91- Hassanzadeh-Emami JEOR2011 V 23 -Lamiaceae

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Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/1
Rec: August 2008
Rev: Feb 2009
Acc: March 2009
Review of the Essential Oil Composition of Iranian
Lamiaceae*
M. K. Hassanzadeh*
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91775-1365, Iran; hassanzadeh_mk@yahoo.com
S. A. Emami and J. Asili
Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad, 91775-1365, Iran
Z. Tayarani Najaran
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
1041-2905/11/0001-01$14.00/0 —© 2011 Allured Business Media
J. Essent. Oil Res., 23 (January/February 2011)
*Address for correspondence
Introduction
The immense Iranian plateau, which covers an area of
164,800 sq km of the Earth’s surface, is the habitat of innumer-
able plant species, owing to a great variety in climate and soil
(Figure I). In Iran, there are 167 families of vascular plants,
including 1,215 genera. The species, subspecies, varieties, and
hybrids found thus far in Iran amount to 7,576 (almost 6,417
species, 611 subspecies, 465 varieties, and 83 hybrids), 2,100
taxa of which are endemic (1, 2).
One of the most important families of Iranian flora is
Lamiaceae Lindl. (Labiatae Juss.). The plant family consists
of about 221 genera and 5,600 species comprised of aromatic,
annual or perennial herbs, sub-shrubs, or shrubs. The leaves
are opposite, sometimes whorled or even spirally arranged, and
simple rarely pinnate. The flowers are bisexual, zygomorphic,
usually have the floral formula K (5), C (5), A4, and G (2) and
are arranged in verticillasters. The corolla is bilabiate and the
stamens didynamous. With the exception of Rosmarinus, the
genera have a gynobasic style and the four one-seeded nutlets
have only a small surface of contact with one another. Moreover,
the herbaceous members of the family have square stems.
The leaves and other aerial parts may be pubescent and
possess glandular trichomes, which contain the essential oil.
Many members of the family are used as culinary or medicinal
herbs, as a source of oils, and in some cases for the solution of
oil constituents such as menthol and thymol; chemical races
are common. In addition to the oil, constituents of the fam-
ily include diterpenoids and triterpenoids, saponins, a few
pyridine and pyrolidine alkaloids, insect-moulting hormones,
polyphenols and tannins, iridoids and their glycosides, quino-
nes, furanoids, cyclitols, coumarins and the sugars raffinose
and stachyose (3).
The Lamiaceae family in Iran has 47 genera; and 371 spe-
cies, sub-species, and varieties (2). Moreover, it has one genus
(Zhumeria), 137 species, 17 sub-species, 6 varieties and 6
hybrids which are endemic to the country (1). Genus Nepeta,
with 69 species, is the largest genus of this family in Iran (2).
This family has been extensively researched and in this chapter
different studies on oils of Iranian species from the Lamiaceae
family will be reviewed. The genera and species are presented
in alphabetic order.
Ajuga L.
This genus has about 50 species worldwide, mainly in the
Mediterranean area. These plants are herbaceous perennials
Figure I: Map of Iran
1- West Azerbaijan, 2- East Azerbaijan, 3- Ardabil, 4-
Gilan, 5- Mazandaran, 6- Golestan, 7- North Khorasan,
8- Kurdistan, 9- Zanjan, 10- Qazvin, 11- Tehran,
12- Semnan, 13- Razavi Khorasan, 14- Kermanshah,
15- Hamadan, 16- Markazi, 17- Qom, 18- Isfahan,
19- Yazd, 20- South Khorasan, 21- Ilam, 22- Lurestan,
23- Chaharmahal- Bakhtiari, 24- Khuzestan, 25-
Kohgyloyeh, 26- Fars, 27- Bushehr, 28- Kerman, 29-
Sistan- Baluchestan, 30- Hormozgan

Hassanzadeh
et al.
2/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
or annuals, evergreen or semi-evergreen with flowering stems,
growing to 1 m, often creeping by stolons; the attractive leaves
are opposite and entire, not aromatic, and often toothed. Flowers
are blue, yellow, rarely white or pinkish in groups of 2-12 in the
upper leaf axils. The fruit is made up of 4 nutlets or sometimes
berry-like. Six species of this genus grow in Iran, of which two
are endemic (1, 2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the
oils of Iranian Ajuga species can be seen in Table I.
Ballota L.
The genus contains 35 species distributed in southern
Europe and western Asia. These species are perennials with
flowering stems to 1 m. Leaves are not aromatic, are opposite
and often woolly. Flowers with calyx are sometimes enlarged,
spreading from a narrow base, and with small corolla, in dense
whorls. Sepals often stiff and spiny, usually divided, forming
a 10-toothed calyx. Petals arranged in five, purplish, pink or
white, often with purple markings, joined at the base, form-
ing a tube, with upper lip straight and often forked, the lower
lip 3-lobed, stamens 4, the anthers held beneath the upper
lip. Ovary superior, with 2 cell and 2 ovules per cell; style 1,
slender. The fruit is made up of 4 smooth nutlets. This genus
has 3 species in Iran of which one is endemic to the country
(1, 2, 5, 6). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Ballota species can be seen in Table II.
Table II. Ballota species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%) v/w Method(s) of
Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- B.aucheri Boiss. Eghleed (Fars prov.) 0.02 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
37 (62.5%) a-cadinol (21%),
dehydroaromadendra-ne
(11.8%),
b-caryophyllene (8.1%),
carvone (6.4%) and linalool
(4.8%).
(10)
Table III. Calamintha species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%) v/w Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- C. officinalis Moench Shahsavar region
(Mazandaran prov.) 1.2 GC and GC/
MS 21 (99.3%)
carvone (46.7%), pulegone
(22.1%) and limonene
(24.6%).
(11)
Table I. Ajuga species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%) v/w Method(s) of
Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- A. chamaecistus Ging.
subsp. chamaecistus*
Fasham
(Tehran prov.)
0.34
(w/w) GC and GC/MS 19 (96.3%) b-pinene (15.0%) and
linalool (14.5%). (7)
2- A. chamaepitys (L.)
Scheber Gilan prov. 0.5 GC and GC/MS 25 (93.0 %) a-pinene (16.1%) and
b-pinene (34.3%). (8)
3- A. orientalis L. Mahmood Abad
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.1 GC/MS 30 (97.9%)
germacrene D (24.2%),
b-cubebene (18.3%),
b-caryophyllene (16.9%)
and a-cubebene (5.3%).
(9)
*endemic to Iran
Calamintha Mill.
This genus has 7 species of aromatic, sometimes rhizoma-
tous perennials, some woody based and distributed throughout
Europe to central Asia. They have ovate to oblong, usually
toothed leaves and bear axiliary cymes of tubular, 2-lipped
flowers, mainly in shades of blue, but pink or white in some
species. Three species of this genus are found in Iran (2, 4, 5).
A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian Calamintha
species can be seen in Table III.
Cyclotrichium (Boiss.) Manden. et Scheng.
Syn: Calamintha Adanson sect. Cyclotrichium Boiss.
This genus contains six species found in southwest Asia to
Iran. These plants are suffrutescent perennial herbs, hairs are
simple and glandular or dendroid, glands are sessile or nearly
so. Leaves are more or less ovate, entire to weakly dentate,
flat, and shortly petiolate. The verticillasters are in the axils
of the floral leaves, with six or more subsessile flowers, or
sometimes consisting of divergent second cymes flowers that
are tubular and bilabiate. The nutlets are oblong to ovoid, and
glabrous. Four species of this genus are found in Iran, of which
three are endemic to the country (1, 2, 12). A summary of the
composition of the oils of Iranian Cyclotrichium species can
be seen in Table IV.

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/3
Table IV. Cyclotrichium species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%) v/w Method(s) of
Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- C. depauperatum
(Bunge) Manden. et
Scheng. *
Khuzestan prov. 0.3 GC/MS 46
(99.5%)
isopinocamphone (19.1%),
pulegone (9.8%), linalool (9.4%),
cis-isopulegone (9.3%), linalyl
acetate (8.8%), menthone
(4.5%) and a-terpinyl acetate
(3.4%).
(13)
2- C. straussii
(Bornm.) Rech. f. *
Orromieh (west
Azerbaijan
prov.)
1.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
18
(93.2%)
b-pinene (33.8%) and 1,8-cineole
(14.7%).
(14)
3- C. straussii
(Bornm.) Rech. f. *
Khorramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.37 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
18
(94.4%)
b-caryophyllene (16.9%),
germacrene D (13.0%),
borneol (8.9%), linalool
(7.2%), a-terpineol (6.7%),
caryophyllene oxide (6.2%) and
bicyclogermacrene (5.2%).
(15)
*endemic to Iran
Table V. Dracocephalum L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- D. aucheri Boiss. Tehran (Tehran prov.) 0.8 (w/w) GC/MS 20 (97.5%) sabinene (55.2%), (E, E)-germacrone
(9.9%) and a-thujene (5.5%).
(16)
2- D. kotschyi Boiss.
*
Sari (Mazandaran prov.) 0.61 GC and GC/
MS
52 (91.7%) d-3-carene (9.7%), limonene (9.2%),
carvacrol (8.3%), 1,8-cineole (6.9%)
and carvone (5.1%).
(17)
3- D. kotschyi Boiss. * Muteh (Isfahan prov.) 0.1 GC and GC/
MS
74 (92.5%) a-pinene (10.5%), caryophyllene
oxide (9.2%), terpinen-4-ol (5.7%)
and germacrene D (5.6%).
(18)
4- D. kotschyi Boiss. * Bojnord (North
Khorasan prov.)
0.2 GC/MS 15 (75.8%) limonene (14.0%), verbenone (21.4%),
a-terpineol (8.8%), perillyl alcohol
(7.9%) and b-caryophyllene (7.0%).
(19)
5- D. kotschyi Boiss. * Kandovan (Tehran prov.) 0.5 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
26 (87.8%) limonene (38.2%), perillaldehyde
(24.5%), geranial (7.5%), a- pinene
(6.3%), neral (6.1%) and (Z)-b-
ocimene (5.2%).
(20)
6- D. kotschyi Boiss. 1* Chalus (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.016 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
69 (97.5%) longibornyl acetate (11.2%), dill apiole
(6.5%), trans-verbenol (4.5%) and
hexadecanoic acid (4.3%).
(21)
7- D. kotschyi Boiss. 2* Chalus (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.013 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
59 (97.5%) longibornyl acetate (57.6%),
hexadecanoic acid (6.7%) and trans-
ferruginol (4.0%).
(21)
8- D. kotschyi Boiss. * Aladagh mountain
Bojnord (North
Khorasan prov.)
0.5 TLC, LSC,
GC and
GC/MS
54 (99.6%) citral (29.3%), b-caryophyllene
(21.5%), a-terpinyl acetate (12.2%)
and myrcene (7.1%).
(22)
9- D. kotschyi
Boiss.3*
Siahbisheh
(Mazandaran prov.)
0.5 GC and GC/
MS
57 (93.3%) a-pinene (12.1%), methyl geranate
(11.2%), b-ocimene (8.6%), and
limonene (7.2%).
(23)
10- D. kotschyi
Boiss. 4*
Siahbisheh
(Mazandaran prov.)
0.4 GC and GC/
MS
55 (94.2%) a-pinene (15.0%), methyl geranate
(14.5%), limonene (11.2%), and
b-ocimene (8.4%).
(23)
11- D. kotschyi Boiss.5* Siahbisheh
(Mazandaran prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
34 (98.4%) geraniol (13%), trans-verbenol
(11.6%), and terpinen-4-ol (11.2%).
(23)
13- D. moldavica L.6 Karaj (Tehran prov.) 1.6 (w/w) GC/MS 15 (98.1%) geranial (33%), geranyl acetate (29%),
neral (26.0%) and geraniol (6.6%).
(24)
14- D. polychaetum
Bornm. *
Lalezar (Kerman prov.) 1.3 GC/MS 4 (98.8%) perillaldehyde (69.6%) and limonene
(16.6%).
(25)
1 aerial parts, 2 root, 3 hydrodistillation, 4steam distillation, 5 hydrodistillation – solvent extraction, 6 essential oil isolated by maceration in hexane *endemic to Iran

Hassanzadeh
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4/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Dracocephalum L.
This genus contains around 45 species, mostly in Europe and
Asia, but also in North Africa and the northern United States.
The species belonging to this genus are annuals, perennials,
and dwarf evergreen shrubs, to 90 cm. Their leaves are usu-
ally aromatic, opposite and entire, toothed or lobed. Flowers
are violet-blue, white, or pinkish in whorls forming terminal
spikes. Nine species of this genus grow in Iran, of which two are
endemic. (1, 2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils
of Iranian Dracocephalum species can be seen in Table V.
Eremostachys Bunge
This genus has around 60 species ranging from Europe to
central Asia. These plants are tall, robust perennial herbs with
tuberous rootstock. The stem has a woolly corolla at its base.
The verticillastres consist of 2-6 flowers, lower remote, upper
congested. Bracteoles linear-subalate, often have 3 connate
at the base. The flowers are tubular or campanulate, and are
2-lipped with white, pink, yellow, or cream color. Nutlets are
obpyramidal, glabrous except for a ruff of hairs at its apex. The
Eremostachys has 16 species in Iran, of which six are endemic
(1, 2, 5, 26). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Eremostachys species can be seen in Table VI.
Gontscharovia Boriss.
This monotypic genus contains one species that is a woody
shrub with thickish sessile or subsessile leaves borne on virgate
woody shoots, and a root robust and woody. Verticillasters are
few-flowered, forming long, slender, dense racemes; calyx
tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed, regular, glabrous in throat,
15-nerved, covered all over with setiform hairs and glands;
corolla almost regular, with glabrous throat; upper lip not
Table VI. Eremostachys Bunge species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- E. laciniata (L.) Bunge Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.9 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
19 (91.2%) dodecanol (72.5%), widdrol (2.4%),
germacrene B (1.9%), thujopsene
(1.9%) and linalool (1.7%)
(27)
2- E. laevigata Bunge. Khoramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
42 (92.6%) (28)
Table VII. Gontscharovia species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- G. popovii (B.
Fedtsch. et Gontsch.)
Boriss.
Kuh-e-Zireh (Fars
prov.)
2.36 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
35(95.3%) carvacrol (67.9%),g-terpinene (5.5% ),
linalool (2.2%), p-cymene (2.7%) and
b-caryophyllene (3.0%).
(31)
2- G. popovii (B.
Fedtsch. et Gontsch.)
Boriss.
Bokhon mountain
(Hormozgan
prov.)
0.91 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
35(99.3%) carvacrol (71.9%), g-terpinene ( 4.4%),
linalool (5.5%), p-cymene (4.5%) and
b-caryophyllene (4.0%).
(31)
3- G. popovii (B.
Fedtsch. et Gontsch.)
Boriss.
Bokhon mountain
(Hormozgan
prov.)
0.9 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
31(99.3%) carvacrol (71.9%), linalool (5.5%),
p-cymene (4.5%) and g-terpinene
(4.4%).
(32)
exceeding the lower, emarginated, lower lip equally 3-lobed;
stamens 4, of these two longer than corolla, the other two close
to upper lip, scarcely exserted from throat; anthers biocular,
ovoid, the locules subparallel; stigma weakly beak, glabrous
(29). The only species of the genus is distributed in Afghanistan,
Chitral, Kashmir, Tadjikistan (30) and Iran. A summary of the
composition of the oils of Iranian Gontscharovia species can
be seen in Table VII.
Hymenocrater Fisch. et C.A. Mey.
This genus contains 12 species distributed in the southern
part of central Asia, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and Iran. There
are subshrubs, glabrous or pubescent with gray or yellowish-
gray bark, numerous erect branches and ovate or broad ovate,
dentate, acute leaves. Flowers are usually numerous, sessile or
short-pediceled, cylindrical or infundibular, corolla long and
indistinctly 2-lipped, in 2-7 flowered cymes or semiverticles
forming a pyramidal or subspicate inflorescens. Nutless ovoid,
smooth of finely tuberculate. This genus has 9 species in Iran,
of which four are endemic (33). A summary of the composi-
tion of the oils of Iranian Hymenocrater species can be seen
in Table VIII.
Hyssopus L.
This genus consists of about five aromatic herbaceous peren-
nials and evergreen or semi-evergreen dwarf shrubs, to 60 cm,
occurring from the Mediterranean to central Asia. The leaves
are aromatic, opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire mid-green,
or blue-green. The flowers are violet-blue, white, or pink, in
whorls forming one-sided terminal spikes. The fruit is made up
of four nutlets. One of the species of this genus grows in Iran
(2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Hyssopus species can be seen in Table IX.

