In this, biosensors for food-borne diseases and environmental monitoring sensors will be evaluated and discussed and the use of genetically modified microorganisms for microbial biosensors.
... Signal transmission is accomplished using a transducer T that connects NBS processes to the processing-transform unit in a detectable signal. Nano biosensors are a tool for physiological assessment that converts physiological measurements into visual signals (Butnariu and Butu, 2019). Different types of biosensors have been developed in the search for simple and fast methods of plant infection detection, such as DNA-based diagnostics. ...
With the confluence of various disciplines, advanced technologies have cropped up. Nanotechnology has developed various emerging devices such as nano-biosensors. A nano-biosensor is a small analytical system possessing multifaceted applications in the field of agriculture, health, environment and quality control. In agriculture, it has shown tremendous potential for simple and fast methods of plant disease detection and identification. In this review we discuss the applications of biosensors in modern agriculture and their role in diagnosing and managing biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. It has been a topic of keen interest among researchers to investigate the potentiality of biosensors in plant stress management. Nano-based biosensors in agricultural stress management encompass various biomasses like metals, electrodes, etc. The review also focuses on the extensive use of nano-based biosensors in plant disease detection and elucidation of metabolic factors involved at the cellular level. There seems to be a significant untapped potential in using biosensors of nano origin for use in plant sciences. The literature suggests that nano-based biosensors will be the future forerunners in plant stress diagnosis. Comprehensively, this review elucidates various high throughput methodologies to mitigate various plant stresses and the various achievements in developing nano-inspired biosensors in plant stress biology.
... Using efficient detecting and exact reaction derived from a nanobionics method, nanobiosensors could be relied on the largescale and widespread action of a crop over an entire field. Nanobionics is the computational simulation of detectors to detect the motions of different phytohormones and signaling chemicals [95]. Because of nanobiosensor capacity to monitor, process, and identify modifications, nanobiosensors have generally been used to support the development of "smart agriculture" and/or "precise farming" [96]. ...
In addition to rapidly deteriorating land and increasing costs of production, growing world populations and diminishing resources of nature constitute significant challenges towards the sustainability of the food and agriculture sectors. The application of certain pesticides, such as organophosphates, carbamates, and organochlorines, and pyrethroids to enhance agriculture and protect public health has grown in conjunction with the worldwide population boom. Since the vast majority of these pesticides are not biodegradable, this has not just boosted the possibility of biological magnification but additionally polluted the groundwater. Thus, technologies that are both conventional and innovative have been created for frequently verifying the existence of such pesticides in the surroundings. Global efforts that encourage sustainability may profit significantly through the commercialization of nanotechnology. With immense promise in many different scientific disciplines in addition to everyday activities, nanotechnology continues to be viewed as a gift to society. The development of a new kind of biosensors referred to as nanobiosensors has been significantly boosted by nanotechnology. Biological recognition molecules typically reside on the outermost layer of signal transducers to create nanobiosensors. Particularly, nanobiosensors possess a multitude of uses across the agri-food chains, such as controlling severe infections, regulating crop diseases caused by pests or pathogenic organisms, and helping as diagnostic tools for detecting pests during preservation and soil condition evaluation and assuring the ultimate control of quality. The molecular identification of biomarkers linked to illness diagnosis is another common use for nanobiosensors. Eventually, lab-on-a-chip devices for quick and inexpensive screening of a wide range of analyses will be possible because of advancements in nanobiosensor technology. In particular, nanomaterials like gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, and quantum dot particles have been extensively investigated for their possible applications in biosensors, which have grown as a new multifaceted area that overcomes the gap between material science and biological sensing. The article sheds light on recent investigations on nanobiosensors for sustainable applications with some significant contributions in the past. To help academic and industry researchers alike, the benefits and drawbacks are also covered.
Graphical Abstract
... This is done by bacteria such as Bacillus, Bacterium, or Micrococcus. In water, ammonia derivatives exist in two chemical forms (Butnariu & Butu, 2019b). The first is free molecular ammonia (NH 3 ), a rarefied gas that is formed especially if the pH of the water is greater than or equal to 7. At a pH of less than 7, ammonia associates with a water molecule and forms ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH) (Vardanian et al., 2018). ...
