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BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL
ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 4, Issue: 3, Page: 198-207, September - October, 2010
PREVALENCE AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF BOVINE
DERMATOPHILOSIS
Babul Deba Nath1, Md. Shamim Ahasan*2, Md. Siddiqur Rahman1, A.K.M. Fazlul Huque1
Babul Deba Nath, Md. Shamim Ahasan, Md. Siddiqur Rahman, A.K.M. Fazlul Huque.
(2010). Prevalence and Therapeutic Management of Bovine Dermatophilosis.
Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 4(3): 198-207. Retrieve from
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/09171/09171.pdf
Abstract
Dermatophilosis is an economically important disease prevalent in
Bangladesh. The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence,
clinical and laboratory diagnosis and to detect effective therapeutic
management of bovine dermatophilosis in BAU Clinic, surrounding areas
of BAU Campus and six commercial dairy farms at Chittagong
Metropolitan area from January to October, 2007. The study involved
examination of 1830 cattle of which 217 were male and 1613 female. Very
close visual inspection and palpation of the entire skin surface of the body
were the clinical method for examination of animals. Crusts, skin scraping,
plucked hair from live animals and skin and regional lymph nodes from
dead animals were collected aseptically. Isolation and identification of
the Dermatophilus congolensis, biochemical tests and histopathological
study were conducted to confirm the disease. Long acting oxytetracycline
(Renamycin-LA® injection, Renata Animal Health) along with topical use of
1% Alum (Potassium Aluminium Hydroxide) was found to be effective
therapeutic management in the field condition. The prevalence of
Dermatophilosis was found 13.55% (248) out of 1,830 cattle. The disease
mainly seen in rural household farm (16.52%) and in intensive dairy farm
(2.11%) was of low prevalent. Higher incidence rates were recorded in
young cattle (17.26 to 18.15%), male animals (14.74%) and indigenous
cattle (16.49%). Management conditions, age, breed and sex of animals
had highly significant (p<0.01) influence on the bovine dermatophilosis.
Key words: Prevalence; Therapeutics; Bovine; Dematophilosis
Introduction
Dermatophilosis is an exudative, pustular dermatitis that affects a number of
mammals. Among domestic animals, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses are
affected most frequently; and pigs, dogs, cats rarely. It is commonly called
cutaneous streptothrichosis in cattle, goats and horses; in sheep, it is termed lumpy
wool when the wooly areas of the body are affected. Infection in camel herds has
been related to drought and poverty. Recent isolates from chelonids may represent
a new species of Dermatophilus (Gordon, 1964; Stewart, 1972; Yager and Scott,
1992). It is the most common skin disease of crocodiles in Australia and has an
impact on farming of this species (Buenviaje et al, 1998). Dermatophilosis is caused
by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis, the type species of the genus
*Corresponding Author, Email: Shamim.bau10@yahoo.com
1 Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
2 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and
Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh
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Dermatophilus, which is a member of the Actinomycetes. Typically, infection
gives rise to the formation of dense scabs on the skin, but in certain areas, such as
the perineum in ruminants and the pastern in horses, moist lesions with thickened,
folded skin may occur. In such lesions, relatively thin scabs are found (OIE, 2004).
Where lesions are exposed to prolong wetting, with or without secondary infection,
exudative lesions may be present.
The only non-mammalian host so far encountered are the Australian
bearded lizards (Amphibolurus barbatus) (Montali et al., 1975) and marble lizard
(Calotes mystaceus) (Anver et al, 1976). Human cases also have been reported
(Dean et al, 1961). Dermatophilosis infection in cattle is an enzootic bacterial skin
disease in tropical and subtropical countries. It may be an acute or chronic, partial
or progressive exudative dermatitis that could lead to death of the animal, and
cause economic losses to farmers, due to a severe acute form (All-Emmanuel et al.,
2003).
Dermatophilosis in Bangladesh was confirmed first by Bangladesh Cattle
Development Project (BCDP) at Baghabarighat Pabna in 1980 but no other
information on the disease has yet been made available in the veterinary
literatures of the country.