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Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/5
Table VIII. Hymenocrater Fisch. et C.A. Mey. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- H. calycinus (Boiss.)
Benth.
Yekeh-Shakh,
Bojnourd (North
Khorasan prov.)
0.5 GC and GC/
MS
28 (87.3%) a-pinene (10.5%) and sabinene (10.5%). (34)
2- H. calycinus (Boiss.)
Benth.
Nodeh, Bojnourd
(North Khorasan
prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS
14 (91.5%) spathulenol (35.4%) and abietatriene
(13.4%).
(34)
3- H. calycinus (Boiss.)
Benth.
Golestan Forest,
(North Khorasan
prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
17 (81.2%) B-caryophyllene (32.8%) and
caryophyllene oxide (16.1%).
(34)
4- 2- H. elegans Bunge Firoozkooh
(Tehran prov.)
0.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
33 (91.3%) germacrene D (10.2%), b-caryophyllene
(9.7%), a-humulene (9.6%),
b-bourbonene (7.1%) and germacrene
B (6.9%).
(35)
5- H. incanus Bunge* Abadeh (Fars
prov.)
0.6 (w/w) GC/MS 35 (99%) b-caryophyllene (17.6%),1,8-cineole
(16.9%), a-pinene (9.2%), b-pinene
(7%), (E)-b-ocimene (5.4%),
germacrene D (4.5%) and caryophyllene
oxide (3.9%).
(36)
*endemic to Iran
Table IX. Hyssopus L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- H. officinalis L. Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.6 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
30 (98.8%) isopinocamphone (32.4%),
pinocamphone (13.1%), b-pinene
(12.2%) and pinocarvone (7.5%).
(37)
2- H. officinalisL. Roudbarak
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.7 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
16 (100 %) isopinocamphone (49.4%),
pinocamphone (18.7%), b-pinene
(8.94%) and myrcene (5.8%)
(37)
3- H. officinalis L. Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.62 (w/w) GC/MS 27 (100%) isopinocamphone (32.4%),
pinocamphone (13.5%), b-pinene
(12.2%) and pinocarvone (7.5%)
(38)
4- H. officinalis L.1 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.1-2.9
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
9 (10.6 -50.6%) sabinene (4.2-17.1%), isopinocamphone
(0.9-16.5%) and pinocamphone (0.7-
13.6%).
(39)
5- H. officinalis L.2 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.5 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
9 (35.3%) sabinene (11.0%), isopinocamphone
(10.9%) and pinocamphone (8.7%).
(39)
1 supercritical extraction, 2 hydrodistillation
Lallementhia Fisch. et C. A. Mey.
These species are annual or biennial herbaceous plants,
either glabrous or pubescent with simple or branching stems,
lower ovate leaves, long-petioled, and crenate-dentate at the
margin; upper leaves and floral leaves are lanceolate, and peti-
olate, nearly entire. The flowers are azure, azure-violet or blue,
but rarely yellowish-white in color, with a tubular shape and
2-lipped, nutlets are smooth or finely punctuated. This genus
has 7 species stretching from Turkey to central Asia and the
Himalaya. Three species of the genus Lallementia are found
in Iran, in which one of them is endemic to the country (1,
2, 5, 40). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Lallementhia species can be seen in Table X.
Table X. Lallementhia Fisch. et C. A. Mey. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1 – L. iberica Fisch. et C.
A. Mey.
Larijan
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.89 GC and GC/
MS
26 (100%) p-cymene (22.1%), isophytol (19.8%),
T-cadinol (11.1%), 3-octanol (8.1%),
caryophyllene oxide (7.4%) and
terpinen-4-ol (5.7%).
(41)
2- L. royleana (Benth. in
Wall.) Benth
Isfahan Prov. 0.1 GC and GC/
MS
46 (94.5%) verbenone (16.4%) and trans-carveol
(9.8%).
(42)

Hassanzadeh
et al.
6/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Lamium L.
The genus contains around 40 species distributed in north
Africa and Eurasia. These species are perennials or annuals
with flowering stems to 1 m.
Leaves are opposites, usually sparsely hairy, often with
white markings. Flowers with a small calyx and usually a large
corolla, in few-or several-flowered whorls. Sepals jointed to
from a 5-ribbed and 5-toothed calyx.
Five petals, reddish-purple to pink, white, or yellow, joined
at the base, forming a tube, the upper lip hooded, the lower lip
3-lobed with small sid lobes and often a forked middle lobe.
Four stamens, in 2 pairs, held inside the upper lip. Ovary supe-
rior, with 2 cells and 2 ovules per cell; style 1, slender, forked.
The fruit is made up of four 3-angled and often warty nutlets.
This genus has seven species in Iran (2, 5, 6). A summary of
Table XI. Lamium species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1-Lamium amplexicaule
L.
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.1 GC and GC/
MS
49 (97.6%) germacrene-D (22.3%) and camphor
(18.1%).
(43)
Table XII. Lavandula L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- L. latifolia Medik.1Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
1.25 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
41 (97.2%) linalool (31.9), 1,8-cineole (18.8% )
and borneol (10.1% ).
(45)
2- L. latifolia Medik.2Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
3.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
41 (96.9%) linalool (30.6%), 1,8-cineole (20.9%)
and borneol (8.9%).
(45)
3- L. spica L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
not stated GC 19 (85.6%) linalool (36.9%), camphor (4.2%),
terpinen-4-ol (4.2%) and
a-humulene (3.1%).
(46)
4- L. vera DC. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
not stated GC 19 (90.4%) linalool (39.5%), terpinen-4-ol (7.3%)
and linalyl acetate (32.4%).
(46)
1fresh owers, 2dry owers
Table XIII. Marrubium L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- M. astracanicum
Jacq.
Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.91 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
59 (95.1%) methylcyclopentane (15.5%), thymol
(10.6%) and heptane (7.4%).
(47)
2-M.cuneatum Russell Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.15 (w/w) GC/MS 25 (89%) bicyclogermacrene (37.9%) and
germacrene D (24.1%).
(48)
2- M. parviflorum Fisch.
et C.A. Mey.
Khalkhal (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.08 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
51(96.8%) bicyclogermacrene (26.3%),
germacrene D (21.5%) and
b-caryophyllene (15.6%).
(49)
3- M. vulgare L Sari (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.09 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
34 (95.1%) b-bisabolene (25.4%),
b-caryophyllene (11.6%),
germacrene D (9.7%) and (E)-b-
farnesene (8.3%).
(49)
the composition of the oils of Iranian Lamium species can be
seen in Table XI.
Lavandula L.
This genus consists of about 30 species, stretching from
the Canary Islands and Mediterranean region and northeast
Africa to southwest Asia and India. The species are aromatic
evergreen shrubs and sub-shrubs. Leaves are opposite and
may be simple and entire, or toothed to pinnatified, pinnate or
2-pinnate with the margins usually rolled under. The flowers are
tubular, 2-lipped, blue, or purple and grouped in long-stalked
spikes. Some species of this genus are cultivated in Iran. (4,
5, 44). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Lavandula species can be seen in Table XII.

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/7
Marrubium L.
This genus has 30 species of woolly perennials and 46 an-
nuals with flowering stems, to 70 cm. The species of the genus
are distributed from Mediterranean Europe to western Asia.
Leaves are opposite, and usually densely hairy. Tubular 2-lipped
flowers have a small calyx and small corolla. They are in many-
flowered whorls. The fruit is made up of 4 smooth nutlets. Ten
species of Marrubium are growing in Iran, of which only one
of them is endemic to the country (1, 2, 4-6). A summary of
the composition of the oils of Iranian Marrubium species can
be seen in Table XIII.
Melissa L.
This genus contains three species of herbaceous perennials
from Europe to Iran and central Asia. Pale or mid-green leaves
are aromatic, opposite, short-stalked, and ovate with rounded
teeth. Tubular 2-lipped flowers are pale yellow to white or pale
pink in whorls in the upper leaf axils. The fruit is made up of
4 nutlets. Only one species of the genus is growing in Iran
(1, 3-6). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Melissa species can be seen in Table XIV.
Mentha L.
This genus has 30 species of aromatic, herbaceous peren-
nials with creeping rhizomes; rarely annuals, to 1.5 m, widely
distributed in Europe, northern Asia and Africa. Erect, branch-
ing stems bear aromatic, opposite, round to lance-shaped, light
to dark green, purple, blue or gray-green entire or toothed
leaves. The flowers are light purple, pink, or white, in whorls
forming terminal spikes or in upper leaf axils. Five species of
the genus are found in Iran, of which one of them is endemic
(1, 2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Mentha species can be seen in Table XV.
Table XIV. Melissa L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- M. officinalis L. Fars prov. 0.14 GC and GC/
MS
17 (82.0%) citronellal (25.4%), b-caryophyllene
(11.3%), thymol (10.5%), globulol
(6.1%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%) and
geraniol (5.7%).
(50)
2- M. officinalis L. Tehran prov. 0.25 GC and GC/
MS
17 (88.3%) citronellal (9.3%), carvacrol (31.8%),
humulene epoxide (25.4%) and
a-humulene (10.2%).
(50)
3- M. officinalis L. Semnan prov. 0.26 GC and GC/
MS
14 (86.1%) citronellal (43.8%), b-caryophyllene
(13.5%), thymol (7.9%), globulol
(6.8%), neral (5.3%) and geranial (5%).
(50)
4- M. officinalis L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.4 GC and GC/
MS
15 (91.9%) b-caryophyllene (19.0%), citronellal
(5.4%), neral (18.2%), geranial (25.1%)
and caryophyllene oxide (14.0%).
(51)
5- M. officinalis L.1Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.12 GC and GC/
MS
6 (98.9%) citronellal (53.4%), geranial (17.2%),
neral (11.9%), b-caryophyllene (9.3%),
caryophyllene oxide (2.0%) and methyl
citronellate (5.1%).
(52)
6- M. officinalis L.2Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.17 GC and GC/
MS
6 (96.9%) citronellal (46.0%), geranial (22.2%),
neral (16.0%), b-caryophyllene (7.7%),
caryophyllene oxide (0.9%) and methyl
citronellate (4.1%).
(52)
7- M. officinalis L.3Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.29 GC and GC/
MS
6 (97.5%) citronellal (48.5%), geranial (21.0%),
neral (14.9%), b-caryophyllene (7.3%),
caryophyllene oxide (1.3%) and methyl
citronellate (4.5%).
(52)
8- M. officinalis L.4Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.23 GC and GC/
MS
6 (93.9%) citronellal (43.2%), geranial (21.6%),
neral (16.5%), b-caryophyllene (7.4%),
caryophyllene oxide (1.6%) and methyl
citronellate (3.6%).
(52)
9- M. officinalis L.5Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.14 GC and GC/
MS
6 (98.5%) citronellal (39.1%), geranial (26.4%),
neral (19.1%), b-caryophyllene (8.3%),
caryophyllene oxide (1.9%) and methyl
citronellate (3.7%).
(52)
1control, 2 level of suspension nitrogen 4.5%, 3 level of suspension nitrogen 6%, 4 level of solid nitrogen 60 kg N/ha, 5 level of solid nitrogen 90 kg N/ha

Hassanzadeh
et al.
8/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Table XV. Mentha L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s) of
Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- M. aquatica L.1Amool
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/MS 20 (88.1%) b-caryophyllene (22.4%), viridiorol
(11.3%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%).
(53)
2- M. aquatica L.2Amool
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/MS 29 (95.4%) piperitenone oxide (25.7%),
b-caryophyllene (12.0%), 1,8-cineole
(10.3%), viridiorol (7.5%), carvone
(6.6%) and thymol (5.3%).
(53)
3- M. aquatica L. Was Wood
(Mazandaran
prov.)
1.0 GC 16 (82.9%) menthofuran (52.6%), b-caryophyllene
(11%), germacrene D (7.5%) and
1,8-cineole (4.2%).
(54)
4- M. longifolia (L.)
Huds.
Arasbaran (East
Azerbaijan
prov.)
0.41 GC and GC/MS 15 (99.8%) piperitenone oxide (23.5%),
b-caryophyllene (23.2%), piperitone
oxide (17.5%), germacrene D (17.2%)
and bicyclogermacrene (3.8%).
(55)
5- M. longifolia (L.)
Huds.
Shahriar (Tehran
prov.)
1.21 GC and GC/MS 23 (99.3%) carvone (61.8%) and limonene
(19.4%).
(56)
6-M. longifolia (L.)
Huds.
Central region
of Iran (Isfahan
prov.)
0.8-2.1 GC and GC/MS 15(82.0-
91.4%)
cis-carveol (53.5-78.2%) and
1,8-cineole (0.1- 18.3%).
(57)
7- M. longifolia (L.)
Huds. var. asiatica
(Boiss.) Rech. f.2
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
3.5 GC and GC/MS 16 (99.9%) piperitone (67.6%), isomenthone
(6.6%), cis-piperitol (4.2%) and
menthone (11.6%).
(58)
8- M. longifolia (L.)
Hudson var. asiatica
(Boiss.) Rech. f. 3
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
9.6 GC and GC/MS 13 (97%) piperitone (55.7%), carvone (16.2%),
pulegone (4.1%) and menthone
(11.4%).
(58)
9- M. longifolia(L.)
Huds. var. calliantha
(Stapf) Briqu.2*
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
3.3 GC and GC/MS 11 (84.8%) piperitone (49.7%), 1,8-cineole (18.4%)
and piperitenone (15.8%).
(59)
10- M. longifolia(L.)
Huds. var. calliantha
(Stapf) Briqu.3*
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
2.0 GC and GC/MS 11 (100%) piperitone (70.22%), piperitenone (9%)
and 1,8-cineole (7.8%).
(59)
11- M. longifolia
(L.) Huds. var.
chlorodictya Rech. f.
Gorgan
(Golestan
prov.)3
1.0 GC and GC/MS 30 (97.0%) p-menth-1-en-9-ol (62.1%),
b-caryophyllene (6.3%) and carvacrol
(4.8%).
(60)
12- M. longifolia(L.)
Huds. var.
chlorodictya Rech. f.
Gorgan
(Golestan
prov.)4
1.0 GC and GC/MS 30 (92.1%) p-menth-1-en-9-ol (37.1%),
1,8-cineole (14.4%), piperitone
(9.7%), carvacrol (9.3%) and
germacrene D (9.1%).
(60)
13- M. longifolia
(L.) Huds. var.
kermanansis Rech. f.2*
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.4 GC and GC/MS 11 (98.1%) piperitenone oxide (45.7%), piperitone
(30.6%) and piperitenone (5.6%).
(61)
14- M. longifolia(L.)
Huds. var.
kermanansis Rech. f.3*
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.2 GC and GC/MS 11 (100%) piperitenone oxide (44.3%), piperitone
(25.3%) and piperitenone (10.6%).
(61)
15- M. longifolia(L.)
Huds. var. kotschyana
(Boiss.) Briqu.2
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.8 GC and GC/MS 13 (98.7%) piperitone (64%) and 1,8-cineole
(28.4%).
(61)
16- M. longifolia (L.)
Huds. var. kotschyana
(Boiss.) Briqu.3
Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.2 GC and GC/MS 9 (99.9%) piperitone (58.2%), 1,8-cineole (26.7%)
and piperitenone oxide (4.6%).
(61)
17- M. mozaffarianii
Jamzad*
South of Iran
(Fars prov.)
1.1 (w/w) GC and GC/MS 20 (83.6%) 1,8-cineole (53.5%). (62)
18- M. mozaffarianii
Jamzad*
Bandar-Abbas
(Hormozgan
prov.)
1.75 (w/w) GC, GC/MS and
1HNMR
19 (82.4%) 1,8-cineole (11.1%), linalool (5.5%),
camphor (7.4%) and piperitone oxide
(43.3%).
(63)
19- M × piperita L. Ghasre Shirin
(Kermanshah
prov.)
2.7 GC not stated menthol (43.1%). (64)
20- M × piperita L. Gilane Gharb
(Kermanshah
prov.)
2.0 GC not stated menthol (54.6%). (64)
21- M × piperita L. Kerend
(Kermanshah
prov.)
3.2 GC not stated menthol (46.5%). (64)
22- M × piperita L. Sahneh
(Kermanshah
prov.)
2.3 GC not stated menthol (41.3%). (64)

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/9
23- M × piperita L. Sari
(Mazandaran
prov.)
1.45 GC not stated menthol (56.4%). (64)
24- M × piperita L. Tafresh (Markazi
prov.)
2.2 GC not stated menthol (34.3%) (64)
25- M × piperita L.6Dezfool
(Khuzestan
prov.)
2.0 (w/w) GC/MS 24 (99.7%) menthol (31.5 %), menthone (23.4 %)
and isomenthone (11.1%).
(65)
26- M × piperita L.7Dezfool
(Khuzestan
prov.)
not stated GC/MS 7 (100%) menthol (48.4%), menthone (26.7%)
and isomenthone (6.9%).
(65)
27- M × piperita L. Mashhad (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.15 GC/MS 24 (98.2%) menthol (32.8%), menthofuran
(17.9%), 1,8-cineole (7.9%), pulegone
(6.7%), menthone (6.1%) and menthyl
acetate (4.8%).
(66)
28- M × piperita L. Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.0 GC and GC/MS 17 (91.5%) neomenthol (42.6%), 1,8-cineole
(16.8%) and piperitone (12.3).
(67)
29- M × piperita L. Kashan (Isfahan
prov.)
1.0 GC and GC/MS 15 (91.0%) menthol(37.6%), menthone(19.1%),
1,8-cineole (11.5%) and menthofuran
(4.5%).
(67)
30- M × piperita L.8Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.16 GC and GC/MS 23 (96.9%) isomenthol (41.5%), isomenthone
(17.5%), (E)-b-ocimene (7.8%) and
carvacrol (7.8%).
(68)
31- M × piperita L.9Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.22 GC and GC/MS 23 (95.1%) isomenthone (28.6%), carvacrol
(13.8%), (E)-b-ocimene (8.4%) and
pulegone (7.4%).
(68)
32- M. pulegium L. Lahijan (Gilan
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC/MS 12 (96.2%) pulegone (66.5%), menthone (24.5%),
menthofuran (4.2%) and isopulegone
(1.5%).
(69)
33- M. spicata L. Central region
of Iran (Isfahan
prov.)
0.8-1.9 GC and GC/MS 15(67.9-
87.7%)
terpinen-4-yl acetate (0.1-55.3%),
carvone oxide (0.1-52.5%), piperitone
(0.1- 49.3%), menthol (0.9- 15.7%),
carvacrol (0.2- 49.6%), isomenthone
(0.1- 39.1%), piperitone oxide (0.2-
23.3%), p-cymene (0.2- 48.6%) and
trans-carvyl acetate (0.3- 32.2%).
(57)
34- M. spicata L. Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.1 GC and GC/MS 28 (90.1%) carvone (22.4%), linalool (11.5%) and
limonene (10.8%).
(70)
35- M. spicata L. Mashhad (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.15 GC/MS 31 (97.0%) carvone (35.8%), limonene (20.7%),
cis-carveol (11.6%) and cis-
dihydrocarvone (4.6%).
(71)
36- M. spicata L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.57 (w/w) GC and GC/MS 15 (96.7%) limonene (4.7%), piperitone (48.0%),
b- caryophyllene (20.3%) and
menthol (7.9%).
(72)
37- M. spicataL. Ahwaz
(Khuzestan
prov.)
1.1 GC/MS and
various
spectroscopic
techniques
17 (100%) carvone (64.4%) and limonene
(11.0%).
(73)
1 stem, 2 leaf, 3 ower, 4 6 km from Gorgan, 5 60 km from Gorgan, 6 essential oil, 7 supercritical extraction, 8 extracted by apparatus plan-1, 9 extracted by apparatus plan-
2,*endemic to Iran
Micromeria Benth.
This genus contains 70 species of annuals, perennials and
dwarf evergreen shrubs. It is distributed throughout the Canary
Islands and Mediterranean to the Himalayas and southwest of
China. The leaves are ovate, linear, or lance-shaped, flat or with
thickened marginal veins, sometimes revolute, petiolate, often
aromatic, light to dark green. They are arranged in opposite
pairs. Inflorescence varys from a thyrse to verticillasters of
short pedunculate cymules or subsessile flowers. The flowers
Table XV. Continued
are tubular 2-lipped, white or purple. Nutlets are glabrous or
minutely pubescent, obtuse, acute, apiculate or acuminate.
The genus has three species in Iran, of which one of them is
endemic (1, 2, 4, 74). A summary of the composition of the oils
of Iranian Micromeria species can be seen in Table XVI.
Nepeta L.
Nepeta contains around 250 species of perennials that are
rarely annuals, to 1.2 m, mostly in Europe and Asia, as well as
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s) of
Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.