The effects of pharmaceuticals on the nitrogen cycle in water and soil have recently become an increasingly important issue for environmental research. However, a few studies have investigated the direct effects of pharmaceuticals on the nitrogen cycle in water and soil. Pharmaceuticals can contribute to inhibition and stimulation of nitrogen cycle processes in the environment. Some pharmaceuticals have no observable effect on the nitrogen cycle in water and soil while others appeared to inhibit or stimulate for it. This review reports on the most recent evidence of effects of pharmaceuticals on the nitrogen cycle processes by examination of the potential impact of pharmaceuticals on nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification, denitrification, and anammox. Research studies have identified pharmaceuticals that can either inhibit or stimulate nitrification, ammonification, denitrification, and anammox. Among these, amoxicillin, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, narasin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethazine had the most significant effects on nitrogen cycle processes. This review also clearly demonstrates that some nitrogen transformation processes such as nitrification show much higher sensitivity to the presence of pharmaceuticals than other nitrogen transformations or flows such as mineralization or ammonia volatilization. We conclude by suggesting that future studies take a more comprehensive approach to report on pharmaceuticals’ impact on the nitrogen cycle process.
Nanotechnology plays a vital role in agriculture development. This role exists in many agricultural aspects such as fertilizer production, pesticide production, and pest management. Using nanotechnology, it could reduce the cost of food production and environmental pollution and at the same time increase the yield of crops. Nano-sensors are considered one of the most important components in nanotechnology branches. The nano-sensors used in diagnosis or detection of diseases may be chemical, biological, or mechanical components. Sometimes biological sensors are used so are called nanobiosensor. Recently, nano-sensors were used for monitoring of plant diseases. It was known that the sooner the disease is detected, the sooner the treatment is possible. Some nano-sensors have been synthesized for detection of plant parasitic nematode infection and also gave a fast solution to the management of this pest. So, many scientists considered that the nano-sensors are the main tolls in disease mentoring.
In this century, most agriculture products are grown by using various pesticides and fertilizers but only a small portion of pesticides applied to crops reach the target pest and most of these chemicals enter the environment and kill non-target living things more than pests. Sustainable agriculture is an eco-friendly option and reduces the negative effects of conventional agriculture,
Plant nanobionics provides an interface between nanotechnology and plant biology. It is an area of plant science which uses nanoparticles and their interaction with plant system that comes up with a novel function. The application of nanoparticles in plants system provides them with novel functions is termed as plant nanobionics. Plant nanobionics has various applications in the field of agriculture, biosensors, defense, etc. Thus, can help in crop management.
The increasing global population and limited natural resources are amongst major challenges in the sustainability of agricultural and food industries, together with the rapid shrinking of land and increasing production cost. Based on the application of nanobiosensors, natural resources can be utilised more efficiently. Particularly, nanobiosensors can be used in a wide range of applications throughout the agri-food route, ranging from detection of soil condition, crop diseases caused by pest/pathogen, management of severe infections, and diagnostic tools for detection of pests during storage and ensures final quality assurance. Here, we review the various recent applications of nanobiosensors in agricultural and food industries. The advantages and limitations are also discussed to provide useful insights to both academic and industrial researchers. Moreover, recent patents have been discussed to provide the latest trends in biosensors for agri-food industry to maintain sustainable development.
Immunoassays are antibody-based analytical methods for quantitative/qualitative analysis. Since the principle of immunoassays is based on specific antigen–antibody reaction, the assays have been utilized worldwide for diagnosis, pharmacokinetic studies by drug monitoring, and the quality control of commercially available products. Berson and Yalow were the first to develop an immunoassay, known as radioimmunoassay (RIA), for detecting endogenous plasma insulin [1], a development for which Yalow was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977. Even today, after half a century, immunoassays are widely utilized with some modifications from the originally proposed system, e.g., radioisotopes have been replaced with enzymes because of safety concerns regarding the use of radioactivity, which is referred to as enzyme immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, progress has been made in ELISA with the recent advances in recombinant DNA technology, leading to increase in the range of antibodies, probes, and even systems. This review article describes ELISA and its applications for the detection of plant secondary metabolites.