The treatment of dermatophilosis still remains a matter of great concern
owing to the recurrence of the disease and the difficulties to cure it using
antibiotics by the parenteral route. Terramycin long-acting (TLA) was described to
be the only drug effective in parenteral treatment of dermatophilosis (Ilemobade et
al., 1979), while 2 years later, it was claimed that animals treated with TLA
became re-infected even after recovering from the disease (Ogwu et al, 1981).
However, the focus is still on topical treatment of dermatophilosis, so many other
treatments were tested mixing several natural drugs, regardless of the risk of toxicity
and without scientific protocol, but none of them gave complete healing without
recurrence (Nwufoh, 1985).
Although epidemiology, clinical pictures, pathogenesis, clinical and
laboratory diagnosis, treatment and immunology have been studied (Roberts,
1957; Soltys, 1965; Kabore et al, 1998; Samuel et al., 1998; Adetunji et al, 2000;
Chatikobo, 2004; Loria et al, 2004, Yardley, 2004 and Stec et al, 2005) in other
countries of the world but the prevalence, clinical features and treatment of
bovine dermatophilosis in Bangladesh studied only based on clinical
observation (Nooruddin and Khaleque, 1986). The detailed confirmation of the
disease based on the cultural characteristics, biochemical test and histopathology
of the lesions in skin and lymphnodes by them have not been estimated. Therefore,
the present study was conducted with the following objectives: 1) To determine
the prevalence of the disease in cattle. 2) To study the clinical features of the
disease. 3) Isolation and identification of the causal agent (Dermatophilus
congolensis). 4) To study the histopathological lesions of disease and 5) Finally study
the comparative therapeutic efficacy of (i) Long Acting Oxytetracycline (ii) 1%
Alum and (iii) 1% Alum combined with Long Acting Oxytetracycline.
Methodology
Experimental design
The present study was an observational and experimental types of study
carried out in the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science,
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during January to October,
2007. A total of 1830 cattle head were examined in this study. A wide variety of
breeds including their crosses was represented (Indigenous 1425, Red shindi 114,
Shahiwal 20 and Holstein 281). There were 217 male and 1613 female, age ranging
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from one month to 12 years of ages. History of age, sex, breed, rearing system,
clinical signs and treatment used were recorded during clinical examination. The
cattle from BAU Veterinary Clinic, surrounding rural areas of the university and six
commercial dairy farms in Chittagong Metropolitan area were examined clinically
by close visual inspection, palpation and often parting the hair of the entire skin
surface of the body and the case selected on the basis of clinical signs.
Sample collection
A total of 100 samples were collected. The samples comprising of scabs,
crusts and plucked hair and direct smear (impression) from the base of the freshly
removed scabs (Carter and Changappa, 1993) were collected with proper
aseptic precaution. Swabs were collected by sterile swab sticks applying gentle
rubbing. Immediately after collection the samples were put into sterile test tubes
and carried to laboratory for inoculation into culture media.
Isolation and identification of bacteria
For isolation, material streaked out directly from the moist undersurface of
freshly removed, uncontaminated scabs or from scab emulsions as
recommended by OIE, 2004. The specimens were inoculated into Nutrient
broth and Blood agar chronologically. Nutrient broth was used as a general
media for the growth of the bacteria and blood agar an enrich media
consisting of 1000 units/ml of Polymyxin B Sulphate® (Sigma, USA) was used in
blood agar (OIE, 2004).
Colonial morphology and growth characteristics of the organism were
examined on blood agar plate grows aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours (Gordon, 1964
and OIE, 2004).
Staining and microscopic examination
Gram's staining and Giemsa's staining was done as described by Gordon,
1964. Microscopic examination of the smears and typical form of the organism was
identified using procedure as described (Pier et al., 1963; Pier, 1967 and OIE, 2004).
Biochemical test
The carbohydrate fermentation test along with five basic sugars (dextrose,
maltose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol) and catalase test was performed as described
by Gordon, 1964.
Histopathology
During postmortem examination the skin and lymphnodes of dead animals
were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological
study. The tissue sections were carried out with a routine hematoxylin and eosin and
Gram's staining methods.