Hassanzadeh
et al.
10/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Table XVI. Micromeria Benth. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- M. persica Boiss.1Razan Road
(Hamadan prov.)
3.0 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
36 (98.2%) thymol (33.1% ), g-terpinene (28.7% ),
limonene (5.0% ), 1,8-cineole (14.2%) and
p-cymene (7.0% ).
(75)
1- M. persica Boiss.2 Razan Road
(Hamadan prov.)
3.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
36 (98.2%) thymol (28.6%), g-terpinene (17.5%),
limonene (20.7%), 1,8-cineole (0.2%) and
p-cymene (17.5%).
(75)
1before owering, 2during the full owering stage
Table XVII. Nepeta L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- N. astrotricha Rech.
f. *
Shirkuh (Yazd
prov.)
1.95 GC and GC/
MS
15 (98.0%) terpinen-4-ol (22.8%), 1,8-cineole (17.4%),
4ab,7a,7ab-nepetalactone (14.8%), linalool
(12.5%) and g-terpinene (10.6%).
(76)
2- N. binaludensis
Jamzad *
Binalud mountain
(Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.8 GC, GC/
MS, and
1H-NMR
16 (92.7%) 1,8-cineole (42.0%), nepetalactone (25.0%),
linalool (4.0%), a-terpineol (4.0%) and
b-pinene (3.0%).
(77)
3- N. cataria L. Larijan
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.94 GC and GC/
MS
32 (100%) 4aa, 7a, 7ab-nepetalactone (28.8%),
1,8-cineole (13.5%), 4aa,7b, 7aa-
nepetalactone (11.9%), b-caryophyllene
(5.7%) and citronellyl acetate (5.2%).
(78)
4- N. cephalotes Boiss. * Jaajrood (Tehran
prov.)
0.25 GC, GC/
MS and
1H-NMR
10 (78.5%) 4aa, 7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (35.1%),
b-pinene (18.2%) and 1.8-cineole (11.4%).
(79)
5- N. crassifolia Boiss. et
Buhse *
Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.82 GC and GC/
MS
16 (99.8%) 4aa, 7b, 7aa nepetalactone (81.1%) and
4aa, 7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (5.9%).
(78)
6- N. crassifolia Boiss. et
Buhse *
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
21 (99.3%) 4aa, 7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (92.6%),
linalyl acetate (2.6%), piperitone (0.8%),
germacrene D (0.7%), 4ab, 7a, 7ab-
nepetalactone (0.6%) and b-caryophyllene
(0.6%).
(80)
7- N.crassifolia Boiss. et
Buhse *
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
35 (84.7%) isomers of nepetalactone (72.8%) and
1,8-cineole (9.0%).
(81)
8- N. crispa Willd.* Alvand mountain
(Hamadan prov.)
1.02
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
23 (99.8%) 1,8-cineole (47.9%) and 4aa, 7a, 7ab-
nepetalactone (20.3%).
(82)
9- N. crispa Willd.* Alvand mountain
(Hamadan prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
28 (99.0%)1,8-cineole (62.8%), 4aa, 7a, 7aa-
nepetalactone (10.3%) and 4aa, 7a, 7ab-
nepetalactone (9.2%).
(83)
10- N. daenensis Boiss. Charmahal
Bakhtiari prov.
0.1 GC and GC/
MS
23 (98.1%) b-caryophyllene (27.1%), a-pinene (14.5%),
germacrene D (11.4%), bicyclogermacrene
(9.6%), bicycloelemene (8.1%), myrcene
(5.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.8%).
(84)
11- N. denudata Benth.* Saveh (Tehran
prov.)
0.61 GC, GC/
MS and
1H-NMR
21 (85.7%) 1,8-cineole (48.0%), myrtenol (5.0%),
b-pinene (4.6%), and trans-pinocarveol
(4.5%).
(79)
12- N. depauperata
Benth. *
Khabr mountain
(Kerman prov.)
0.3 GC/MS 33 (82.5%) spathulenol (31.8%), b-caryophyllene
(12.9%), caryophyllene oxide (10.3%) and
cadinol (5.4%).
(85)
13- N. elymatica Bornm. Khorramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.76
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
21 (94.8%) 4ab, 7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (35.6%),
1,8-cineole (29.7%), b-pinene (5.5%),
terpinen-4-ol (5.8%), a-terpineol (3.1%),
g-terpinene (2.3%), b-caryophyllene (1.8%)
and a-terpinene (1.4%).
(86)
north Africa. Leaves are usually aromatic, opposite, ovate to
lance-shaped, entire, scalloped, or toothed, and some are hairy.
Flowers are tubular, irregularly 2-lipped blue or white, rarely
yellow, in clusters at the stem tips, with ten forming spikes.
There are about 70 species of this genus found in Iran, of which
38 species are endemic to the country (1, 2, 4-6). A summary
of the composition of the oils of Iranian Nepeta species can
be seen in Table XVII.

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/11
14- N. eremophila
Hausskn. et Bornm.
Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
not
stated
GC, GC/MS 26 (96.3%)4ab-7a-7ab-nepetalactone (73.3%) and
1,8-cineole (13.1%).
(83)
15- N. fissa C. A. Mey. Tehran prov. 0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
42 (99.3%) b-caryophyllene (17.4%), caryophyllene oxide
(12.3%), g-muurolene (7.9%), valencene
(6.6%), b-pinene (6.0%) and a-pinene
(5.8%).
( 87,
88)
16- N. gloeocephala
Rech. f.
Kashan (Isfahan
prov.)
1.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
29 (100%) 1,8-cineole (35.2%), b-pinene (21.8%),
sabinene (7.8%), (E)-b-ocimene (7.1%),
a-pinene (7.1%) and (Z)-b-ocimene (6.9%).
(89)
17- N.glomerulosa Boiss. Shiraz (Fars prov.) 0.28
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
28 (69.7%) a-pinene (9.4%), geranyl acetate (9.3%),
limonene (8.2%) and caryophyllene oxide
(8.0%).
(90)
18- N. glomerulosa
Boiss. subsp.
carmanica (Bornm.)
Rech. f. *
Dehaghan
(Isfahan prov.)
0.25 GC and GC/
MS
35 (98.5%) a-pinene (18.3%), 1,8-cineole (13.9%),
limonene (9.7%), linalool (4.8%), (E)-b-
ocimene (4.7%), humulene epoxide (4.2%),
trans-a-bergamotene (3.5%), a-humulene
(3.2%) and camphene (3.1%)
(91)
19- N. heliotropifolia
Lam.
Oshnavieyeh to
Orromieh (West
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.7 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
23 (92.8%) 1,8-cineole (16.8%), 4aa,7a, 7ab-
nepetalactone (16.3%), cis-sabinene hydrate
(16.1%) and linalool (11.9%).
(62)
20- N. heliotropifolia
Lam.1
Hamadan prov. 0.75
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
30 (97.9%) limonene (40.1%), b-pinene (11.1%),
bicyclogermacrene (6%), b-caryophyllene
(5.6%), sabinene (5.4%) and 1,8-cineole
(5.3%).
(92)
21- N. heliotropifolia
Lam.2
Hamadan prov. 0.63
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
27 (97.3%) b-pinene (23.3%), 1,8-cineole (13.2%),
g- muurolene (12.5%). bicyclogermacrene
(12.5%), b-caryophyllene (8.1%) and (Z)-b-
farnesene (6.2%).
(92)
22- N. heliotropifolia
Lam.3
Hamadan prov. 0.4 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
28 (98.4%) b-caryophyllene (22.1%), (Z)-b-farnesene
(13%), bicyclogermacrene (12%),
1,8-cineole (9.7%), b-pinene (9.5%) and g-
muurolene (7.6%).
(92)
23- N. involucrata
(Bunge) Bornm.
Takab (West
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
48 (97.2%) 1,8-cineole (23.1%) germacrene D (15.1%)
and b-pinene (12.2%).
(93)
24- N. isphahanica
Boiss.
Isfahan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.4 GC/MS 26 (86.3%) 1,8-cineole (45.8%) b-pinene (8.9%), 4aa,
7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (6.2%), a-terpineol
(4.3%) and (E)-b- ocimene (3.3%).
(94)
25- N. isphahanica
Boiss.
Roodshoor,
between Saveh
and Tehran
(Tehran prov.)
0.2 GC, GC/
MS and
1H-NMR
17 (91.6%) 1,8-cineole (65.2%) and b-pinene (10.7%). (77)
26- N. ispahanica Boiss. Tehran-Qom
highway (Qom
prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
27 (96.4%)1,8-cineole (71.7%) and b-pinene (4.2%). (83)
27- N. kotschyi Boiss. Khorramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.62
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
11 (97.7%) 4ab, 7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (92.0%),
1,8-cineole (2.6%), b-pinene (0.9%),
pulegone (0.4%) and bicyclogermacrene
(0.3%).
(95)
28- N. macrosiphon
Boiss.
Dena mountain
(Fars prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
73 (96.9%) spathulenol (28.8%), a-cadinol (13.6%),
bicyclogermacrene (10.1%) b-caryophyllene
(9.6%) and linalool (5.6%).
(96)
29- N.macrosiphon
Boiss.
Dalakhani
mountain,
Songhur
(Kermanshah
prov.)
0.1 (w/w) GC/MS 45 (95.1%) spathulenol (14.1%), germacrene D (9.2%)
and caryophyllene oxide (8.1%).
(97)
30- N. mahanensis
Jamzad et Simmonds*
Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
18 (96.4%)nepetalactone (37.6%), 1,8-cineole (27.2%)
and germacrene D (6.5%).
(83)
31 – N. makuensis
Jamzad et Mozaffarian
*
Maku (West
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.1 (w/w) GC/MS 28 (92.9%) viridiorol (17.5%), t-cadinol (10.7%) and
spathulenol (9.0%).
(98)
32- N. menthoides
Boiss. et Bushe.
Samian Research
Station (Ardabil
prov.)
1.2 GC and GC/
MS
18 (98.8%) 1,8-cineole (57.3%), b-pinene (8.8%) and
geranyl acetate (8.1%).
(99)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XVII. Nepeta L. species oils

Hassanzadeh
et al.
12/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
33- N. Mey.eri Benth. Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
0.4 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14 (81.4%) 4aa, 7a, 7ab-nepetalactone (68.1%). (53)
34- N. Mey.eri Benth. Tehran-Qom
highway (Qom
prov.)
1.13
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
18 (99.3%) 4aa-7a-7ab-nepetalactone (53.2%),
1,8-cineole (29.3%) and camphor (4.1%).
(100)
35- N. persica Boiss. Persepolis (Fars
prov.)
0.08 GC and GC/
MS
41(86.4%) 2,3,4,5- tetramethyl-hexa-1,4-diene (10.9%)
and 4ab, 7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (26.5%).
(101)
36- N. persica Boiss. Isfahan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
13 (85.0%) nepetalactone (74.4%) and b-farnesene
(4.3%).
(102)
37- N. pogonosperma
Jamzad et Assadi4*
Alamout (Qazvin
prov.)
1.7 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
21 (93.7%) nepetalactone (57.6% ), 1,8-cineole (26.4% )
and b-pinene (4.9%).
(103)
38- N. pogonosperma
Jamzad et Assadi5*
Alamout (Qazvin
prov.)
1.59
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
22 (93.8%) nepetalactone (47.8%), 1,8-cineole (27.3% )
and b-pinene (4.9%).
(103)
39- N. pogonosperma
Jamzad et Assadi6*
Alamout (Qazvin
prov.)
1.8 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
13 (93.2%) nepetalactone (52.0%), 1,8-cineole (16.7%,)
and b-pinene (6.7%).
(103)
40- N. pogonosperma
Jamzad et Assadi7*
Alamout (Qazvin
prov.)
1.32
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
22 (96.7%) nepetalactone (43.5%), 1,8-cineole (35.0%)
and b-pinene (3.6 %).
(103)
41- N. pogonosperma
Jamzad et Assadi*
Alamout (Qazvin
prov.)
1.70
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
28 (100%) 4aa-7a-7ab-nepetalactone (57.6%),
1,8-cineole (26.4%) and b-pinene (3.7%).
(104)
42- N. racemosa Lam. Lar valley (Tehran
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
24 (99.3%) 4ab, 7a, 7ab-nepetalactone (33.6%), 4aa,
7a, 7ab-nepetalactone (25.6%), 4aa, 7a,
7aa-nepetalactone (24.4%) and 1,8-cineole
(9.0%).
(105)
43- N. racemosa Lam. Dizin (Tehran
prov.)
0.36 GC and GC/
MS
15 (98.2%) 4aa, 7a, 7aa-nepetalactone (64.9%), (Z)-b-
ocimene (9.5%), (E)-nerolidol (8.8%) and 4a,
7a, 7ab-nepetalactone (7.4%).
(106)
44- N. rivularis Bornm. Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
not
stated
GC,
GC/MS
22 (99.7%)1,8-cineole (38.5%), sabinene (14.8%),
b-pinene (10.7%) and g-terpinene (5.1%).
(83)
45- N.satureioides
Boiss. *
Serideh, (South
Khorasan prov.)
0.06
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
45 (97.4%) linalool (23.8%), (Z, E)-farnesol (14.7%), linalyl
acetate (11.1%), b-caryophyllene (6.6%),
lavandulyl acetate (6.6%), caryophyllene
oxide (6.4%), and (Z)-b-farnesene (3.4%).
(107)
46- N. sintenisii Bornm. Charat,
Savadkooh
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.3 GC/MS 40 (96.5%) 4ab, 7a, 7ab-nepetalactone (23.4%), elemol
(16.1%), E-b-farnesene (9.5%), 1,8-cineole
(8.2%), cis-sabinene hydrate (6.5%),
b-bisabolene (4.2%) and germacrene D
(3.5%).
(108)
47- N. ucrainica L.
subsp. kopetdaghensis.
(Pojark.) Rech.f.
Tandureh National
Park (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.04 GC and GC/
MS
41 (89.5%) germacrene D (39.7%), hexadecanoic
acid (10.8%), b-bourbonene (5.8%) and
spathulenol (5.6%).
(109)
1before owering stage, 2 at the beginning of owering stage, 3at the full owering stage, 4on cultivation irrigation condition (rst harvest), 5on cultivation irrigation condition
(second harvest), 6non-irrigation condition (rst harvest), 7non-irrigation condition (second harvest), *endemic to Iran
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XVII. Nepeta L. species oils
Ocimum L.
This genus contains 150 species found in temperate to
tropical Africa and Asia. The species belonging to this genus
are aromatic annuals and evergreen perennial shrubs. They
have erect, usually branching stems, with linear to almost
rounded leaves, borne in opposite pairs. The tubular flowers,
usually in whorls of 6, are arranged in loose or dense spikes,
and have small to large, occasionally brightly colored bracts.
One species of the genus grows in Iran (2, 4-6). A summary
of the composition of the oils of Iranian Ocimum species can
be seen in Table XVIII.
Origanum L.
This genus contains 36 species of annuals, biennials, rhi-
zomatous, herbaceous perennials and deciduous and evergreen
sub-shrubs, to 90 centimeters, mainly in the Mediterranean

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/13
Table XX. Perovskia Karel. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- P. abrotanoides Karel. Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.97 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
21 (100%) camphor (34.1%), 1,8-cineole
(18.0%), b-caryophyllene (8.2%) and
a-humulene (6.5%).
(115)
2- P. abrotanoides Karel. Gorgan (Golestan
prov.)
1.8 GC/MS 37 (100%) camphor (23), 1,8-cineole (19.0%),
d-3-carene (9%) and camphene (5%).
(116)
3- P. abrotanoides Karel. Damghan
(Semnan prov.)
1.55 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
23 (84.3%) 1,8-cineole (28.0%) and camphor
(24.0%).
(10)
4- P. abrotanoides Karel. Khorasan prov. 2.0 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
29 (98.9%) 1,8-cineole (32.4%), myrcene (13.0%),
a-pinene (10.2%), camphor (9.1%),
b-caryophyllene (7.9%), a-humulene
(6.4%), camphene (5.0%), and
a-bisabolol (2.6%).
(117)
5- P. abrotanoides
Benth.
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
2.3% (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
38 (97.6%) 1,8-cineole+limonene (40.1%),
a-pinene (17.9%) d-3-carene (9.1%)
b-pinene (6.6%) camphene (6.2%)
and camphor (5.3%).
(118)
6- P. abrotanoides
Benth. 1
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
not stated GC and GC/
MS
30 (100%) 1,8-cineole, limonene, camphor,
b-caryophyllene, a-pinene,
camphene and a-humulene.
(119)
7- P. abrotanoides
Benth. 2
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
not stated GC and GC/
MS
32 (100%) 1,8-cineole, limonene, camphor,
b-caryophyllene, g-cadinene,
a-pinene and a-terpinyl acetate.
(119)
1steam distillation, 2 supercritical uid extractions (SFE)
Table XVIII. Ocimum L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- O. basilicum L. cv.
Green
Isfahan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.5 GC/MS 12 (99.4%) methyl chavicol (40.5%), geranial
(27.6%), neral (18.5%) and
caryophyllene oxide (5.4%).
(110)
2- O. basilicum L. cv.
Purple
Isfahan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.2 GC/MS 20 (98.5%) methyl chavicol (52.4%), linalool
(20.1%), t-cadinol (5.9%) and trans-
a-bergamotene (5.2%).
(110)
3- O. basilicum L.1Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
1.7 GC and GC/
MS
23 (95.2%) methyl chavicol (34.1%), geraniol
(27.8%) and nerol (28.8%).
(111)
4- O. basilicum L.2Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
1.3 GC and GC/
MS
19 (96.3%) methyl chavicol (42.3%), geraniol
(24.5%) and nerol (19%).
(111)
1 control, 2 in response to electromagnetic eld
Table XIX. Origanum L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- O. majorana L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
24 (98.2%) linalyl acetate (26.1%) sabinene
(12.0%), g-terpinene (8.8%), cis-
sabinene hydrate (8.7%), cis-piperitol
(7.5%), a-terpineol (6.5%) and
p-cymene (5.7%).
(112)
2- O. vulgare L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
36 (100%) b-caryophyllene (24.5%), germacrene
D (15.2%), trans-sabinene hydrate
(9.5%), sabinene (6.0%), a-humulene
(5.1%), valencene (4.3%) and (E)-b-
ocimene (4.2%).
(113)
3- O. vulgare L. subsp.
viride
Kodjour
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.1 TLC, GC,
GC/
MS, and
1H-NMR
24 (96.4%) linalyl acetate (20.1%), sabinene
(13.4%), caryophyllene (14.5%),
g-terpinene (5.6%), b- caryophyllene
oxide (4.7%), germacrene D (4.6%),
(E)-b-ocimene (3.6%), (Z)-b-ocimene
(3.4%), and g-elemene (3.3%).
(114)