Nanotechnology monitors a leading agricultural controlling process, especially by its miniature dimension. Additionally, many potential benefits such as enhancement of food quality and safety, reduction of agricultural inputs, enrichment of absorbing nanoscale nutrients from the soil, etc. allow the application of nanotechnology to be resonant encumbrance. Agriculture, food, and natural resources are a part of those challenges like sustainability, susceptibility, human health, and healthy life. The ambition of nanomaterials in agriculture is to reduce the amount of spread chemicals, minimize nutrient losses in fertilization and increased yield through pest and nutrient management. Nanotechnology has the prospective to improve the agriculture and food industry with novel nanotools for the controlling of rapid disease diagnostic, enhancing the capacity of plants to absorb nutrients among others. The significant interests of using nanotechnology in agriculture includes specific applications like nanofertilizers and nanopesticides to trail products and nutrients levels to increase the productivity without decontamination of soils, waters, and protection against several insect pest and microbial diseases. Nanotechnology may act as sensors for monitoring soil quality of agricultural field and thus it maintain the health of agricultural plants. This review covers the current challenges of sustainability, food security and climate change that are exploring by the researchers in the area of nanotechnology in the improvement of agriculture.
We reviewed the impact of fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on soil-inhabiting organisms and their physiological and molecular consequences for their targets. Because fungi can only move by growth to distinct directions, a main mechanism to protect themselves from enemies or to manipulate their surroundings is the secretion of exudates or VOCs. The importance of VOCs in this regard has been significantly underestimated. VOCs not only can be means of communication, but also signals that are able to specifically manipulate the recipient. VOCs can reprogram root architecture of symbiotic partner plants or increase plant growth leading to enlarged colonization surfaces. VOCs are also able to enhance plant resistance against pathogens by activating phytohormone-dependent signaling pathways. In some cases, they were phytotoxic. Because the response was specific to distinct species, fungal VOCs may contribute to regulate the competition of plant communities. Additionally, VOCs are used by the producing fungus to attack rivaling fungi or bacteria, thereby protecting the emitter or its nutrient sources. In addition, animals, like springtails, nematodes, and earthworms, which are important components of the soil food web, respond to fungal VOCs. Some VOCs are effective repellents for nematodes and, therefore, have applications as biocontrol agents. In conclusion, this review shows that fungal VOCs have a huge impact on soil fauna and flora, but the underlying mechanisms, how VOCs are perceived by the recipients, how they manipulate their targets and the resulting ecological consequences of VOCs in inter-kingdom signaling is only partly understood. These knowledge gaps are left to be filled by future studies.
The progress of genetically engineered microbial whole-cell biosensors for chemosensing and monitoring has been developed in the last 20 years. Those biosensors respond to target chemicals and produce output signals, which offer a simple and alternative way of assessment approaches. As actual pollution caused by human activities usually contains a combination of different chemical substances, how to employ those biosensors to accurately detect real contaminant samples and evaluate biological effects of the combined chemicals has become a realistic object of environmental researches. In this review, we outlined different types of the recent method of genetically engineered microbial whole-cell biosensors for combined chemical evaluation, epitomized their detection performance, threshold, specificity, and application progress that have been achieved up to now. We also discussed the applicability and limitations of this biosensor technology and analyzed the optimum conditions for their environmental assessment in a combined way.
Mitochondrial respiration involves two key gas exchanges, the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide. The ability to measure the consumption of oxygen via Clark-type electrodes has been one of the key techniques for advancing our knowledge of mitochondrial function in whole organisms, tissue samples, cells, and isolated subcellular fractions. In plants, oxygen electrode analyses provided the fi rst evidence for some of the unique respiratory properties of plant mitochondria. This chapter briefs the principles of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, how oxygen consumption measurements can be used to assess the quality of isolated mitochondrial preparations, and how these measurements can answer important questions in plant biochemistry and physiology. Finally, it presents instructions on assembling the oxygen electrode apparatus and how to conduct various assays.