Antimicrobials and topical application trial
A total of 40 dermatophilosis affected cattle, aged between 1 month to 12
years were divided into 3 treatment groups (Table 5) and one control group. Each
group having 10 Dermatophilus affected animals. Patients were selected by close
observation, palpation and examination of skin lesion. Group-A treated with
Renamycin LA® injection (Oxytetracycline base USP-200 mg/ml; Renata) @ 20 mg/
kg body weight IM one treatment. Group-B treated with 1% Alum topical spray once
daily for seven days and Group-C together with both treatments. The therapeutic
evaluation was assessed on the basis of days required for complete healing of skin
lesion and new hair appeared as described by Ilemobade et al. (1979).
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Statistical analysis
Results were analyzed by Chi-Square and‘t’ test for significance using Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS).
Results and discussion
The prevalence, clinical features, histopathological lesions, isolation and
identification of the causal agent and therapeutic management of bovine
dermatophilosis are shown in Table 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
Prevalence of bovine dermatophilosis
Dermatophilosis was found to affect 248 (13.55%) cattle out of 1,830. Of
248 affected animals 240 (16.52%) were found in rural household farms and 8
(2.11%) in the intensive dairy farms. Within 248 affected animal in rural household
farm 2 (0.83%) were died. A chi-square test revealed a highly significant (p<0.01))
influence of management condition on the disease (Table 1). A highly significant
(p<0.01) influence of age of cattle on the prevalence of disease was also
observed. Highest incidence rate (18.15%) was recorded in 1 month to 1 year
age groups followed by 1 to 2 year (17.26%), 2 to 4 years (12.38%), 4 to 6 years
(10.14%) 8 to 12 years (8.33%) and 6 to 8 years (7.75%) (Table 2).
The incidence rate indicates higher prevalence (14.74%) in male than
female (13.39%). This also recorded highly significant (p<0.01) influence of sex on
the disease (Table 3) and on the other hand, Indigenous cattle (16.49%) were
mostly affected followed by Holstein (4.27%) and red Shindi (0.87%). The disease
is also influence markedly (p<0.01) by breeds of cattle prevalence in this country
(Table 4).
Table 1. Prevalence of dermatophilosis under farm and rural condition
Management system Animal
examined Animals
infected % Mortality %
(1) Intensive dairy farm 378 8 2.11 0 0
(2) Rural household farm
1452 240 16.52 2 0.12
Total 1830 248 13.55 2 0.11
Chi Test (P-value) 0.0000**
** means (p<0.01)
Table 2. Prevalence of dermatophilosis at different age groups of cattle
Age Animal examined Animals infected Percentage (%)
1 month- 1 year 292 53 18.15
> 1 yr - 2 yr 388 67 17.26
> 2 yr - 4 yr 662 82 12.38
> 4 yr - 6 yr 335 34 10.14
> 6 yr - 8 yr 129 10 7.75
>8yr- 12 yr 24 62 8.33
Chi Test (P-value) 0.0000**
** means (p<0.01)
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Table 3. Prevalence of dermatophilosis in both sexes of cattle
Sexes Animal examined Animals infected Percentage (%)
Male 217 32 14.74
Female 1613 216 13.39
Chi Test (P-value) 0.0000**
** means (p<0.01)
Table 4. Prevalence of dermatophilosis in breed of cattle
Name of the breed Animal examined Animals infected Percenta
g
e
(
%
)
Indigenous & its crosses 1425 235 16.49
Redshindi & its crosses 114 1 0.87
Shahiwal & its crosses 20 0 0
Holstein & its crosses 281 12 4.27
Chi Test (P-value) 0.0000**
** means (p<0.01)
Clinical observations
Early lesions, usually noticed first on the groin region, resembled paint brushes
due to matting of a few hairs. Scabs formed with hairs protruding through them.
When removed, they exposed as moist pinkish surface which occasionally bled
slightly. The lesions were spread extensively over the body of susceptible animals
and were coalesce. These animals often lost condition and died.
The first indication of dermatitis on an animal was an erectness of the hair
into tufts. Inspection of the skin surface revealed a partially dried, to dry, serous
exudates, which was perforated by hair. As the disease progress this material formed
crust on the skin. In such instances, the skin beneath crusts appeared moist and
hyperemic with minor hemorrhage occurring in some cases.