Hassanzadeh
et al.
14/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
area and southwest Asia. Leaves are aromatic, opposite, and
entire. Flowers are 2-lipped, white, mauve, or pink in color
and their shapes are elongated, tubular or funnel-like, in small
whorls clustered in dense, short spikes often green. The fruit
is made up of 4 nutlets. The genus Origanum has one species
in Iran (2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils of
Iranian Origanum species can be seen in Table XIX.
Table XXI. Phlomis L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- P. anisodonta Boiss. Mazandaran prov. 0.10 GC and GC/
MS
28 (96.0%) germacrene D (65.0%) and
b-caryophyllene (11.0%).
(120)
2- P. anisodonta Boiss. Larijan (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.98
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
99 (96.9%) germacrene D (23.6%), 4-hydroxy-4-
methyl-2-pentanone (15.0%), a-pinene
(6.8%) and b-caryophyllene (6.7%).
(121)
3- P. bruguieri Desf. Fars prov. 0.20 GC and GC/
MS
21 (96.8%) germacrene D (60.5%), g-elemene
(16.5%), germacrene B (7.1%) and
bicyclogermacrene (4.1%).
(120)
4- P. chorassanica
Bunge*
Khorasan prov. 0.10 GC and GC/
MS
42 (99.5%) germacrene D (51.5%), b-caryophyllene
(25.0%).
(122)
5- P. herba-venti L.1Sari (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.57
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (93.1%) germacrene D (33.9%), hexadecanoic
acid (12.9%) and a-pinene (9.4%).
(123)
6- P. herba-venti L.2Sari (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.64
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
21 (96.8%) hexadecanoic acid (33.1%), 6, 10,
14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (16.2%),
3-methyltetradecane (6.7%) and
germacrene D (6.7%).
(123)
7- P. lanceolata Boiss. Ardabil prov. 0.10 GC and GC/
MS
31 (94.1%) germacrene D (47.0%), (E)-b-farnesene
(10.5%), a-pinene (8.7%), germacrene
B (8.0%) and bicyclogermacrene
(5.9%).
(120)
8- P. olivieri Benth. Khouramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.8 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
16 (83.6%) germacrene D (26.4%) and
bicyclogermacrene (12.7%).
(124)
9- P. olivieri Benth. Damavand (Tehran
prov.)
0.10
(w/w)
GC/MS 15 (99.9%) germacrene D (28.1%), b-caryophyllene
(16.1%), a-pinene (11.7%) and
b-selinene (10.2%).
(125)
10- P. olivieri Benth. Dehbid, Semirom
(Isfahan prov.)
0.30 GC/MS 39 (79.6%) hexahydrofarnesylacetone (13.3%),
spathulenol (11.4%), germacrene D
(9.7%), b-caryophyllene (6.9%) and
caryophyllene oxide (5.3%).
(126)
11- P. olivieri Benth. Chaloos toward
Nesa (Mazandaran
Prov.)
0.10 GC and GC/
MS
22 (93.6%) germacrene D (66.1%), b- selinene
(5.1%), b-caryophyllene (4.2%) and
a-pinene (4.2%).
(127)
12- P. persica Boiss.* Bojnoord (North
Khorasan prov.)
0.10 GC and GC/
MS
41 (97.3%) germacrene D (32.5%), (E)-b-farnesene
(21.7%), 6, 10, 14- trimethyl-2-
pentadecanone (8.5%), germacrene B
(6.1%) and b-caryophyllene (5.1%).
(122)
13- P. persica Boiss.* Taleghan, (Tehran
prov.)
0.90
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
23 (97.4%) germacrene D (38.2%),
bicyclogermacrene (16.3%) and
a-pinene (13.3%).
(124)
14- P. pungens Willd. Jierroft (Kerman
prov.)
0.75
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
24 (91.7%) germacrene D (24.5%),
bicyclogermacrene (14.1%), a-pinene
(13.5%) and (E)-b-farnesene (13.4%).
(14)
1 leaf, 2 ower, *endemic to Iran
Perovskia Karel.
The genus of seven species found in the northeast of Iran
to the Himalayas. Sub-shrubs, to 1.5 m, woody only at the base
stem silvery. The leaves are powerfully aromatic, with a hint
of disinfectant, opposite, lance-shape to ovate or oblong, gray-
green, usually deeply and jaggedly toothed and pinnate, and
deciduous. The flowers are blue, small, and tubular, 2-lipped

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/15
in loose whorls on branching and have leafless spikes. The fruit
is made of 4 nutlets. One species of Perovskia grows in Iran
(2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Perovskia species can be seen in Table XX.
Phlomis L.
This genus of about 100 species found in the Mediterra-
nean to central Asia and China. These plants are herbaceous
perennials and evergreen shrubs or sub-shrubs with flowering
stems, to 1.3 m. Leaves are opposite, lanceolate to ovate, light
to gray-green, usually densely hairy, and the lowest part usually
heart shaped. Tubular, white, yellow or lilac flowers have a small,
conical calyx and usually large petals in few or several-flowered
whorls. The fruit is made up of four 3-angled and sometimes
hairy nutlets. Seventeen species and two hybrids of the genus
are found in Iran, in which six of them are endemic to the
country (1, 2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils
of Iranian Phlomis species can be seen in Table XXI.
Table XXII. Rosmarinus L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- R. officinalis L.1Semnan (Semnan
prov.)
0.31 GC and GC/
MS
25 (99.1%) a-pinene (30.3%), 1,8-cineole (15.2%),
terpinen-1-ol (8.2%) and methyl
chavicol (7.5%).
(128)
2- R. officinalis L.2Semnan (Semnan
prov.)
0.26 GC and GC/
MS
27 (99.9%) a-pinene (30.0%), 1,8-cineole (12.2%),
methyl chavicol (11.6%) and camphene
(6.6%).
(128)
3- R. officinalis L. Karaj (Tehran prov.) 0.78-1.36 GC/MS 61 (82.2%) a-pinene (15.5%), 1,8-cineole (13.1%),
camphor (10.0%), bicycle[3.1.1]helpt-
3-en-2-one (8.6%),3 borneol (7.3%),
camphene (6.0%) and 3-octanone
(6.0%).
(129)
1 in the laboratory, 2in the pilot scale, 3 typographic mistake, should be verbenone (trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one).
Rosmarinus L.
The genus of two species of evergreen shrubs is found in
the Mediterranean region. The leaves are aromatic, opposite
and narrowly linear; the 2-lipped, tubular flowers are borne
on short, few-flowered, auxiliary whorls. One species of the
genus is cultivated in Iran (4, 5, 44). A summary of the com-
position of the oils of Iranian Rosmarinus species can be seen
in Table XXII.
Salvia L.
Salvia contains around 900 species worldwide, mainly in
central Asia. These species are annuals, biennials, herbaceous
and evergreen perennials, and shrubs, to 5 m; some of them
are rhizomatous or tuberous. They are frequently aromatic and
often hairy; some species are very woolly and others silver in
appearance. The stems are usually square. Leaves are aromatic,
opposite and entire, toothed or pinnately lobed; basal leaves
sometimes differ from stem leaves. Flowers are 2-lipped blue,
Table XXIII. Salvia L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- S. aethiopis L. Sari (Mazandaran
prov.)
1.6 GC and GC/
MS
28 (96.9%) b-caryophyllene (17.0%), a-copaene
(16.3%), germacrene D (13.8%)
b-cubebene (9.7%), spathulenol (8.3%),
d-cadinene (7.7%) and a-humulene
(6.9%).
(130)
2- S. aethiopis L. Loshan (Gilan
prov.)
0.13 GC and GC/
MS
22 (92.0%) b-caryophyllene (24.6%), a-copaene
(15.5%) and germacrene D (13.5%).
(131)
3- S. brachycalyx Boiss. Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
0.07 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
21 (94.9%) 1,8-cineole (76.6 %), geraniol (15.1 %)
and a-pinene (0.8%).
(132)
4- S. brachycalyx
Boiss. 1*
Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
0.025(w/w) GC/MS 20 (78.4%) geraniol (73.6 %) and spathulenol (0.2 %). (133)
5- S. brachycalyx
Boiss. 2*
Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
0.04 (w/w) GC/MS 18 (74.2%) geraniol (63.1%) and spathulenol (1.7 %). (133)

Hassanzadeh
et al.
16/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
6- S. brachycalyx
Boiss. 3*
Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
0.03 (w/w) GC/MS 14 (79.3%) geraniol (72.0 %) and spathulenol (0.3 %). (133)
7- S. bracteata Banks et
Soland 4
Marivan
(Kordistan prov.)
0.22 GC and GC/
MS
17 (99.8%) b-caryophyllene (49.6%),g- muurolene
(18.3%) and bicyclogermacrene (9.5%).
(134)
8- S. bracteata Banks et
Soland 5
Marivan
(Kordistan prov.)
0.28 GC and GC/
MS
19 (99.8%) b-caryophyllene (41.7%), g- muurolene
(22.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.8%).
(134)
9- S. bracteata Banks et
Soland 6
Aleshtar (Lurestan
prov.)
0.057(w/w) GC and GC/
MS
41 (89.6%) a-pinene (29.6%), limonene (7.1%),
myrcene (9.7%), b-pinene (6.5%) and
germacrene D (6.0%).
(135)
10- S. bracteata Banks et
Soland 7
Aleshtar (Lurestan
prov.)
0.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
50 (92.0%) a-pinene (28.9%), limonene (7.1%),
myrcene (7.7%) and b-pinene (7.9%).
(135)
11- S. bracteata Banks et
Soland 8
Aleshtar (Lurestan
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
39 (92.4%) a-pinene (19.4%), limonene (13.9%),
myrcene (9.5%) and bornyl acetate
(5.4%).
(135)
12- S. chloroleuca Rech.
f. et Aell.
Chalus- Tehran
(Tehran prov.)
0.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
12 (100%) bicyclogermacrene (7.1%),
b-caryophyllene (37.0%) and
germacrene D (37.4%).
(88)
13- S. compressa Vent. Jahrom (Fars
prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
24 (99.4%) a-cadinol (36.0%), caryophyllene oxide
(15.7%), geraniol (10.5%) and borneol
(9.3%).
(136)
14- S. eremophila Boiss.* Kashan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.8 (w/w) GC/MS 28 (96.0%) a-pinene (24.3%), bornyl acetate
(18.9%), camphene (16.0%) and borneol
(14.3%).
(137)
15- S. hydrangea DC. ex
Benth.
Abadeh (Fars
prov.)
0.1 GC/MS notstated b-caryophyllene (25.1%), 1,8-cineole
(15.2%) and caryophyllene oxide
(11.5%).
(138)
16- S. hydrangea DC. ex
Benth.
Isfahan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
28 (89.5%) b-caryophyllene (33.4%) and
caryophyllene oxide (25.4%).
(139)
17- S. hydrangea DC. ex
Benth.
Dehaghan
(Isfahan prov.)
0.4 GC and GC/
MS
13 (93.8%) 1,8-cineole (28.4%), caryophyllene
oxide (16.4%), a-pinene (14.6%) and
b-pinene (14.2%).
(140)
18- S. hypoleuca Benth. * Ab-Ali (Tehran
prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS
39 (94.6%) bicyclogermacrene (15.3%),
b-caryophyllene (14.6%), viridiorol
(13.3%), spathulenol (12.5%), g-elemene
(7.7%), b-pinene (7.2%) and a-pinene
(5.9%).
(141)
19- S. hypoleuca Benth. * Abe-Ali (Tehran
prov.)
0.28 GC and GC/
MS
29 (85.5%) b-caryophyllene (22.0%), g-elemene
(15.5%) and bicyclogermacrene
(15.1%).
(131)
20- S. hypoleuca Benth. * Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.6 (w/w) GC/MS 19 (78.6%) hexadecanoic acid (27.4%) and viridiorol
(14.9%).
(142)
21- S. lachnocalyx
Hedge*
Fars prov. 0.7 GC and GC/
MS
34 (99.7%) bicyclogermacrene (31.3%), a-pinene
(13.2%), sabinene (11.7%) and b-pinene
(10.3%).
(143)
22- S. limbata C. A. Mey. Charmahal and
Bakhtiari prov.
0.3 GC/MS 40 (98.6%) bicyclogermacrene (21.1%), a-pinene
(15.5%), 1,8-cineole (11.0%), sabinene
(10.6%), b-pinene (9.2%), spathulenol
(8.2%), b-caryophyllene (5.3%) and
d-elemene (5.1%).
(144)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXIII. Continued

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/17
23- S. limbata C. A. Mey. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.25 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
34 (97.8%) a-pinene (23.7%), b-pinene (18.7%) and
sabinene (14.5%).
(145)
24- S. macilenta Boiss. Hajiabad
(Hormozgan
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
31 (99.4%) a- pinene (60.0%), g-elemene (6.1%),
thymol (5.2%), elemol (4.7%) and
b-caryophyllene (4.1%).
(146)
25- S. macrosiphon
Boiss.
Shiraz (Fars prov.) 0.26 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
30 (90.0%) linalool (21.8%), sclareol (15.8%), hexyl
isovalerate (9.4%) and hexyl octanoate
(8.9%).
(147)
26- S. macrosiphon
Boiss.
Shiraz (Fars prov.) 0.14 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
64 (93.3%) linalool (26.3%), hexyl hexanoate
(9.6%), hexyl isovalerate (9.3%), hexyl
2-methylbutyrate (8.9%), sclareol (7.2%)
and hexyl octanoate (6.1%).
(148)
27- S. mirzayanii Rech. f.
et Esfand.
Darab (Fars prov.) 0.8 GC/MS not stated a-terpinyl acetate (22.6%), 1,8-cineole
(21.2%) and linalool (8.9%).
(138)
28- S. mirzayanii Rech. f.
et Esfand.
Khash (Sistan-
Baluchestan
prov.)
0.9 (w/w) GC/MS 28 (99.1%) linalool (19.0%), linalyl acetate (12.9%),
1,8- cineole (12.1%) and a-terpinyl
acetate (11.5%).
(149)
29- S. mirzayanii Rech. f.
et Esfand.
Khabar mountains
(Kerman prov.)
1.28 GC and GC/
MS
29 (84%) linalyl acetate (11.8%), linalool (11.8%),
a-terpinyl acetate (11.0%), 1,8-cineole
(8.7%), a-terpineol (6.3%) and
g-cadinene (5.7%).
(150)
30- S. mirzayanii Rech. f.
et Esfand.
Bastak
(Hormozgan
prov.)
2.2% GC and GC/
MS
82 (90.5%) spathulenol (10.4%), d-cadinene (5.8%),
linalool (5.2%), a-terpinyl acetate
(5.2%), a-cadinol (4.7%), b-eudesmol
(4.5%), cubenol (4.4%) and linalyl
acetate (4.1%).
(151)
31- S. multicaulis Alamot (Tehran
prov.)
0.5 GC and GC/
MS
not stated 1,8-cineole (21.0%), a-pinene (16.5%),
b-caryophyllene (8.9%), borneol (8.3%)
and camphene (7.5%).
(152)
32- S. multicaulis Vahl Sari (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.91 GC and GC/
MS
50 (95.4%) camphor (11.0%), 1,8-cineole (10.7%),
borneol (8.6%) and a- pinene (7.5%).
(153)
33- S. multicaulis Vahl Shahmirzad
(Semnan prov.)
0.87 GC and GC/
MS
16 (94.6%) a -pinene (26.0%), 1,8-cineole, limonene
(20.0%) and camphor (19.0%).
(131)
34- S. multicaulis Vahl Khoramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC/MS 29 (99.5%) bornyl acetate (18.1%), b-caryophyllene
(16.5%), a-pinene (15.6%), 1,8-cineole
(8.3%) and limonene (8.3%).
(154)
35- S. nemorosa L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.12 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
31 (95.5%) b-caryophyllene (41.6%), germacrene B
(21.3%), caryophyllene oxide (6.8%),
(Z)-b-farnesene (6.0%) and germacrene
D (5.6%).
(155)
36- S. officinalis L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.6 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
41 (98.9%) b-pinene (16.0%), borneol (9.4%), a-
humulene (8.4%) and globulol (9.3%).
(156)
37- S. officinalis L. 9Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.7 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
41 (98.2%) b-pinene (8.0%), 1,8-cineole (16.8%),
a-thujone (12.8%), borneol (8.4%),
b-caryophyllene (10.5%), a-humulene
(8.2%) and globulol (10.4%).
(157)
38- S. officinalis L. 10
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.9 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
36 (97.6%) b-pinene (12.3%), 1,8-cineole (19.3%),
a-thujone (13.2%), borneol (6.9%),
b-caryophyllene (10.6%), a-humulene
(9.2%) and globulol (8.1%).
(157)
39- S. officinalis L. 11 Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.5 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
40 (98.7%) b-pinene (16.4%), 1,8-cineole (22.3%),
a-thujone (9.1%), borneol (11.0%),
b-caryophyllene (4.9%), a-humulene
(8.7%) and globulol (6.4%).
(157)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXIII. Continued