Water quality and water management are worldwide issues. The analysis of pollutants and in particular, heavy metals, is generally conducted by sensitive but expensive physicochemical methods. Other alternative methods of analysis, such as microbial biosensors, have been developed for their potential simplicity and expected moderate cost. Using a biosensor for a long time generates many changes in the growth of the immobilized bacteria and consequently alters the robustness of the detection. This work simulated the operation of a biosensor for the long-term detection of cadmium and improved our understanding of the bioluminescence reaction dynamics of bioreporter bacteria inside an agarose matrix. The choice of the numerical tools is justified by the difficulty to measure experimentally in every condition the biosensor functioning during a long time (several days). The numerical simulation of a biomass profile is made by coupling the diffusion equation and the consumption/reaction of the nutrients by the bacteria. The numerical results show very good agreement with the experimental profiles. The growth model verified that the bacterial growth is conditioned by both the diffusion and the consumption of the nutrients. Thus, there is a high bacterial density in the first millimeter of the immobilization matrix. The growth model has been very useful for the development of the bioluminescence model inside the gel and shows that a concentration of oxygen greater than or equal to 22 % of saturation is required to maintain a significant level of bioluminescence. A continuous feeding of nutrients during the process of detection of cadmium leads to a biofilm which reduces the diffusion of nutrients and restricts the presence of oxygen from the first layer of the agarose (1 mm) and affects the intensity of the bioluminescent reaction. The main advantage of this work is to link experimental works with numerical models of growth and bioluminescence in order to provide a general purpose model to understand, anticipate, or predict the dysfunction of a biosensor using immobilized bioluminescent bioreporter in a matrix.
Main conclusion:
The activation and level of expression of an endogenous, stress-responsive biosensor (bioreporter) can be visualized in real-time and non-destructively using highly accessible equipment (fluorometer). Biosensor output can be linked to computer-controlled systems to enable feedback-based control of a greenhouse environment. Today's agriculture requires an ability to precisely and rapidly assess the physiological stress status of plants in order to optimize crop yield. Here we describe the implementation and utility of a detection system based on a simple fluorometer design for real-time, continuous, and non-destructive monitoring of a genetically engineered biosensor plant. We report the responses to heat stress of Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a Yellow Fluorescent Protein bioreporter under the control of the DREB2A temperature-sensing promoter. Use of this bioreporter provides the ability to identify transient and steady-state behavior of gene activation in response to stress, and serves as an interface for novel experimental protocols. Models identified through such experiments inform the development of computer-based feedback control systems for the greenhouse environment, based on in situ monitoring of mature plants. More broadly, the work here provides a basis for informing biologists and engineers about the kinetics of bioreporter constructs, and also about ways in which other fluorescent protein constructs could be integrated into automated control systems.
Luminescence-based sensing schemes for oxygen have experienced a fast growth and are in the process of replacing the Clark electrode in many fields. Unlike electrodes, sensing is not limited to point measurements via fiber optic microsensors, but includes additional features such as planar sensing, imaging, and intracellular assays using nanosized sensor particles. In this essay, I review and discuss the essentials of (i) common solid-state sensor approaches based on the use of luminescent indicator dyes and host polymers; (ii) fiber optic and planar sensing schemes; (iii) nanoparticle-based intracellular sensing; and (iv) common spectroscopies. Optical sensors are also capable of multiple simultaneous sensing (such as O2 and temperature). Sensors for O2 are produced nowadays in large quantities in industry. Fields of application include sensing of O2 in plant and animal physiology, in clinical chemistry, in marine sciences, in the chemical industry and in process biotechnology.
© 2015 The Author. Bioessays published by WILEY Periodicals, Inc.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) pseudomonads have a large number of lipopolysaccharides on the cell surface, which induces immune responses. Cd-resistant PGPR prevalent at the Cd-affected sites under biophytostabilization was monitored. Transmissiom electron microscopy was used to the study the behavior of tolerance of PGPR to cadmium level and its effect on pseudomonad strains (Z9, S2, KNP2, CRPF, and NBRI). An immunosensor was developed by immobilizing antibody (anti-Z9 or anti-S2) against selected PGPR on a piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Immunosensors were found to supplement the inherent specificity of antigen-antibody reactions with the high sensitivity of a physical transducer. On comparison of the efficiency of detection with ELISA, the spectrophotometric technique, the developed immunosensor was found to be more sensitive, fast, and reliable even after regeneration for several times. Thus, the immunosensor may be used for future detection of PGPR strains after automation of the screening process.