On casual inspection of cattle at this stage, alopecia and thick scabs were
apparent. The colour of these scabs varied from brown to yellow. On palpation
they were hard and horn-like in consistency. In generalized chronic cases of
bovine streptotrichosis, thick horny scabs often were confluent forming a mosaic
pattern. The scabs vary in size from 2 to 3 cm in diameter. Uncomplicated skin
lesions healed without scar formation. The discharge primarily was serous and
occasionally blood tinged. Lesions on the neck sometimes were thick corrugated,
sloughing off and scaly skin. Localized ulcerative lesions on the groin, limbs and
neck were also seen in a few calves. Coalescence of several lesions affecting
larger areas was very usual finding in calves. A calf with generalized skin lesions was
found to be reluctant to graze profuse discharge, massive yellowish brown crusty
and scaly lesions recumbent, dehydrated, weak and died within 7 days of
appearance of clinical signs.
Isolation and identification
All strains of Dermatophilus grew well aerobically at 37°C on nutrient broth
and blood agar.
On microscopic examination, was gram positive, branching, filamentous rod,
aerobic and typical form of the organism composed of fine mycelial elements;
wider elements with close transverse divisions and large, tapering bundles of
coccoid bodies resulting from multidimensional divisions. These larger forms are 4 to
6 coccoid elements across.
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On biochemical activities D. congolensis produced acid from dextrose but
not acid or gas lactose, mannitol, maltose and sucrose. Catalase test was also
positive.
Dermatophilus congolensis was observed histopathologically most frequently in
the epidermis and rarely in regional lymphnodes. Epidermis of infected skin was
hyperkeratotic, parakeratotic, keratinolytic and acanthotic, with elongation and
broadening in thickness. A zone of cellular exudate consisting mainly of neutrophils,
lymphocytes, eosinophils, plasma cells and macrophages was noted separating the
organism from the lower stratum corneum. Many hair follicles and hair follicle sheaths
were infected by hyphae of D. congolensis. The hair shaft was affected and the
hyphae were present in the hair shaft and papillae, which were degenerated.
Histopathological changes in the dermis were mostly oedema, cellular
infiltration of lymphocytes, neutrophils and plasma cells and the blood
capillaries were congested. Organisms were present in sebaceous glands,
especially those adjacent to heavily infected hair follicles.
Treatment
A total of 40 clinically dermatophilosis affected cattle were examined
for evaluation of efficacy from therapeutic management, healing of skin lesions
following treatment of field cases considered as positive response to treatment.
Table 5. Relative effects of different drugs in bovine dermatophilosis
Cured
Group Drugs & doses No. of
animal
treated No. %
Mean
(Day)
Outcome
released Died
A Renamycin LA
@ 10 ml/100
kgbwt, IM
10 9± 1.76** 90 14 1 0
B Alum @ 1% for 7
days for tropical
use
10 2± 1.15NS 20 24 2 0
C Renamycin LA
@ 10 ml/100
kgbwt, IM one
injection and
Alum @ 1% for 7
days for tropical
use
10 10± 2.91**
10
0 10 0 0
D Control 10 0.00 ± 0.00 0 28 0 2
** means (p<0.01)
NS= Non significant
Out of 1830 cattle examined, 248 were found to show typical lesions of
dermatophilosis. The prevalence of dermatophilosis observed in this study is 13.55%,
which is very similar (13.51%) to the findings of Nooruddin and Khaleque (1986).
Similar observation (13.4%) of the disease was reported by Kumi-Diaka et al. (1980) in
Bot-swana.
A higher prevalence (16.52%) of dermatophilosis was reported in rural
household farm than the intensive dairy farm (2.11%), which correlates with the
observation of Nooruddin and Khaleque (1986). The lowest prevalence in intensive
dairy farm may be due to the improved management.