Hassanzadeh
et al.
18/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
40- S. officinalis L. 12 Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.4 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
38 (97.2%) b-pinene (10.5%), 1,8-cineole (19.5%),
a-thujone (9.5%), borneol (14.6%),
b-caryophyllene (3.6%), a-humulene
(12.1%) and globulol (10.0%).
(157)
41- S. officinalis L. 13 Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
41 (98.3%) b-pinene (7.1%), 1,8-cineole (15.3%),
a-thujone (25.1%), borneol (3.5%),
b-caryophyllene (7.3%), a-humulene
(11.6%) and globulol (2.6%)
(157)
42- S. palaestina Benth. Bistun
(Kermanshah
prov.)
0.24 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
60 (91.7%) germacrene D (14%), b-bisabolene
(11.9%), 1-epi-cubenol (9.8%), decanal
(7.0%), b-caryophyllene (6.1%) and
isobornyl butyrate (5.8%).
(158)
43- S. palaestina Benth. Arak (Markazi
prov.)
0.26 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
16 (87.6%) b-caryophyllene (36.4%). (145)
44- S. reuterana Boiss.1Borujerd
(Lurestan prov.)
0.8 GC/MS 30 (66.7%) b caryophyllene (13.1%) and spathulenol
(12.4%).
(159)
45- S. reuterana Boiss.2Borujerd
(Lurestan prov.)
0.6 GC/MS 31 (73.6%) b-caryophyllene (15.0%), isospathulenol
(7.7%), bornyl acetate (5.9%) and
b-elemene (6.0%).
(159)
46- S. reuterana Boiss. Alashtar (Lurestan
prov.)
0.8 GC and GC/
MS
46 (91.7%) germacrene D (27.5%), b-caryophyllene
(15.5%), linalool (12.5%),
bicyclogermacrene (9.2%),
caryophyllene oxide (6.3%) and
spathulenol (5.7%).
(160)
47- S. reuterana Boiss. Fasham-
Garmabdar
(Tehran prov.)
0.15 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
21 (97.9%) (E)-b-ocimene (32.3%), a-gurjunene
(14.1%), germacrene D (11.2%) and
hexyl acetate (7.6%).
(155)
48- S. rhytidea Benth. Taftan mountain
(Sistan -
Baluchistan)
0.2 (w/w) GC/MS 60 (98.2%) p-cymen-8-ol (11.9%), spathulenol
(7.3%), pulegone (6.4%), sabinene
(5.8%), terpinen-4-ol (5.5%) and
a-copaene (5.3%).
(161)
49- S. rhytidea Benth. Hezar mountains,
Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
0.6 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
33 (93.8%) b-phellandrene (22.7%) and sabinene
(13.5%).
(145)
50- S. sahendica Boiss.
et Buhse *
Tabriz (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.67 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
24 (95.8%) a-pinene (29.4%) and b-pinene (34.8%). (162)
51- S. santolinifolia
Boiss.
Hajiabad
(Hormozgan
prov.)
0.5 GC/MS not stated a-pinene (72.4%), b-pinene (6.6%) and
limonene (5.3%).
(138)
52- S. santolinifolia
Boiss.
Zabol (Sistan-
Baluchestan
prov.)
0.18 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
17 (87.7%) a-pinene (59.4%), b-pinene (12.4%) and
limonene (3.8%).
(163)
53- S. santolinifolia
Boiss.
Darab (Fars prov.) 0.72 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
33 (99.1%) a-pinene (54%), borneol (15%),
camphene (9.8%), limonene (4.6%) and
b-pinene (2.9%).
(164)
54- S. santolinifolia
Boiss.
Hajiabad
(Hormozgan
prov.)
0.53 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
30 (99.9%) a-pinene (72%), b-pinene (6.6%),
limonene (5.3%), borneol (2.5%) and
camphene (2.9%)
(164)
55- S. santolinifolia
Boiss.
Fareghan
(Hormozgan
prov.)
0.41 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
32 (99.8%) a-pinene (72%), b-pinene (5.7%),
limonene (5.2%), borneol (3.7%) and
camphene (3.3%).
(164)
56- S. sclarea L. Jajrood (Tehran
prov.)
0.4 GC and GC/
MS
not stated b-caryophyllene (31.5%), germacrene D
(16.2%), limonene (15.5%), a-pinene
(10.4%) and a- humulene (9.4%).
(152)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXIII. Continued

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/19
57- S. spinosa L. Dizin (Tehran
prov.)
0.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
29 (99.5%) (E)-b-ocimene (12.3%), b-caryophyllene
(10.2%) and isoamyl isovalerate (9.5%).
(165)
58- S. spinosa L. Baraghan (Tehran
prov.)
0.2 GC/MS 18 (98.6%) 1,8-cineole (32.9%), (Z)-b-ocimene
(20.0%), germacrene D (10.7%), 2-butyl
thiophene (9.8%), b-caryophyllene
(5.0%) and 3- butyl thiophene (3.5%).
(166)
59- S. suffruticosa
Montbr. et Auch. ex
Benth.
Birjand (South
Khorasan prov.)
0.27 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
30 (95.2%) camphor (48.5%), 1,8-cineole (18.6%)
and camphene (7.9%).
(167)
60- S. syriaca L.1Borujerd
(Lurestan prov.)
0.7 GC/MS 28 (87.7%) spathulenol (18.6%), bornyl acetate
(10.5%), a-cadinene (10.3%) and
d-elemene (7.9%).
(159)
61- S. syriaca L.2Borujerd
(Lurestan prov.)
0.4 GC/MS 25 (78.8%) spathulenol (21.4%), bornyl acetate
(9.6%), germacrene B (8.4%), a-pinene
(6.1), d-cadinene (5.8%) and d-elemene
(5.3%).
(159)
62- S. syriaca L. Khorramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS
22 (87.7%) germacrene B (34.8%), germacrene
D (29.2%), a-ylangene (3.6%) and
spathulenol (3.4%).
(168,
169)
63- S. verticillata L. Taleghan (Tehran
prov.)
0.6 GC and GC/
MS
not stated sclareol (11.0%), germacrene D (9.8%),
linalool (9.0%), a-terpineol (7.4%) and
geraniol (4.8%).
(152)
63- S. verticillata L. Fasham-
Garmabdar
(Tehran prov.)
0.68 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
27 (100%) b-caryophyllene (24.7%), g-muurolene
(22.8%), limonene (8.9%) and a-
humulene (7.8%).
(170)
64- S. verticillata L. Gachsar region
(Tehran prov.)
0.31 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
31(98.8%) 1,8-cineole (19.0%), germacrene D
(17.0%) and a-pinene (15.9%).
(171)
65- S. verticillata L. Khalkhal region
(East Azerbaijan
prov.)
0.26 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
32(94.6%) b-caryophyllene (12.0%), germacrene D
(10.7%) and spathulenol (10.0%).
(171)
66- S. verticillata L. Fasham-
Garmabedar
(Tehran prov.)
0.26 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
27 (96.5%) b-caryophyllene (24.7%), g-muurolene
(22.8%), limonene (8.9%) and
a-humulene (7.8%).
(163)
67- S. virgata Jacq. Tabriz(East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.48 GC and GC/
MS
15(95.4%) b-caryophyllene (46.6%), germacrene B
(13.9%), caryophyllene oxide (13.2%),
spathulenol (6.4%) and germacrene D
(5.7%).
(168,
169)
68- S. xanthocheila
Boiss. ex Benth.
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.24 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
27 (99.3%) germacrene D (44.0%), a-copaene
(11.9%) and b-caryophyllene (6.7%).
(172)
1 leaf, 2 ower, 3 stem, 4 at the beginning of owering, 5 at full owering stage, 6 pre owering stage, 7 at owering stage, 8 post owering stage, 9 vegetative, 10 oral budding, 11
owering, 12 immature fruit, 13 ripened fruit, *endemic to Iran
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXIII. Continued
purple, pink, red, yellow or white in whorls forming terminal
spikes, racemes or panicles. The genus has 58 species and one
hybrid in Iran, of which 17 are endemic to the country (1, 2,
4-6, 44). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Salvia species can be seen in Table XXIII.
Satureja L.
This genus has approximately 30 species of annuals, pe-
rennials, and sub-shrubs up to 0.5 m. It is widely distributed
throughout the Northern Hemisphere, mostly in Europe. The
leaves are usually aromatic, opposite, linear to lanceolate or
oblong-obovate to spoon-shaped, crenate, toothed, and some-
what succulent. Flowers are white, mauve-blue, or purple,
stalkless, tubular, and 2-lipped in loose whorls forming terminal
panicles or spikes. Thirteen species of the genus are growing
in Iran, of which five of them are endemic to the country (1,
2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Satureja species can be seen in Table XXIV.

Hassanzadeh
et al.
20/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Table XXIV. Satureja L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- S. atropatana Bunge* Ahar (east
Azerbaijan prov.)
1.5 GC/MS 37 (99.3%) carvone (21.5%), menthol (18.1%),
1,8-cineole (13.1%), methyl chavicol
(11.1%) and menthone (10.5%).
(173)
2- S.bachtiarica Bunge* Fars prov. 1.65
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (98.4%) carvacrol (49.3%), p-cymene (12.7%)
and trans-a-bergamotene (5.8%)
(174)
3- S.bachtiarica Bunge* Yazd prov. 2.15
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (98.2%) carvacrol (66.5%), p-cymene (15.2%)
and linalool (4.6%).
(174)
4- S.bachtiarica Bunge 1* Shahr-e-kord
(Chaharmahal-
Bakhtiari prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
16 (98.7%) p-cymene (36.5%), carvacrol (19.9%),
thymol (19.2%) and g-terpinene (9.1%).
(175)
5- S.bachtiarica Bunge
2*
Shahr-e-kord
(Chaharmahal-
Bakhtiari prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
22 (98.8%) carvacrol (25.8%), p-cymene (25.2%),
p-menth-3-en-8-ol (18.5%).
(175)
6- S. Boiss.ieri Hausskn.
ex Boiss.
Gorgan (Golestan
prov.)
0.3 GC/MS 38 (98.0%) carvacrol (70.1%), g-terpinene (6.8%),
p-cymene (6.3%) and b-caryophyllene
(4.0%).
(176)
7- S. edmondi Briqu.* Bisetun
(Kermanshah
prov.)
0.93
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
30 (99.7%) p-cymene (61.1%), g-terpinene (9.6%),
thymol (5.0%) and a-terpineol (4.8%).
(177)
8- S. hortensis L.3Karaj
(Tehran prov.)
0.93
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
17 (98.1%) carvacrol (46.0%) and g-terpinene
(37.7%).
(178)
9- S. hortensis L. 4Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
6.4 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
9 (100%) carvacrol (63.4%) and g-terpinene
(27.0%).
(178)
10- S. hortensis L. 5Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
5.6 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
9 (99.6%) carvacrol (57.1%) and g-terpinene
(32.8%).
(178)
11- S. hortensis L.3Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.2 (w/w) GC/MS 26 (99.6%) g-terpinene(38.0%), carvacrol (45.0%)
, p-cymene (3.2) and a-terpinene
(2.6%).
(179)
12- S. hortensis L. 6Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.9 (w/w) GC/MS 26 (99.6%) g-terpinene(47.0% ), carvacrol (30.0%
) , p-cymene (0.2%) and a-terpinene
(5.7%).
(179)
13- S. hortensis L. 7Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.7-2.35 GC/MS 17 (99.6%) carvacrol (44.5% (LS2), 42.6%
(LS1), 40.3% (HS), 41.2% (FC)) and
g-terpinene (38.2% (LS2), 39.5% (LS1),
37.8% (HS), 40.8% (FC))3.
(180)
14- S. hortensis L. Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.05-0.3 GC and GC/
MS
19 (76-82%) carvacrol and g-terpinene. (181)
15- S. hortensis L.8Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.87 GC and GC/
MS
20 (99.9%) carvacrol (46.8%) and g-terpinene
(39.4%).
(182)
16- S. hortensis L.9Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.93 GC and GC/
MS
17(98.1%) carvacrol (46.0%) and g-terpinene
(37.7%).
(182)
17- S. hortensis L.10 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
1.06 GC and GC/
MS
20(99.9%) carvacrol (48.1%) and g-terpinene
(38.4%).
(182)
18- S. hortensis L.11 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.93 GC and GC/
MS
17 (98.1%) carvacrol (46.0%) and g-terpinene
(37.7%).
(182)
19- S. hortensis L.12 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.69 GC and GC/
MS
15 (99.9%) carvacrol (44.0%) and g-terpinene
(41.8%).
(182)
20- S. hortensisL.13 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
0.69 GC and GC/
MS
7 (100%) carvacrol (70.4%) and g-terpinene
(12.3%).
(182)
21- S. hortensis L. Kashan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS
42 (96.7%) carvacrol (59.7%), g-terpinene (12.8%)
and p-cymene (9.3%).
(183)

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/21
22- S. hortensis L. var.
laxiflora (C. Koch)
Grossh.
Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
2.13 GC and GC/
MS
19 (99.4%) carvacrol (57.9%), g-terpinene (26.9%),
a-terpinene (3.8%) and p-cymene
(2.7%).
(184)
23- S. hortensis L. var.
laxiflora (C. Koch)
Grossh.
Arasbaran (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
33 (99.1%) thymol (63.9%), g-terpinene (11.9%),
carvacrol (4.8%), p-cymene (3.9%),
geraniol (3.2%) and geranyl acetate
(3.1%).
(185)
24- S. hortensisL. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
1.2 GC/MS 15 (78.2%) p-cymene (10.3%) g-terpinene (12.2%),
carvacrol (21.6%) and thymol (22.2%)
(186)
25- S. hortensis L. 14 Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
1.75-2.3
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
17 (99.0%) carvacrol (40.3%- 44.5%) and
g-terpinene (37.8%- 40.9%).
(187)
26- S. intermedia C. A.
Mey.
Between Asalem
& Khalkhal
(Ardebil prov.)
1.6 GC/MS 35 (99.8%) thymol (25.6%), a-terpinene (7.9%),
and p-cymene (21.4%), g-terpinene
(20.0%), and carvacrol (9.5%).
(188)
26- S. intermedia C. A.
Mey.
Ardebil prov. 1.45
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
38 (92.6%) thymol (32.3%), g-terpinene (29.3%) and
p-cymene (14.7%).
(189)
27- S. isophylla Rech. f. * Pole Zanguleh
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.29
(w/w)
GC/MS 55 (96.5%) a-eudesmol (11.3%), b-eudesmol
(9.6%), camphor (7.1%),
b-caryophyllene (6.1%), g-eudesmol
(5.8%) and geranial (5.5%).
(177)
28- S. khuzestanica
Jamzad 1*
Pole Dokhtar
(Khuzestan
prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
8 (100%) carvacrol (88.9%) g-terpinene (4.5%)
and p-cymene (3.3%).
(175)
29- S. khuzestanica
Jamzad 2*
Pole Dokhtar
(Khuzestan
prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
8 (100%) carvacrol (91.4%) p-cymene (3.2%) and
g-terpinene (2.7%) .
(175)
30- S. khuzestanica
Jamzad 15*
Khorramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
0.6 GC and GC/
MS
12 (98.5%) carvacrol (93.9%), eugenol (1.0%),
p-cymene (0.8%) and thymol (0.6%).
(190)
31- S. khuzestanica
Jamzad 16*
Khorramabad
(Lurestan prov.)
1.2 GC and GC/
MS
21 (99.2%) carvacrol (80.6%), p-cymene (4.8%),
myrcene (1.5%), g-terpinene (2.1%)
and terpinen-4-ol (2.1%).
(190)
32- S. lachnocalyx
Hedge
Bol mountain,
Eghlid (Fars
prov.)
0.14
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS.
27 (92.1%) bicyclogermacrene (32.7%), germacrene
D (7.8%), a-pinene (7.8%), b-pinene
(7.6%) and a-terpinyl acetate (6.1%).
(191)
33- S. macrantha C. A.
Mey.
Azerbaijan prov. 1.48
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
65 (90.5%) p-cymene (25.8%), limonene (16.3%)
and thymol (8.1%).
(189)
34- S. macrantha C. A.
Mey.
Orromieh (West
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
48 (92.1%) spathulenol (14.0%), vanillin (13.4%),
p-cymene (12.3%), caryophyllene
oxide (7.2%), hexadecanoic acid
(6.9%), thymol (6.2%) and carvacrol
(5.4%).
(192)
35- S. mutica Fisch. et
C. A. Mey.
Khorasan prov. 2.31
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
45 (98.2%) carvacrol (30.9%), thymol (26.5%),
g-terpinene (14.9%) and p-cymene
(10.3%).
(189)
36- S. mutica Fisch. et
C. A. Mey.
Mandjil (Gilan
prov.)
1.2 GC/MS 39 (95.1%) menthol (37.4%), menthone (17.2%) and
1,8-cineole (9.3%)
(173)
37- S. rechingeri
Jamzad 1, 6*
Banchroshan
(Ilam prov.)
4.72
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
53 (99.9%) carvacrol (56.1%), p-cymene (14.0%)
and a-thujone (4.7%).
(193)
38- S. rechingeri
Jamzad 2, 6*
Banchroshan
(Ilam prov.)
4.24
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (99.3%) carvacrol (86.6%) and p-cymene (2.4%) (193)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXIV. Continued

