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Creatine Sensors Based on Nanomaterials
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Nanostructure materials or nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in dope or un-doped materials metrology and facile synthesis which have been developed in support of various chemical and nano or micro fabrication research. Nanomaterials (NMs) have unique properties, such as optical, structural, electronic, chemical, or mechanical in every dimensions with nanoscale range. In this chapter, a low-dimensional antimony-doped tin oxide aggregated nanoparticles (ATO NPs) were synthesized using hydrothermal method in alkaline phase. The optical, morphological, and structural properties of ATO NPs were characterized in details using FTIR, UV-Vis, FESEM, XEDS, XPS, TEM and XRD techniques. Flat glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated with a thin-layer of aggregated ATO NPs by conducting coating binders (5% Nafion) for the development of selective and sensitive enzyme-less creatine (Crt) sensor. Electrochemical responses along with higher sensitivity, large-dynamic range and long-term stability towards Crt were performed by electrochemical I-V approach. The calibration curve was found linear over a wide linear dynamic range of Crt concentration. It is an organized route for the development of non-enzymatic Crt biosensor based on ATO NPs embedded GCE using electrochemical reduction phenomena and significantly applied for the real analysis. As far as we know, this report is the maiden publication on highly sensitive Crt biosensor based on the ATO NPs/GCE. This method could be a pioneer development in Crt sensitive biosensor development using ATO NPs in reliable I-V method for the important biosensor applications with useful doped materials coupled nano-technological system.
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La comprensión y análisis del metabolismo energético constituye un punto central en el entrenamiento deportivo y las ciencias de la actividad física. Sin embargo, aún persisten conceptos que requieren ser analizados y colocados en contexto con la literatura científica actual. En este sentido, la presente revisión tiene como propósito analizar algunos conceptos que ameritan ser replanteados y posiblemente desterrados del vocabulario del entrenamiento deportivo y de las ciencias de la actividad física. Se argumentará que los términos “anaeróbicos” y “aeróbico”, para clasificar los ejercicios o actividades deportivas, son incorrectos e imprecisos. Del mismo modo, el empleo persistente del término “ácido láctico” y el fenómeno de la “acidosis láctica” es algo que carece de sustento bioquímico riguroso y es necesario, por lo tanto, un reenfoque conceptual acorde con lo documentado recientemente en la bioquímica y la biología molecular del ejercicio. Se analizaran, por consiguiente, los siguientes planteamientos: a) La clasificación del metabolismo energético, y de esta forma los ejercicios, en “anaeróbicos” y “aeróbicos”; b) El planteamiento de la producción del ácido láctico y de la acidosis láctica y c) La interacción y contribución de los sistemas energéticos durante los esfuerzos físicos: malinterpretaciones que han derivado en errores conceptuales.
Patients and methods: The study included 30 patients with RA diagnosed according to the 2010 ACR-EULAR classification criteria for RA and 15 healthy controls. Patients were included if they were above 18 years and fulfilled a score P6 over 10 of the 2010 ACR-EULAR classification criteria for RA. Disease activity was assessed using 28 joint disease activity score (DAS28), erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP). Fatigue was assessed with the Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Multidimensional Questionnaire (BRAF-MDQ) and serum IL-6 level was measured in patients and controls. Results: The BRAF-MDQ was significantly higher among patients (mean = 50.6 ± 15.2) than controls (mean = 7.8 ± 3.7) (p < 0.001). Patients' mean IL-6 serum level was 35.05 ± 21.23 pg/ml and 4.72 ± 3.09 pg/ml among control subjects (p < 0.001). DAS 28 ranged between 4.33 and 7.67, mean 1st hour ESR was 43.57 mm and CRP was positive in 76.7% of patients. Significant correlations were found between BRAF-MDQ score and serum IL-6 level (r = 0.947, p < 0.001), ESR (r = 0.509, p < 0.001) as well as CRP positivity (r = 0.411, p = 0.005) in RA patients. Serum IL-6 level correlated with ESR (r = 0.463, p < 0.001) and CRP (r = 0.376, p = 0.01) among patients. Conclusion: Fatigue is a common symptom and scores higher among RA patients than healthy controls and should be measured in all RA patients with simple fatigue questionnaires matching with different cultures. Fatigue becomes more prominent as serum IL-6 level increases independently of the disease duration and activity.
The aim of this paper was to examine muscle metabolism and fatigue during sprint exercise and also to critically evaluate the evidence regarding the efficacy of Cr supplementation in improving performance and reducing fatigue during one bout and repeated bouts of sprint exercise. Although glycolysis provides more than 50% of total energy supply during a single sprint, its contribution is reduced significantly and may drop to zero when sprints are repeated. Thus in this case, muscle relies exclusively on phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation and aerobic metabolism. Fatigue is shown to be related more to energy deficiency and performance recovery during repeated sprints follows closely the resynthesis of PCr. Due to the important role of PCr on muscle metabolism, an increase of PCr and creatine (Cr) content following oral Cr supplementation has been shown to be beneficial for performance. The effect of Cr supplementation on single sprint performance is small (around 5%) and not always present. A more substantial improvement in performance (around 10%) is demonstrated during repeated sprints, especially during the last repetitions. Although, Cr supplementation has not always proved to be beneficial for performance enhancement, even a small improvement may be important for competitive athletes. Research is needed to investigate and substantiate the effects of combining Cr supplementation with long term training on single and repeated sprints performance.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta hematológica a una sesión de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (EIAI) tipo CrossFit®. Se realizó un estudio pre-experimental en donde participaron nueve hombres (25.4 ± 4.3 años), a los cuales se les realizó muestras sanguíneas antes y después de una sesión de EIAI, la cual tuvo una duración (fase principal) de 15 minutos. Las variables hematológicas fueron analizadas por un cuadro hemático de IV generación. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos mostró que se presentó una diferencia significativa (p<0.05) en los hematíes, concentración de hemoglobina, el hematocrito, el recuento de linfocitos y los eosinófilos al comparar las muestras antes y después de la sesión. En conclusión, se hace necesario profundizar en el estudio de variables hematológicas en el EIAI, de manera que permita optimizar parámetros de rendimiento, disminuir la prevalencia de lesiones y mejorar las estrategias nutricionales y de suplementación.