A significant (p<0.01) influence of age of cattle (young) was found to related
with the increase susceptibility of dermatophilosis. In young cattle of age 1 month
to 1 year the rate of susceptibility was highest (18.15%), on the other hand the elder
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cattle (age >6 to 8 years) the rate was 7.75%. Nooruddin and Khaleque, (1986)
observed the higher prevalence of dermatophilosis in elder cattle aged over 2
years (>15%).
The male animals (14.74%) were found more susceptible than female (13.39%)
which apparently similar with the observation of Kumi-Diaka et al. (1980) and
Nooruddin and Khaleque (1986). Male animals usually use in draft purposes which
might have increased the chances of skin damage that leads to higher
susceptibility of to dermatophilosis. The reason of increased susceptibility to young
animal did not clarity in this study.
The prevalence of dermatophilosis varies with the different breeds of cattle
(Dumas et al., 1971). In the present investigation, however a significant (p<0.01)
variation in breed susceptibility was observed affecting mostly indigenous cattle
(16.49%), which supports the observation of Nooruddin and Khaleque (1986).
The clinical appearance of dermatophilosis was noted in this study on rump,
back sides, neck, withers, legs and tail which is very similar to the observation of
Oduye (1976); Moule and Sutherland (1947) and Nooruddin and Khaleque (1986)
and the lesions recorded in this study was localized or generalized depending
upon the areas and it was exposed to resembles similar to Malfroy (1938).
Death of two untreated calves was observed in this study, due to
generalized skin lesions. Mortality was limited only in young cattle. This finding
supports the observation of Malfroy (1938) who reported the disease was spread
all over the body and caused serious losses by injury to the hides or by illness and
death of affected animals.
Profuse discharge alopecia, coalescence of several lesions affecting a
larger area of skin observed in this study supports the observations of Oduye (1976)
and Nooruddin and Khaleque (1986).
In this study, bacterial colony isolated were tiny (0.5 to 1 mm), grayish white,
raised and very rough colonies, upon further incubation these colonies became
yellowish and produced β-hemolysis (Pier et al, 1963; Gordon, 1964; Ellis et al., 1993
and Masters et al., 1997).
In sugar fermentation test the isolated D. congolensis was fermented
dextrose and produced acid but did not ferment sucrose, maltose, mannitol and
lactose which satisfy the statement of (Gordon, 1964 and Ellis, 1993).
Histopathologically, the clumps of coccobacillary organisms beneath the
keratinized epithelium and sloughing off keratinized layers were found in this
study support the observation of Jones et al. (1997).
Gram-positive, filamentous organisms observed in this study supports the
observation of Amarkiri (1974). Mycelial form of organism, accumulation of
macrophages, infiltration of neutrophils in lymph node were observed in the
present study were similar to the observation of Jones et al. (1997).
Clinical cases of dermatophilosis in cattle complicated with secondary
bacterial infections. The use of only long acting oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg body
weight IM cured the disease within two weeks. This finding is similar to the
observation of Ilemobade et al (1979), Gordon (1964), Lloyd et al. (1990), Aning
and Koney (1996). And the use of 1% Alum once daily for 7 days can cure the
disease within 3 to 4 weeks. This result also supports the findings of Radostits et al.
(2000).
This study recorded efficacy of injection Renamycin LA® @ 20 mg/kg body
weight IM one treatment and 1% Alum once daily for 7 days resulted in the
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cutaneous lesions in the animals started to drop off crusts between 12-16 days with
an average 14 days and no outcomes relapsed. This finding of combined therapy
could not be compared due to lack of similar reports in the available literature.
The present finding indicated that dermatophilosis in cattle could be a self
limiting disease but can be cured by proper management. However, affected
cattle without proper management are found to die in the long run. So this study
provides evidence that antibiotic treatment for long period of study or use of long
acting antibiotic like oxytetracycline could be a valuable tool to control
dermatophilosis in field condition.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that Dermatophilosis is prevalent in indigenous
cattle than the exotic breeds and Calves are more susceptible to dermatophilosis
than the adult cattle. The isolation of D. congolensis is difficult but possible by
using an antibiotic Polymyxin B sulphate® (Sigma, USA). Long acting
oxytetracycline and Alum combined therapy is very effective than the other
treatment in case of dermatophilosis.
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