Hassanzadeh
et al.
22/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Scutellaria L.
This genus contains around 300 species of erect or spread-
ing annuals, rhizomatous and clump-forming herbaceous
perennials and, more rarely, sub-shrubs, worldwide, excluding
South Africa. Leaves are opposite and entire, rarely pinnatifid
or toothed. The tubular, 2-lipped, blue, violet, yellow, or white
flowers often, with colored bracts, and are borne singly or in
pairs from the leaf axils or in terminal spikes or racemes. The
fruit is made up of 4 nutlets. This genus has 20 species and 2
hybrids in Iran, of which 10 species and 2 hybrids are endemic
(1, 2, 4-6). A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian
Scutellaria species can be seen in Table XXV.
Stachys L.
This genus contains about 300 species worldwide, mainly
in temperate warm areas, excluding Australia. These species
39- S .rechingeri
Jamzad 2, 17*
Banchroshan
(Ilam prov.)
3.61
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
17 (98.8%) carvacrol (89.3%) and p-cymene (1.9%). (193)
40- S .rechingeri
Jamzad 2, 18*
Banchroshan
(Ilam prov.)
2.46
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
22 (98.7%) carvacrol (84.0%) and p-cymene (2.6%). (193)
41- S .rechingeri
Jamzad 3*
(Ilam prov.) 4.24
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (99.3%) carvacrol (86.6%). (178)
42- S .rechingeri
Jamzad 4*
Ilam prov. 5.6 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
6 (99.5%) carvacrol (95.0%) . (178)
43- S .rechingeri
Jamzad 5*
Ilam prov. 5.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
6 (99.5%) carvacrol (95.6%). (178)
44- S. sahendica
Bornm.19*
Ghezlu (Zanjan
prov.)
1.5-2.86
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
30-35 (96.7-
99.8%)
thymol (27.5-41.7%), p-cymene (32.5-
47.1%) and g-terpinene (8.9-10.9%).
(194)
45- S. sahendica
Bornm.19*
Soltanieh (Zanjan
prov.)
2.41
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
34 (100%) thymol (30.2%), p-cymene (41.7%) and
g-terpinene (11.0%).
(194)
46- S. sahendica
Bornm.19*
Zarrin abad
(Zanjan prov.)
2.53-2.88
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
28-33 (94.1-
98.9%)
thymol (32.7-37.6%), p-cymene (33.2-
33.4%) and g-terpinene (1.0-12.8%).
(194)
47- S. sahendica
Bornm.19*
Miandoab (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
2.56
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
36 (99.8%) thymol (41.2%), p-cymene (37.4%) and
g-terpinene (9.9%).
(194)
48- S. sahendica
Bornm.19*
Salavat-abad
(Kurdistan prov.)
1.5 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
23 (96.3%) thymol (19.6%), p-cymene (54.9%) and
g-terpinene (3.2%).
(194)
49- S. spicigera (C.
Koch) Boiss.
Astara (Gilan
prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS
43 (97.4%) thymol (37.3%), p-cymene (14.6%),
g-terpinene (14.5%) and carvacrol
(9.2%).
(192)
50- S. spicigera (C.
Koch) Boiss.
Roodbar (Gilan
prov.)
3.82
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
48 (96%) thymol (35.1%) and p-cymene (22.1%),
g-terpinene (13.7%) and carvacrol
(4.0%).
(195)
1 at the beginning of owering, 2 at full owering stage,3 isolated by steam methods, 4super critical uid (method 1), 5 super critical uid (method 2), 6 isolated by hydrodillation
methods, 7(i) a control which was irrigated to full eld capacity during the growing season (FC), (ii) two moderate water stress treatments during vegetative (LS1) and owering
stage (LS2) and (iii) severe water stress treatments during owering stages (HS), 8sun-drying-hydrodistillation, 9 shade drying-hydrodistillation, 10 oven-drying at 45ºC-
hydrodistillation, 11 shade-drying-hydrodistillation, 12 shade-drying - water and steam distillation, 13 shade-drying - steam distillation, 14 under full eld capacity, two low stress
and sever treatments, 15 wild, 16 cultivated, 17 water and steam distillation, 18 steam distillation, 19 eight populations, *endemic to Iran
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXIV. Continued
are annuals, mostly rhizomatous and stoloniferous perennials
and a few evergreen shrubs with flowering stems, to 70 cm.
The leaves on the square stems are short-stalked or stalkless,
opposite, and become progressively smaller up the stems, basal
leaves are lance-shaped or elliptic to ovate, entire to scalloped
or toothed, winkled, prominently veined, hairy stalked. The
tubular, 2-lipped, often hooded, usually white, yellow, pink,
red, or purple flowers are borne in racemes or spikes of axiliary
whorls. The fruit is made up of 4 smooth nutlets. Thirty-five
species and 4 hybrids of the genus are found in Iran, of which
12 species and 3 hybrids are endemic to the country (1, 2, 4-6).
A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian Stachys
species can be seen in Table XXVI.
Teucrium L.
The genus contains around 100 species of herbaceous
perennials rarely annuals sometimes evergreen and deciduous

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/23
Table XXV. Scutellaria L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- S. pinnatifida Arth. et
Hamilt.
Touchal (Tehran
prov.)
0.07 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
29 (96.6%) germacrene D (39.0%), b-caryophyllene
(23.2%), bicyclogermacrene (11.5%)
and (E)-b-farnesene (7.8%)
(196)
2- S. pinnatifida A.
Hamilt. subsp. alpina
(Bornm.) Rech. f.
Bojnoord
(Khorassan
Shomali prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
30 (93.8%) germacrene-D (39.7%) and
b-caryophyllene (15.0%)
(197)
Table XXVI. Stachys L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- S.acerosa Boiss. * Lalehzar mountain
(Kerman prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC/MS 20 (92.1%) cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (41.0%) and
linalool (23.5%).
(198)
2- S.acerosa Boiss. * Kashan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.1 GC and GC/
MS
14 (98.8%) N- methylisatin (30.0%), a -pinene
(25%), sabinene (12.3%), and
2-hydroxyacetophenone (11.2%).
(199)
3- S.acerosa Boiss. * Kashan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.46
(w/w)
GC/MS 40(98.8%) cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (33.4%),
1,8-cineole (10.2%),a-pinene (10.1%),
linalool (9.6%) and limonene (6.0%).
(200)
4- S. balansae Boiss. et
Kotschy ex Bioss.
Arasbaran (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS
23(86.5%) germacrene D (16.4%). (201)
5- S. benthamiana Boiss. Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
0.98
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (91.2%) germacrene D (16.8%), linalool (16.6%)
and b-caryophyllene (11.0%).
(10)
6- S. byzantina C. Koch Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.52 GC and GC/
MS
60 (98.7%) piperitenone (9.9%), 6, 10,
14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (6.4%)
and tricosane (6.4%).
(202)
7- S. byzantina C. Koch1Khalkhal (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.3 (w/w) GC/MS 24 (88.7%) a-copaene (16.6%), spathulenol
(16.1%), and b-caryophyllene (14.3%).
(203)
8- S. byzantina C. Koch2Khalkhal (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC/MS 26 (90.8%) a-copaene (10.4%), spathulenol
(18.5%), and b-caryophyllene (13.5%).
(203)
9- S. byzantina C. Koch Khalkhal (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS
24 (88.5%) a-copaene (16.5%), spathulenol
(16.1%), b-caryophyllene (14.3%) and
b-cubebene (12.6%).
(204)
10- S. inflata Benth. Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.56 GC and GC/
MS
47 (95.1%) hexadecanoic acid (9.1%), germacrene
D (8.9%), a-pinene (5.8%) and
bicyclogermacrème (5.1%).
(202)
11- S. inflata Benth. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.26
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
41 (97.9%) a- pinene (15.2%), d-3-carene (12.3%),
limonene (11.6%), b-pinene (7.2%),
myrcene (6.5%), (Z)-b-ocimene
(5.9%), germacrene D (4.2%), allo-
ocimene (4.1%) and linalool (3.5%).
(205)
12- S. inflata Benth. Isfahan (Isfahan
prov.)
0.1 GC/MS 39 (98.6%) germacrene D (16.9%),
bicyclogermacrene (16.6%), a-pinene
(11.3%), b-phellandrene (9.8%),
bicycloelemene (6.6%), b-pinene
(5.6%), and spathulenol (3.2%).
(206)
13- S. inflata Benth.3 Borujerd
(Lurestan prov.)
0.15 GC and GC/
MS
35 (90.6%) germacrene-D (30.3%),
bicyclogermacrene (3.5%), b-pinene
(19.5%), limonene (16.4%), a-pinene
(9.8%) and spathulenol (3.2%).
(207)
14- S. inflata Benth. 4 Borujerd
(Lurestan prov.)
0.20 GC and GC/
MS
29 (97.0%) germacrene-D (12.4%),
bicyclogermacrene (11.3%), b-pinene
(9.1%), limonene (11.1%), a-pinene
(4.5%) and spathulenol (13.6%).
(207)

Hassanzadeh
et al.
24/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
15- S. inata S. inflata Borujerd
(Lurestan prov.)
0.18 GC and GC/
MS
34 (94.3%) germacrene-D 32.9%),
bicyclogermacrene (7.3%), b-pinene
(2.6%), limonene (15.6%), a-pinene
(2.5%) and spathulenol (7.5%)
(207)
16- S. inflata Benth. Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
0.11 GC and GC/
MS
32 (97.0%) a-pinene (2.6%), myrcene (2.8%),
b-caryophyllene (1.8%), germacrene
D (32.9%) and bicyclogermacrene
(7.3%).
(208)
17- S. ixodes Boiss. et
Hausskn. ex Boiss. *
Shiraz (Fars prov.) 0.61
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (95.7%) myrtenyl acetate (48.7%), globulol
(13.1%), caryophyllene oxide (5.9%)
and spathulenol (5.6%).
(209)
18- S. lanata Jacq. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
34 (100%) a-thujone (25.9%), a-humulene
(24.9%), b-caryophyllene (12.6%) and
viridiorol (10.5%).
(210)
19- S. lavandulifolia Vahl Fasham (Tehran
prov.)
0.25 GC and GC/
MS
79 (98.2%) germacrene D (13.2%), b-phellandrene
(12.7%), b-pinene (10.2%), myrcene
(9.4%), a-pinene (8.4%) and (Z)-b-
ocimene (5.8%).
(211)
20- S. lavandulifolia Vahl Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.67 GC and GC/
MS
63 (97.5%) 4-hydroxyl-4-methyl-2-pentanone
(9.3%), a-pinene (7.9%) and
hexadecanoic acid (5.2%).
(202)
21- S. lavandulifolia Vahl Mashhad (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.05 GC/MS 24 (85.1%) spathulenol (35.0%), caryophyllene
oxide (25.7%) and b-oplopenone
(4.0%).
(212)
22- S. lavandulifolia Vahl Sirachal (Tehran
Prov.)
3.3 (w/w) GC/MS 26 (100%) a-thujone (23.0%), limonene+
1,8-cineole (19.0%), b-thujone
(11.0%) and b-caryophyllene (9.0%).
(213)
23- S. lavandulifolia Vahl Ab-Ali (Tehran
prov.)
1.5 GC and GC/
MS
44 (89.6%) a-pinene (20.1 %), b-pinene (12.1%)
and spathulenol (7.2%).
(214)
24- S. lavandulifolia
Vahl3
Ab-Ali (Tehran
prov.)
1.05 GC and GC/
MS
41 (99.1%) a-pinene (27.3%), myrcene (17.3
%), b-phellandrene (22.0%) and
b-caryophyllene (14.3 %).
(215)
25- S. lavandulifolia
Vahl 4
Ab-Ali (Tehran
prov.)
1.25 GC and GC/
MS
37 (99.5%) a-pinene (25.7%), myrcene (9.3%),
b-phellandrene (37.5%) and
b-caryophyllene (8.4%).
(215)
26- S. lavandulifolia
Vahl 5
Ab-Ali (Tehran
prov.)
1.11 GC and GC/
MS
41 (99.1%) a-pinene (28.5%), myrcene (23.9%),
b-phellandrene (12.6%) and
b-caryophyllene (16.9%).
(215)
27- S. lavandulifolia Vahl Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
1.25 GC and GC/
MS
37 (99.0%) a-pinene (27.3%), sabinene(1.7%),
b-pinene (2.9%) myrcene (17.3
%), b-phellandrene (22.0 %),
b-caryophyllene (14.3 %), germacrene
D (3.9%) and caryophyllene oxide
(2.2%).
(208)
28- S. laxa Boiss. et
Buhse*
Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.63 GC and GC/
MS
34 (97.3%) germacrene D (17.1%), 4-hydroxyl-4-
methyl-2-pentanone (12.3%), 7-epi-
a-selinene (8.3%), bicyclogermacrene
(6.7%), b-caryophyllene (6.2%) and
a-pinene (5.9%).
(202)
29- S. laxa Boiss. et
Buhse*
Charat
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.1 GC/MS 33 (96.1%) germacrene D (40.1%), b-caryophyllene
(16.7%), b-phellandrene (5.5%),
caryophyllene oxide (4.6%), linalool
(3.2%) and a-cadinol (2.6%).
(216)
30- S. obtusicrena
Boiss. *
Dena mountains
(Fars prov.)
0.26
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
83 (85.9%) spathulenol (11.5%) and 10-epi-g-
eudesmol (6.8%).
(217)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXVI. Continued

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/25
31- S. persica S. G.
Gmel. ex C. A. Mey.1
Khalkhal (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.3 (w/w) GC/MS 27 (93.5%) methyl linoleate (27.7%), hexadecanoic
acid (9.8%), and 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-2-
pentadecanone (9.2%).
(203)
32- S. persica S. G.
Gmel. ex C. A. Mey.2
Khalkhal (east
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC/MS 28 (89.3%) hexadecanoic acid (27.2%), carvacrol
(9.4%) and eugenol (5.2%).
(203)
33- S. pilifera Benth. * Kazeroon (Fars
prov.)
0.12 GC and GC/
MS
88 (87.6%) spathulenol (15.8%), cis-chrysanthenol
(15.3%), b-caryophyllene (8.4%) and
cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (6.9%).
(218)
34- S. pilifera Benth. * Shahr-e-kord
(Chaharmahal-
Bakhtiari prov.)
0.08 GC and GC/
MS
73 (94.1%) cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (21.8%),
linalool (18.9%), terpinen 4-ol (11.9%)
and cis–chrysanthenol (9.2%).
(218)
35- S. pilifera Benth. * Shiraz (Fars
prov.)
0.25
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
39 (85.0%) myrtenyl acetate (47.4%) and ar-
curcumene (6.8%).
(219)
36- S. pilifera Benth. * Gandoman
mountain
(Chaharmahal-
Bakhtiari prov.)
0.3 (w/w) GC/MS 30 (88.9%) cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (25.2%) and
trans-verbenol (19.7%).
(198)
37- S. pubescens Benth. Dizine (Tehran
prov.)
0.08
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
21 (99.3%) germacrene D (37.7%), (Z)-b-ocimene
(20.3%), bicyclogermacrene (11.6%),
b-pinene (7.5%), (E)-b-ocimene
(5.5%), b-bourbonene (5.2%),
a-pinene (2.5%), octen-1-ol acetate
(1.3%), a-cadinol (1.1%) and
spathulenol (1%).
(220)
38- S. pubescens Benth. Kiasar
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.89
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
61(84.3%) borneol (6.3%), camphor (5.5%),
spathulenol (5.2%) and a-terpineol
(5.1%).
(221)
39- S. schtschegleevii
Sosn.
Arasbaran (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
57 (99.5%) germacrene D (25.8%). (201)
40- S. schtschegleevii
Sosn.
Jolfa area (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
GC and GC/
MS
42 (99.3%) a-pinene (27.4%), b-phellandrene
(14.7%), germacrene D (14.1%),
b-pinene (10.5%) and a-phellandrene
(4.7%).
(222)
41- S. schtschegleevii
Sosn.
Ahar (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
45 (98.7%) a-pinene (36.4%), germacrene D
(18.6%), limonene (8.2%) and
piperitone (6.2%).
(223)
42- S. setifera C. A. Mey.
subsp. iranica (Rech.f.)
Rech.f.
Sepidan near
Shiraz (Fars
prov.)
0.18 GC and GC/
MS
73 (96.7%) pulegone (26.5%), piperitenone oxide
(17.4%) and a-terpinyl acetate
(11.2%).
(224)
1 hydrodistillation, 2 steam distillation, 3 pre owering, 4 owering, 5 post owering, *endemic to Iran
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXVI. Continued
shrubs and subshrubs found mainly in the Mediterranean region.
Leaves are aromatic, opposite, usually undivided, sometimes
toothed. Flowers are white, yellowish, pinkish or blue, solitary
or in groups in the upper leaf axils. The fruit is made up of
four nutlets. This genus has twelve species in Iran, of which
two are endemic to the country (1, 2, 4-6, 44). A summary of
the composition of the oils of Iranian Teucrium species can
be seen in Table XXVII.
Thymus L.
The genus of approximately 350 species of dwarf shrubs
and woody-based, aromatic, evergreen perennials, to 50 cm,
often creeping. These species are found in Europe and Asia.
Leaves are small, aromatic, opposite and entire. Flowers are
female or bisexual, tubular, 2-lipped, white, pink, and purplish,
mostly 4-8 mm long, often with conspicuous bracts, in whorls
often forming dense terminal heads. The fruit is made up of
four nutlets. The genus has 15 species in Iran, of which two of
them are endemic (1, 2, 4-6). A summary of the composition
of the oils of Iranian Thymus species can be seen in Table
XXVIII.
Vitex L.
This genus contains around 250 species found in tropical

Hassanzadeh
et al.
26/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Table XXVII. Teucrium L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- T. chamaedrys L. Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.97
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
49 (97.4%) germacrene D (16.5%), (Z)-b-
farnesene (12.2%), b-caryophyllene
(10.5%), a-pinene (9.1%) and
d-cadinene (7.4%).
(225)
2- T. flavum L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
18 (99.0%) b-caryophyllene (30.7%), germacrene
D (21.3%) and a-humulene (8.4%).
(226)
3- T. orientale L. subsp.
orientale
Shiraz (Fars prov.) 0.03 GC and GC/
MS
69 (96.4%) linalool (17.0%), b-caryophyllene
(9.3%) and caryophyllene oxide
(33.5%).
(227)
4- T. persicum Boiss. * Darab (Fars prov.) 0.01 GC and GC/
MS
81 (93.5%) caryophyllene oxide (10.6%), a-pinene
(9.4%), geranyl linalool (7.8%),
g-cadinene (7.4%), elemol (6.9%)
and a-cadinol (5.5%).
(228)
5- T. polium L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.4 (w/w) GC/MS 25 (95.6%) b-caryophyllene (29.6%), b-pinene,
(15.9%) and (Z)-b-farnesene (11%).
(229)
6- T. polium L. Baghmalek
(Khuzestan
prov.)
0.5 (w/w) GC/MS 10 (100.0%) d-3-carene/a- pinene, b-phellandrene,
limonene, germacrene D,
b-bourbonene, g-caryophyllene,
g-muurolene, g-elemene, spathulenol
and b-eudesmol.
(230)
7- T. polium L.1 Mashhad Ardehal
(Isfahan prov.)
not
stated
GC/MS 30 (100.0%) germacrene D (23.6%) and
b-caryophyllene (16.5%).
(231)
8- T. polium L.2 Mashhad Ardehal
(Isfahan prov.)
0.15
(w/w)
GC/MS 30 (100.0%) germacrene D (13.2%) and
b-caryophyllene (18.0%).
(231)
9- T. stocksianum Boiss.
subsp. stocksianum
Siahu area
(Hormozgan
Prov.)
0.5 GC and GC/
MS
29 (95.0%) a-pinene (36.6%), b-pinene, (14.2%)
and b-cubebene (5.0%)
(232)
1 supercritical CO2 at 100 bars and 40˚C, 2 conventional hydrodistillation, *endemic to Iran
Table XXVIII. Thymus L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- T. carmanicus Jalas Chaharbagh
mountain
(Golestan prov.)
0.82 GC and GC/
MS
19 (99.9%) pulegone (25.4%), 1,8-cineole
(9.5%), carvacrol (8.9%), trans-p-
menth-2-en-1-ol (8.5%), verbenone
(8.0%), borneol (6.4%), p-cymene
(6.1%), menthol (5.8%), piperitone
(5.4%) and thymol (3.0%).
(233)
2- T. carmanicus Jalas Yazd (Yazd prov.) 0.34 GC and GC/
MS
17 (92.7%) thymol (40.8%) and carvacrol
(24.8%).
(234)
3- T. carnosus Boiss.1Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.66 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
23 (93.1%) thymol (27.2 %), p-cymene (26.2
%), b caryophyllene (2.5%) and g-
terpinene (19.6 %).
(235)
4- T. carnosus Boiss.2Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.86 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
28 (95.1%) thymol (36.1%), p-cymene (21.3%),
b caryophyllene (2.8%) and g-
terpinene (19.1%).
(235)
5- T. carnosus Boiss.1Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.66 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
30 (93.1%) thymol (27.2%), p-cymene (26.2%)
and g-terpinene (19.6%), b
caryophyllene (2.5%) and carvacrol
(2.2%).
(236)
6- T. carnosus Boiss.2Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.86 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
30 (95.1%) thymol (36.1%), p-cymene (21.3%)
and g-terpinene (19.1%), b
caryophyllene (2.8%) and carvacrol
(2.5%).
(236)