La problemática alimentaria mundial, los nuevos intereses de la sociedad, el estilo de vida y nuestro entorno han generado el nacimiento de programas como nutrición y dietética para formar profesionales competentes que contribuyan a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas; no obstante, es necesario subsanar ciertas falencias estructurales de los programas formativos, especialmente en lo que hace referencia a su aplicación directa a la actividad física. Por ello, el presente trabajo revisó los currículos de las universidades que ofrecen el programa de nutrición y dietética en Colombia con el fin de identificar deficiencias con el manejo de la línea de actividad física. Paralelamente, se realizó una investigación descriptiva que contó con una población de 272 egresados de la Universidad de Pamplona, de los cuales se tomó una muestra de 45 para aplicar una encuesta, estandarizada por el programa de Especialización en Pedagogía Universitaria de la misma institución, con el objetivo de profundizar en lo referente a la línea de actividad física. Aún cuando este programa es uno de los pocos que incluyen por lo menos una asignatura obligatoria relacionada con el ejercicio físico, los resultados nos permitieron inferir que los egresados carecen de conocimientos sólidos respecto a la importancia de la actividad física en la salud de los colombianos y sus requerimientos nutricionales particulares, afectando de esta manera la calidad académica del egresado y por ende su desempeño profesional. Se establece la necesidad de incluir dentro de dicho programa una línea de actividad física con cursos de bioquímica y fisiología del ejercicio, nutrición y actividad física, nutrición y entrenamiento deportivo.
Dietary supplements encompass a huge amount of substances, from macronutrients such as proteins and carbohydrates to smaller exogenous (e.g., herbal extracts, vitamins) or endogenous (e.g., creatine, β-hydroxy- β-methylbutyrate, β-alanine) molecules. However, contamination is a serious problem that must be faced to avoid
public health issues.
Creatine is one of the most popular nutritional ergogenic aids for athletes. Studies have consistently shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations which may help explain the observed improvements in high intensity exercise performance leading to greater training adaptations. In addition to athletic and exercise improvement, research has shown that creatine supplementation may enhance post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, thermoregulation, rehabilitation, and concussion and/or spinal cord neuroprotection. Additionally, a number of clinical applications of creatine supplementation have been studied involving neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease), diabetes, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, aging, brain and heart ischemia, adolescent depression, and pregnancy. These studies provide a large body of evidence that creatine can not only improve exercise performance, but can play a role in preventing and/or reducing the severity of injury, enhancing rehabilitation from injuries, and helping athletes tolerate heavy training loads. Additionally, researchers have identified a number of potentially beneficial clinical uses of creatine supplementation. These studies show that short and long-term supplementation (up to 30 g/day for 5 years) is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations ranging from infants to the elderly. Moreover, significant health benefits may be provided by ensuring habitual low dietary creatine ingestion (e.g., 3 g/day) throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the current literature regarding the role and safety of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine and to update the position stand of International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN).
Systems Biology represents a new paradigm aiming at a whole-organism-level understanding of biological phenomena, emphasizing interconnections and functional interrelationships rather than component parts. The study of network properties, and how they control and regulate behavior from the cellular to organism level, constitutes a main focus of Systems Biology. This book addresses from a novel perspective a major unsolved biological problem: understanding how a cell works and what goes wrong in pathology. The task undertaken by the authors is in equal parts conceptual and methodological, integrative and analytical, experimental and theoretical, qualitative and quantitative, didactic and comprehensive. Essentially, they unravel the spatio-temporal unfolding of interacting mass-energy and information networks at the cellular and organ levels, as well as its modulation through activation or repression by signaling networks to produce a certain phenotype or (patho)physiological response.
Starting with the historical roots, in thirteen chapters this work explores the Systems Biology of signaling networks, cellular structures and fluxes, organ and microorganism functions. In doing so, it establishes the basis of a 21st century approach to biological complexity.
Although creatine was discovered already in the 1830s, it is only in recent years that its crucial role for human health and general well-being has been increasingly realized and appreciated. A number of beneficial health effects have been ascribed to oral creatine supplementation, such as neuroprotective, ergogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, or antitumor effects. Creatine may even improve memory and intelligence. In the present book, emphasis is placed on the intricate interplay between creatine and creatine kinase function on one hand, and proper brain function, neurodegenerative disease and/or neuroprotection on the other hand. The book also elaborates on the recently identified inborn errors of creatine biosynthesis and transport, the so-called cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes. The clinical hallmarks of these disorders are mental retardation, epilepsy, autistic-like behaviour, and speech and language delay. In addition, the muscle growth- and strength-promoting effects, the pharmacokinetics and the safety of oral creatine supplementation are discussed. Finally, the present book outlines the emerging "systems biology" approaches for understanding the pleiotropic effects of creatine and creatine kinase, and hypothesizes on the most promising and influential future avenues of research towards creatine-based nutritional strategies for the prevention of neurological disease, and for improving the quality of life in general.