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/27
7- T. citriodorus L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
1.4 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
15 (97.0%) geraniol (54.4%), geranial (13.9%),
neral (10.1%), nerol (5.2%),
3-octanone (3.3%) and borneol
(3.2%).
(237)
8- T. daenensisCelak.
subsp. daenensis*
Alvand mountain
(Hamadan prov.)
2.4 GC and GC/
MS
26 (99.7%) thymol (74.7%), p-cymene (6.5%),
b-caryophyllene (3.8%) and methyl
carvacrol (3.6%).
(238)
9- T. daenensis Celak.
subsp. daenensis*
Hamadan
(Hamadan prov.)
1.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
30 (100%) thymol (49.7%), carvacrol (15.2%),
p-cymene (6.4%), g-terpinene
(5.4%) and 1,8-cineole + limonene
(3.2%).
(239)
10- T. daenensis Celak.
subsp. daenensis*
Zanjan (Zanjan
prov.)
0.7 GC and GC/
MS
not stated thymol (73.9%), carvacrol (6.7%),
p-cymene (4.6%), b-bisabolene
(1.5%) and terpinen-4-ol (1.4%).
(240)
11- T. eriocalyx(Ronniger)
Jalas
Tehran (Tehran
provinc)
1.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
18 (88.5%) thymol (63.8%), a-phellandrene
(13.3%), cis sabinene hydrate
(8.1%), 1,8-cineole (2.0%) and
a-pinene (1.3%).
(241)
12- T. eriocalyx
(Ronniger) Jalas
12 different
location of Iran 3
0.61-2.48
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
44 (91.9-
99.7%)
linalool (1.8%-60.4%), geraniol
(trace-50.5%) and thymol (1.6-
58.4%).
(242)
13-T. eriocalyx (Ronniger)
Jalas1
Absar mountain,
(Markazi prov.)
3.05 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
70 (92.5%) thymol (42.8%), linalool (11.1%),
g-terpinene (6.0%), 1,8-cineole
(5.6%), borneol (3.4%) and
a-terpineol (1.8%).
(243)
14- T. eriocalyx
(Ronniger) Jalas2
Absar mountain,
(Markazi prov.)
2.19 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
70 (92.5%) thymol (43.1%), linalool (4.0%),
g-terpinene (6.3%), 1,8-cineole
(3.3%), borneol (4.9%) and
a-terpineol (7.1%).
(243)
15- T. eriocalyx
(Ronniger) Jalas
Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
2.92 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
18 (96.5%) thymol (63.8%) and b -phellandrene
(13.3%).
(244)
16- T. eriocalyx
(Ronniger) Jalas
Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
1.05 GC and GC/
MS
15 (98.8%) 1,8 cinole (3.1%), L linalool (1.0%),
thymol (66.3%). caryophyllene
oxide (3.0%) and carvacrol (7.5%).
(245)
17-T. fallax Fisch et C.
A. Mey.
Larijan,
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.94 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
155 (98.7%) carvacrol (30.2%), geraniol (15.4%)
and p-cymene (7.7%).
(246)
18-T. fallax Fisch et C.
A. Mey.
Hamadan,
(Hamadan prov.)
2.5 GC and GC/
MS
23 (96.7%) thymol (65.9%) and g-terpinene
(10.8%).
(247)
19- T. fedtschenkoi
Ronniger
Dilaman area
(Gilan prov.)
0.6 GC and GC/
MS
29 (98.0%) a- terpinyl acetate (66.0%), (E)-b-
ocimene (5.0%), b-caryophyllene
(4.4%), thymol (3.0%) and bornyl
acetate (2.0%).
(248)
20- T. fedtschenkoi
Ronniger
Aghdarreh (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
1.8 GC and GC/
MS
23 (94.1%) thymol (31.8%), carvacrol (24.3%),
p-cymene (12.3%), 1,8-cineole
(5.8%).
(249)
21- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.79-1.53 GC and GC/
MS
37 (97.6-
100%)
carvacrol (60.8-82.1%) and thymol
(1.6-13.9%).
(250)
22- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Sirachal (Tehran
prov.)
0.28-1.80
w/w
GC and GC/
MS
52(98.0%) carvacrol (40.7-61.2%), thymol (7.5-
26.9%), g-terpinene (3.7-8.3%),
p-cymene (3.3-6.7%) and borneol
(1.3-4.5%).
(251)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXVIII. Continued

Hassanzadeh
et al.
28/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
23- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen. 1
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.55 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
22 (95.1%) carvacrol (35.1%), thymol (26.6%),
g-terpinene (7.8%), g-terpinene
(4.3%), borneol (2.3%) and
myrcene (0.3).
(252)
24-T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen. 2
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
1.65 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
29 (97.5%) carvacrol (22.8%), thymol
(16.5%),g-terpinene (0.3%),
borneol (4.5%), myrcene (12.7%),
thymoquinone (11.4%), nerol
(6.1%) and b-caryophyllene (5.5%).
(252)
25- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Behshahr
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.65 GC and GC/
MS
21(100%) pulegone (18.7%) isomenthone
(17.8%) thymol (14.9%),
1,8-cineole (9.0%), piperitenone
(6.3%) and carvacrole (5.5%).
(253)
26- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Myaneh (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.03 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
18(100%) thymol (35%) and carvacrol (2.7%). (254)
27- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Tabriz (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.34 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
15(100%) thymol (26.5%) and carvacrol (2.5%) (254)
28- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Azerbaijan prov. 0.9 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
17(100%) thymol (30.5%) and carvacrol (3.9%). (254)
29- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Sirachal in (Tehran
prov.)
0.63 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14(100%) thymol (4.9%) and carvacrol (58.0%). (254)
30- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.1
Sirachal, (Tehran
prov.)
0.28 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
20 (93.5 %) carvacrol (40.7%), thymol (26.9%),
g- terpinene (7.3%) and p-cymene
(3.9%).
(235)
31- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.2
Sirachal, (Tehran
prov.)
2.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
25 (99.3%) carvacrol (41.4%), thymol (19.5%),
g- terpinene (10.3%) and p-cymene
(5.3%).
(235)
32- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.6
Sirachal, (Tehran
prov.)
0.18 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14 (97.8%) thymol (65.9%), and carvacrol
(12.5%)
(255)
33- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.7
Sirachal (Tehran
prov.)
0.63 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
15 (89.2%) thymol (30.5%), p-cymene (20.4%)
and 1,8-cineole (8.2%).
(255)
34-T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.6
Myaneh (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.34 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
17 (97.7%) thymol (57.2%), borneol (9.6%) and
p-cymene (6.2%)
(255)
35- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.7
Myaneh (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.34 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
13 (84.4%) thymol (26.5%), p-cymene (14.9%)
and borneol (13.0%).
(255)
36- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.6
Tabriz (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.13 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14 (98.1%) geraniol (41.6%), thymol (21.6%)
and carvacrol (14.8%).
(255)
37- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.7
Tabriz (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
0.03 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
10 (81.1%) thymol (35.1%), p-cymene (13.2%)
and borneol (9.6%).
(255)
38- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.6
East Azerbaijan
prov.
0.7 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14 (96.0%) thymol (25.8%), carvacrol (53.1%)
and p-cymene (4.6%).
(255)
39- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen. 7
East Azerbaijan
prov.
0.9 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
12 (90.0%) carvacrol (58.0%), borneol (6.9%)
and trans- sabinene hydrate (5.3%)
(255)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXVIII. Continued

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/29
40- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Hamadan prov. 1.2 GC and GC/
MS
31 (98.7%) thymol (38.6%), carvacrol (33.9%),
g-terpinene (8.2%) and p-cymene
(7.3%).
(238)
41- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Isfahan (Isfahan
prov.)
1.1 GC and GC/
MS
not stated carvacrol (69.8%), thymol (6.8%),
g-terpinene (3.9%), p-cymene
(3.2%), borneol (3.2%) and
b-caryophyllene (1.3%).
(240)
42- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Dizin (Tehran
prov.)
0.39 GC and GC/
MS
15 (80.7%) thymol (38.0%), carvacrol (14.2%)
and 1,8-cineole (13.2%).
(234,
256)
43- T. kotschyanus
Boiss. et Hohen.
Sirachal, (Tehran
prov.)
2.1 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
26 (99.1%) carvacrol (41.4%), thymol (19.6%),
g-terpinene (10.3%) and p-cymene
(5.3%).
(257)
44- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas 1*
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.57 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
24 (96.8%) carvacrol (39.0%), thymol (6.5%),
p-cymene (7.5%), nerol (15.7%),
g-terpinene (6.1%) and thymol
acetate (5.3%).
(252)
45- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas 2*
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.90 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
26 (98.9%) carvacrol (27.1%), thymol (11.9%),
p-cymene (10.2%), nerol ( 9.4%),
g-terpinene (6.5%) and thymol
acetate (5.3%).
(252)
46- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas*
Zanjan prov. 1.77 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
13(100%) thymol (29.0%) and carvacrol (6.5%). (254)
47- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas*
Zanjan prov. 0.79 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
20(100%) thymol (12.2%) and carvacrol
(12.7%).
(254)
48- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas*
Zanjan prov. 0.89 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
15(100%) thymol (27.2%) and carvacrol
(25.4%).
(254)
49- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas1*
Mahneshan
(Zanjan prov.)
0.26 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
23 (96.3%) carvacrol (39.0%), thymol (6.5%),
g- terpinene (6.1%), p-cymene
(7.5%), geraniol (15.7%) and
geranyl acetate (5.3%).
(235)
50- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas2*
Mahneshan
(Zanjan prov.)
0.43 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
24 (98.1%) carvacrol (27.1%), thymol (11.9%),
g- terpinene (6.5%), p-cymene
(10.9%), geraniol (9.4%) and
geranyl acetate (5.3%).
(235)
51- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas*
Hammadan,
(Hammadan
prov.)
0.2 GC and GC/
MS
not stated thymol, p-cymene, g-terpinene,
carvacrol, linalool and borneol.
(240)
52- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas1*
Mahneshan,
(Zanjan prov.)
0.26 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
25 (96.3%) carvacrol (39.0% ), geraniol (15.7%
), p-cymene (7.5% ), thymol (6.5%
), g-terpinene (6.1% ) and geranyl
acetate (5.3% ).
(258)
53- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas 2*
Mahneshan,
(Zanjan prov.)
0.43 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
25 (98.2%) carvacrol (27.1%), geraniol (9.4%),
p-cymene (10.2%), thymol (11.9%),
g-terpinene ( 6.5%) and geranyl
acetate (5.3%).
(258)
54- T. persicus
(Ronninger ex Rech. f.)
Jalas *
Zagruse mountain
(Lurestan prov.)
3.1 GC and GC/
MS
26 (98.1%) thymol (10.4%), b-caryophyllene
(2.5%), 1,8-cineole (5.2%), trans-
sabinene hydrate (7.8%) and
carvacrol (25.7%).
(259)
55- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.
Behshahr,
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.76 GC and GC/
MS
22 (100%) carvacrol (32.1%), thymol (19.1%),
a- terpineol (14.6%) and p-cymene
(6.1%).
(253)
56- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.
Niknam,
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.54 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14(100%) thymol (32.2%) and carvacrol
(15.4%).
(254)
57- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.
Shemshak ,
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.34 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
15(100%) thymol (24.0%) and carvacrol
(12.4%).
(254)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXVIII. Continued

Hassanzadeh
et al.
30/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
58- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.
Chalus,
(Mazandaran
prov.)
0.63 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS 11(100%) thymol (31.6%) and carvacrol
(34.4%).
(254)
59- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.1
Firoozkoh (Tehran
prov.)
0.55 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS 29 (98.3%) carvacrol (64.8%), thymol (11.9%),
g- terpinene (6.1) and p-cymene
(2.9%).
(235)
60- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak. 2
Firoozkoh (Tehran
prov.)
1.45 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS 29 (94.5%) carvacrol (48.8%), thymol (13.9%),
g- terpinene (trace) and p-cymene
(12.7%).
(235)
61- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.8 GC and GC/
MS 25 (88.3%) thymol (63.4%), a-terpineol (19.2%),
limonene (1.2%), p-cymene (4.0%)
and carvacrol (3.7%).
(249)
62- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.
Germy-
Sherifbegloo
(east Azerbaijan
prov.)
0.95 GC and GC/
MS 27 (95.6%) thymol (11.1%), a-terpineol (19.2%),
limonene (8.8%), p-cymene (5.0%)
and carvacrol (0.4%).
(249)
63- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.1
Firoozkooh,
(Tehran prov.)
0.55 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS 32 (98.4%) carvacrol (64.8%), thymol (11.9%),
g-terpinene (6.1%) and p-cymene
(2.9%).
(260)
64- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.2
Firoozkooh,
(Tehran prov.)
1.45 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS 31(94.5%) carvacrol (48.8%), thymol (13.9%),
g-terpinene (trace) and p-cymene
(12.7%).
(260)
65- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.
Emarloo, (Gilan
prov.)
0.3 GC and GC/
MS 24 (95.9%) thymol (37.9%) and carvacrol
(14.1%).
(234)
66- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.1
Lar valley (Tehran
prov.)
0.53- 0.93
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 21 (96.2-
97.5%)
carvacrol (52.6-77.9%), thymol
(2.7-21.8%), g- terpinene (3.3-
7.4%), p-cymene (2.2-4.4%) and
b-caryophyllene (1.7-2.5%).
(261)
67- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.2
Lar valley (Tehran
prov.)
1.23- 2.03
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 22 (94.4-
97.8%)
carvacrol (54.7-69.2), p-cymene (6.7-
9.7%), 1,8-cineole + limonene (1.7-
3.2%), methyl carvacrol (0.6-6.6%)
and borneol (1.7-5.9%).
(261)
68- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.1
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
0.55- 0.69
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 23 (93.3-
95.3%)
carvacrol (20.3-64.8%), thymol
(11.9-22.0%), g- terpinene (6.1-
17.2%), p-cymene (2.9- 10.5%)
and b-caryophyllene (1.6-1.8%).
(261)
69- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.2
Damavand
(Tehran prov.)
1.31- 1.61
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 23 (93.7-
96.0%)
carvacrol (48.8-49.3%), p-cymene
(12.7-20.6%), thymol (8.0-13.9%),
1,8-cineole + limonene (2.2-2.4%)
and borneol (1.8-3.8%).
(261)
70- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.1
Sirachal (Tehran
prov.)
0.60- 0.75
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 23 (93.1-
96.3%)
carvacrol (23.1-44.8%), thymol
(7.8-33.0%), g- terpinene (8.1-
18.0%), p-cymene (3.6-6.8%) and
b-caryophyllene (2.3-4.3%).
(261)
71- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.2
Sirachal (Tehran
prov.)
0.53- 0.81
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 22 (90.1-
96.3%)
carvacrol (8.5-34.7%), thymol (14.4-
21.7%), p-cymene (16.4-23.1%),
1,8-cineole + limonene (2.9-4.2%)
and borneol (4.1-9.9%).
(261)
72- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.1
Fasham (Tehran
prov.)
0.34- 0.86
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 25 (95.3-
96.4%)
carvacrol (14.4-31.6%), thymol
(17.1-31.8%), g- terpinene (2.2-
9.9%), p-cymene (5.0-9.4%) and
b-caryophyllene (1.9-4.8%).
(261)
73- T. pubescens Boiss.
et Kotschy ex Celak.2
Fasham (Tehran
prov.)
0.40- 0.52
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS 23 (92.8-
94.3%)
carvacrol (19.9-26.2%), thymol (8.4-
23.5%), p-cymene (8.4-14.9%),
1,8-cineole + limonene (2.1-3.3%)
and borneol (3.9-7.1%).
(261)
74- T. serpyllum L. 1 Tehran, (Tehran
prov.)
0.57 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS 28 (98.0%) carvacrol (1.3%), thymol (18.7%),
g- terpinene (21.9%), p-cymene
(21.1%) and germacrene D (6.0%).
(235)
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXVIII. Continued

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/31
75- T. serpyllumL. 2Tehran, (Tehran
prov.)
0.9 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS 31 (88.2%) carvacrol (0.4%), thymol (18.7%),
g- terpinene (22.7%), p-cymene
(20.7%) and germacrene D (5.1%).
(235)
76- T. serpyllum L.7Lurestan prov. 0.9 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14 (98.0%) a-pinene (12.2%), myrcene (0.2%),
p-cymene (2.5%), thymol (7.4%)
and carvacrol (14.9%).
(262)
77- T. serpyllum L.10 Lurestan prov. 1.2 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
29 (95.0%) a-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%),
p-cymene (8.2%), thymol (8.4%)
and carvacrol (37.3%).
(262)
78- T. serpyllum L.11 Lurestan prov. 2.5 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
28 (97.0%) a-pinene (13.6%), myrcene (3.2%),
p-cymene (4.1%), thymol (3.7%)
and carvacrol (11.1%)
(262)
79- T. transcaspicus
Klokov
Dare-gaz (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.9 GC and GC/
MS
47 (99.5%) thymol (56.4%), g-terpinene (7.7%),
carvacrol (7.6%) and p-cymene
(6.3%)
(263)
80- T. vulgaris L.12 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
4.1 GC/MS 26 (98.2%) thymol (49.8%), g-terpinene (18.8%),
carvacrol (2.8%), p-cymene (7.5%)
and a- terpinene (4.0%).
(264)
81- T. vulgaris L.13 Karaj (Tehran
prov.)
2.5 GC/MS 22 (98.0%) thymol (40.8%), g-terpinene (18.2%),
carvacrol (3.2%) and p-cymene
(15.7%).
(264)
82- T. vulgaris L. Tehran, (Tehran
prov.)
1.0 GC/MS 26 (91.4%) p-cymene (6.5%), linalool (16.0%),
carvacrol (19.6%) and thymol
(33.1%).
(186)
83- T. x-porlock Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
1.0 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
19 (83.7%) thymol (31.7%), a-phellandrene
(38.7%), cis sabinene hydrate
(9.6%), 1,8-cineole (1.7%) and
a-pinene (2.0%).
(241)
1 before the owering stage, 2 at the owering stage, 3 six various locations in Kurdistan prov., west of Iran, 1 location in Kermanshah prov., west of Iran, 3 locations in
Hamadan prov., west of Iran and 2 locations in Markazi prov., 4 steam, hydro- and water distillation, 5water distillation, 6cultivated in greenhouse, 7cultivated in eld,8
hydrodistillation, 10 Mehri steam distillation, 11 Erfani steam distillation, 12 fresh, 13dry, *endemic to Iran
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
Table XXVIII. Continued
regions.The species belonging to this genus are trees to 20 m,
and shrubs, sometimes creeping. Leaves are aromatic, opposite
usually palmately divided into 3-7 narrow, toothed leaflets,
deciduous or evergreen, often grayish. The flowers are blue to
lilac, pink, with or reddish usually in narrow upright, compound
spikes. Sepals 5, petals joined to form a toothed calyx, about
equaling or shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, excreted from
the flower, 2 long and 2 short. Ovary superior, 2-celled, with
2 ovules per cell; style 1, forked, slender. The fruits are bright
red or black, fleshy berries with 4 seeds species of the genus
grow in Iran (44). A summary of the composition of the oils of
Iranian Vitex species can be seen in Table XXIX.
Zataria L.
A monotypic genus is found in Iran, Afghanistan and Paki-
stan. It is a multi stem pubescent sub-shrub, to 40-80 cm. The
leaves are small, biculate or elliptic. Flowers are white, small,
tubular, and 2-lipped in whorls forming small cymes. The fruit
is made up of 4 smooth nutlets (1, 2, 5, 266). A summary of
the composition of the oils of Iranian Zataria species can be
seen in Table XXX.
Zhumeria Rech. f. et Wendelbo
This monotypic genus is endemic to Iran. The plant is a
woody perennial, to 50 cm. Leaves are very aromatic, opposite
and entire, oval, ovate or elliptic, obtuse, may have a scent,
and are pubescent to tomentose. The flowers are tubular or
campanulate, 2-lipped, purple or bluish pruple (1, 2, 5, 274).
A summary of the composition of the oils of Iranian Zhumeria
species can be seen in Table XXXI.
Ziziphora L.
This genus consists of 25 species of perennials, sub-shrubs,
or annuals distributed in the Mediterranean region to central
Asia, Afghanistan and Iran. Leaves are entire or scarcely

Hassanzadeh
et al.
32/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Table XXIX. Vitex L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield (%)
v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- V. agnus-castus Rech. Sabzavar (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.43 GC and GC/
MS
24 (94.4%) 1,8-cineole (18.5%), a-pinene
(17.8%), limonene (15.7%) and
sabinene (14.9%).
(265)
2- V. negundo L. Kashmar (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
0.6 GC and GC/
MS
21(93.6%) 1,8-cineole (20.8%), a-pinene
(18.8%), limonene (6.9%) and
sabinene (7.6%).
(265)
3- V. pseudo- negundo
Hand.- Mazz.
Najian (Lurestan
prov.)
0.33 GC and GC/
MS
21(93.6%) a-guaiene (14.2%), a-cadinol
(10.0%), caryophyllene oxide
(5.8%), a-bisabolol (5.8%),
g-elemene (4.7%) and b-eudesmol
(4.5%).
(265)
4- V. pseudo- negundo
Hand.- Mazz.
Kerend
(Kermanshah
prov.
0.23 GC and GC/
MS
24 (86.9%) germacrene D (11.6%),
bicyclogermacrene (9.9%),
b-caryophyllene (6.4%),
a-eudesmol (4.5%), germacrene B
(5.3%) and spathulenol (3.0%).
(265)
5- V. pseudo- negundo
Hand.- Mazz.
Ghasre Shirine
(Kermanshah
prov.
0.33 GC and GC/
MS
26 (94.1%) a-himachalene (9.1%), spathulenol
(7.1%), a-eudesmol (5.3%) and
b-caryophyllene (4.5%).
(265)
6- V. trifolia L. Nikshahr (Sistan-
Baluchestan
prov.)
0.65 GC and GC/
MS
20 (96.9%) sabinene (24.6%), a-pinene (23.9%)
and limonene (7.7%).
(265)
Table XXX. Zataria L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- Z. multiflora Boiss. Tanbour
mountains
(Kerman prov.)
0.97-1.45 GC and GC/
MS
30 (95.6- 99.5%) carvacrol (1.9-12.2%), thymol
(52.5-58.6%), linalool (8.2-9.6%)
and p-cymene (0.9-11.4%).
(267)
2- Z. multiflora Boiss. Zarand mountains
(Kerman prov.)
0.88-0.90 GC and GC/
MS
34 (97.8- 99.1%) carvacrol (44.1-65.1%), thymol
(7.1-14.2%), linalool (9.9-25.1%)
and p-cymene (0.6-5.5%).
(267)
3- Z. multiflora Boiss. Shirkuh
mountains (Fars
prov.)
0.88-0.97 GC and GC/
MS
35 (98.6- 98.7%) carvacrol (4.1-46.3%), thymol (2.8-
28.3%), linalool (13.3-80.6%) and
p-cymene (0.8-0.9%).
(267)
4- Z. multiflora Boiss. Dehbid mountains
in (Fars prov.)
0.92-1.0 GC and GC/
MS
33 (98.8- 99.3%) carvacrol (27.6- 66.3%), thymol
(17.2- 28.3%), linalool (5.2-
25.1%) and p-cymene (0.8-
4.6%).
(267)
5- Z. multiflora Boiss. Fars prov. 3.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
22 (100%) carvacrol (37.0%), p- cymene
(15.0%), dodecane (9.0%),
g- terpinene (6.5%), methyl
carvacrol (5.2%) and, a- pinene
(5.0%).
(244,
268)
6- Z. multiflora Boiss.1 Alborz research
station, Tehran,
(Tehran prov.)
3.0 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
15 (100%) thymol (44.6%), g-terpinene
(21.5%) and p-cymene (13.7%).
(269)
7- Z. multiflora Boiss.2Alborz research
station, Tehran,
(Tehran prov.)
not
stated
GC and GC/
MS
15 (100%) thymol (14.2-67.6%), g-terpinene
(0.1-19.5%) and p-cymene (3.6-
12.0%).
(269)
8- Z. multiflora Boiss.3 Shiraz (Fars prov.) not stated GC and GC/
MS
11(96.6%) p-cymene (4.9%), g-terpinene
(20.0%), thymol (34.9%),
carvacrol (5.1%). , thymol acetate
(22.6%) and carvacrol acetate
(6.0%).
(270)
9- Z. multiflora Boiss.4 Shiraz (Fars prov.) 3.5 GC and GC/
MS
52 (99.7%) p-cymene (5.4%), g-terpinene
(7.7%), thymol (32.4%), carvacrol
(26.0%) and linalol (6.8%).
(270)
10- Z. multiflora Boiss.5 Kolahghazi
(Isfahan prov.)
1.18 GC, GC/
MS, FT-IR,
1H- and
13C-NMR
46 (99.3%) linalool (62.2%), linalyl acetate
(11.5%) and b-caryophyllene
(7.3%).
(271)

Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/33
11- Z. multiflora Boiss.4 Kolahghazi
(Isfahan prov.)
1.20 GC, GC/
MS, FT-IR,
1H- and
13C-NMR
50 (99.6%) linalool (60.4%), linalyl acetate
(8.6%) and b-caryophyllene
(4.5%), a-pinene (3.4%).
(271)
12- Z. multiflora Boiss.6 Khormiz mountain
(Yazd prov.)
1.25 CC, GC,
GC/MS,
IR and
1H-NMR
31 (99.1%) thymol (25.2%) and carvacrol
(61.3%),
(272)
13- Z. multiflora Boiss.7 Khormiz mountain
Yazd (Yazd
prov.)
1.50 CC, GC,
GC/MS,
IR and
1H-NMR
31 (99.1%) thymol (48.4%), carvacrol (12.6%),
p-cymene (13.5%), linalool
(5.2%), and g-terpinene (4.0%).
(272)
14- Z. multiflora Boiss.4Shiraz (Fars prov.) 1.66 GC and GC/
MS
12 (91.9%) carvacrol (71.1%), g-terpinene
(7.3%), a- pinene (4.3%) and
1,8-cineole (3.4%).
(273)
1 steam distillation, 2 supercritical uid CO2 extraction (SFE), 3 callus, 4 ower-bearing tops, 5 bud, 6 dry plant, 7 fresh plant
Table XXX. Continued
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
toothed. Flowers are narrowly tubular and bilabiate in few-
flowered verticillasters, very often crowded in upper part of
stem and branches, sessile or pedicellate. Four species of the
genus is found in Iran, of which a subspecies of one of them
(Z. clinopodioides Lam. subsp. filicaulis (Rech. f.) Rech. f.)
is endemic to the country (1, 2, 5, 281). A summary of the
composition of the oils of Iranian Ziziphora species can be
seen in Table XXXII.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authorities in Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) Research Council, School
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Center, and Biotechnol-
ogy Research Center of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
(MUMS) for their respective support. They also wish to express
sincere gratitude to the following people who provided some of the
references: E. Alipour (Azad University, Tehran Shomal Branch); A.
Ashnagar (School of Pharmacy, Ahwaz Jundi Shapour University of
Medical Sciences, Ahwaz); F. Askari (Research Institute of Forest and
Rangelands, Tehran); M. Barzgar (Department of Food Sceinces and
Technology, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran); M.R. Bolourian
Kashy (School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,
Mashhad); A. Ghannadi (School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences, Isfahan); R. Gohari, (School of Pharmacy, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran); I. M. Gonzalez (Mashhad);
A.H. Jamshidi (Ministry of health and Medical Education, Tehran); Z.
Jamzad (Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran); M. R.
Joharchi, (Plant Science Institute, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad); M. Khanavi (School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran); H. Lari Yazdi (Azad University, Brojerd);
M. Mehrabani (School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical
Sciences, Kerman); M. H. Meshkatalsadat (Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Lurestan, Khoramabad); M. Mirza
(Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran); H. Mirzaie-
Nodoushan (Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran); A.
Mohagheghzadeh (School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sci-
ences, Shiraz); K. Morteza-Semnani (School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran
University of Medical Sciences, Sari); M. Naseri (School of Pharmacy,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran); B. Nickavar (School
of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teh-
ran); M. Rahimi (School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad); M. B. Rezaee (Research Institute of Forest and
Rangelands, Tehran); A. Rustaiyan (Islamic Azad University, Tehran);
K. Rezaee (Department of Food Sceinces, Engineering and Technology,
University Tehran, Tehran); S. Saeidnia (School of Pharmacy, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran); S. E. Sajjadi (Department of
Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan); P. Sarkhail (School
of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran); F.
Sefidkon (Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran);
A. Sonboli (Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Shaheed Beheshti
University, Tehran); M. Tayarani (Vancouver, Canada); M. Yamini
(Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran); and
M. Yousefzadi (Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Shaheed Beheshti
University, Tehran). This review has been dedicated to Abdolhossein
Rustaiyan on the occasion of his 80th birthday.
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Volatile constituents of Ballota aucheri Boiss., Stachys benthamiana

Hassanzadeh
et al.
34/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 23, January/February 2011
Table XXXI. Zhumeria Rech. f. et Wendelbo species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo 1*
Tangezagh
(Hormozgan
prov.)
5.5 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
18 (98.8%) linalool (54.1%), camphor (24.8%),
limonene (5.6%), camphene (3.9%),
borneol (1.2%) and a-pinene (1.5%).
(275)
2- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo 2*
Tangezagh
(Hormozgan
prov.)
5.3 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
14 (98.6%) linalool (59.0%), camphor (23.7%),
limonene (4.5%), camphene (2.7%),
borneol (2.7%) and a-pinene (1.2%)
(275)
3- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo 3*
Tangezagh
(Hormozgan
prov.)
11.1
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
20 (99.7%) linalool (63.2%), camphor ( 18.8%),
limonene (6.1%), camphene ( 2.5%),
borneol (10.6%) and a-pinene (1%).
(275)
4- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo*
Sarchahan
mountain of
(Hormozgan
prov.)
6.1 GC and GC/
MS
22 (98.7%) linalool (60.4%) and camphor (26.5%). (276)
5- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo4*
Bandar-Abbas
(Hormozgan
prov.)
6.5 GC/MS and
1H-NMR
30 (99.2%) camphor (23.0%) , linalool (57.3%)
and camphene (3.12%).
(277)
6- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo5*
Bandar-Abbas
(Hormozgan
prov.)
6.5 GC/MS and
1H-NMR
26 (100%) camphor (43.0%) , linalool (42.4%)
and camphene (4.3%).
(277)
6- Z. majdaeRech. f. et
Wendelbo*
Geno mountain
(Hormozgan
prov.)
6.5 GC and GC/
MS
17 (97.4%) linalool (55.1%) and camphor (
26.2%).
(278)
7- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo*
Sarchahan
mountain
(Hormozgan
prov.)
6.1 GC and GC/
MS
22 (98.7%) linalool (64.4%) and camphor (
26.5%).
(278)
8- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo*
Tangezagh
mountain
(Hormozgan
prov.)
5.3 GC and GC/
MS
14 (98.6%) linalool (59.0%) and camphor (
23.7%).
(278)
9- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo*
Bandarabbas
(Hormozgane
prov. )
0.04
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
85 (87.5%) manool (37.1%) and a-cedrol (6.0%) (279)
10- Z. majdae Rech. f. et
Wendelbo*
Kuh-e-Genou
Bandarabbas
(Hormozgane
prov. )
2.2-2.8 GC/MS 20 (not stated) linalool and camphor (280)
1 before owering stage, 2 at owering stage, 3end of owering stage, 4collected in 1990, 5collected in 1988, *endemic to Iran
Boiss. and Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. Growing wild in Iran. J.
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B. Nickavar and F. Mojab, Hydrodistilled volatile constituents of 11.
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8, 23-27 (2005).
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S. Masoudi, A. Rustaiyan, P. A. Azar and K. Larijani, Composition 14.
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D. Nori-Shargh and B. Baharvand, Volatile constituents analysis 15.
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Lamiaceae
Vol. 23, January/February 2011 Journal of Essential Oil Research/35
Table XXXII. Ziziphora L. species oils
Species Sample origin Oil yield
(%) v/w
Method(s)
of Analysis
Identified Main components Ref.
1- Z. clinopodioides
Lam.
Sari (Mazandaran
prov.)
0.98 GC and GC/
MS
71 (96.7%) 1,8-cineole (10.4%), isomenthone
(6.0%) and b-pinene (5.6%).
(282)
2- Z. clinopodioides
Lam.
Polor (Tehran
prov.)
1.2 GC and GC/
MS
17 (79.2%) pulegone (24.7%) and neomenthol
(13%).
(283)
3- Z. clinopodioides
Lam.
Shahr-e-kurd
(Chaharmahal-
Bakhtiari prov.)
1.2 GC and GC/
MS
22 (99.3%) pulegone (53.2%), p- menth-1-en-
1-ol (21.4%), 1,8-cineole (10.3%),
p-menth-3, 8- diene (3.7%),
b-pinene (1.6%), cis-isopulegone
(1.5%) and bornyl acetate (1.2%).
(284)
4- Z. clinopodioides
Lam. subsp. rigida
(Boiss.) Rech. f.
Tabriz (East
Azerbaijan prov.)
1.0 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
31 (99.5%) pulegone (45.8%), piperitenone
(17.4%), p-menth-3-en-8-ol (12.5%)
and thymol (8.0%).
(285)
5- Z. clinopodioides
subsp. bungeana (Juz.)
Rech. f.
Serideh (South
Khorasan prov.)
1.0 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
32 (97.1%) pulegone (65.2%), isomenthone
(11.9%), 1,8-cineole (7.8%) and
piperitenone (6.5%).
(286)
6- Z. persica Bunge Zanjan (Zanjan
prov.)
0.8,
(w/w)
GC and GC/
MS
34 (94.7%) pulegone (27.8%), neomenthol
(22.5%) and p-menth-3-en-8-ol
(18.1%).
(287)
7- Z. tenuir L. Kerman (Kerman
prov.)
2.0 GC and GC/
MS
24 (99.7%) pulegone (58.1%), 1,8-cineole (6.0%),
menthone (4.4%) and isomenthone
(4.0%).
(288)
8- Z. tenuir L. Qazvin (Qazvin,
prov.)
1.2 GC and GC/
MS
17 (99.4%) pulegone (87.8%) and limonene
(4.8%).
(288)
9- Z. tenuir L. Mashhad (Razavi
Khorasan prov.)
1.5 GC and GC/
MS
29 (98.5%) pulegone (53.2%), isomenthone
(11.1%), piperitenone (8.7%) and
1,8-cineole (5.8%).
(288)
10- Z. tenuir L. Tehran (Tehran
prov.)
0.8 (w/w) GC and GC/
MS
11 (98.9%) pulegone (82.6%), limonene (6.8%)
and 1,8-cineole (1.9%).
(289)
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