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Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 110
Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com
International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing
A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology
ISSN 2320–088X
IMPACT FACTOR: 7.056
IJCSMC, Vol. 12, Issue. 4, April 2023, pg.110 – 124
Securing Message Steganography
by using Modified LSB Method
Prof. Ziad Alqadi; Mohammad Al-Raqqad
Albalqa Applied University, Jordan Amman
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2023.v12i04.010
Abstract:
Message steganography is one of the popular methods used to protect secret message. In this research
paper a modified LSB method of message steganography will be introduced. The introduced method will
use a complicated private key to protect the message from being hacked, the key will provide an excellent
key space capable to resist hacking attacks, it will contain 6 values with a double data type. The private
key will be used to divide the covering image into segments and divide the secret message into partitions;
each message partition will be hidden in one image segment. The hiding and extracting processes will be
implemented in a patch way, by inserting the binary version of the message partition in burst way and
extracting the binary version of the message partition also in burst way. The proposed method will keep
the quality of the stego image as in LSB method. The efficiency of the proposed method will be closed to
the efficiency of LSB method.
The proposed method will be implemented and tested using various images and various covering images,
the obtained results will be analyzed to prove the advantages provided by the proposed method.
Keywords: Steganography, LSB, PK, covering image, stego image, image segment, message partition.
Introduction
Steganography [1-5] is the process of hiding secret information in another data which is called a covering data.
Steganography is one of the most popular and easiest methods of data protection, most methods based on least
significant bit (LSB) and LSB2 are not secure, and it is easy to hack the hidden message [37-43]. Digital color
image is the most convenient data which can be used as a covering media for the following reasons [6-15]:
- The color image [50-60] can be easily processed because it is represented by a 3D matrix (one 2D matrix
for each color: red, green and blue) as shown in figure 1 [16-20].
- The color image has a huge size capable to hide short and long messages [31-36].
- The pixel values and the character’s values are decimal integers and have the same range from 0 to 255,
see figure 2 [21-30].
- The clearance of the image can be tested by the image itself and by the image histograms.
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 111
- It is easy to convert both the character values and the pixel values to binary to perform the required bits
replacement.
- It is easy to reshape the color image to one column or one row matrix.
- It is easy to get a required part (segment) from the image to use it as a covering segment.
Figure 1: Color image matrices and histograms [43-50]
Figure 2: Color pixels’ values [43-50]
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 112
Data steganography system contains as shown in figure 3: Covering image (CI), stego image (SI), secret message
(SM) and a private key (PK) to add a security issue to protect the message from being hacked [1-10].
Figure 3: Stego system components
LSB method uses the least significant bits (see figure 4) to be replaced by the message bits, this will add a minor
changes to the pixel value, these changes cannot be noticed and the stego image will be always closed to the
covering image (the changes are -1, 0 or +1 see figure 5) [1-10].
Figure 4: Used LSB bit
Figure 5: Minor changes when using LSB bit
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 113
LSB method has a hiding capacity equal the image size divided by 8, each character to be hidden requires 8 bytes
from the covering image, and the bytes must are consecutive, this method can be implemented applying the
following steps:
Hiding phase:
(See figure 6)
Step 1:
Get the covering image, retrieve the image size, and reshape the image to one column matrix.
Step 2:
Convert the image column matrix to binary.
Step 3:
Get the message, retrieve the message length (L), convert the message to decimal.
Step 4:
Convert the decimal matrix to binary.
Step 5:
Reserve 8 bytes from the binary image and use the LSBs to hide the character byte bits.
Step 6:
Convert the image matrix to decimal.
Step 7:
Reshape back the image matrix to get the stego image.
Figure 6: LSB method hiding
Extracting phase
(See figure 7)
Step 1:
Get the stego image, retrieve the image size and reshape the image matrix to one column matrix.
Step 2:
Convert the column matrix to binary.
Step 3:
From the binary matrix extract the LSBs of the 8 consecutive bytes to form the binary version of the character,
repeat this step L times.
Step 4:
Convert the character’s binary matrix to decimal, then to characters to get the secret message.
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 114
Figure 7: LSB method message extraction
The Proposed Method
The proposed method is based on LSB method by adding the following modifications:
1) Private key:
The proposed method uses a complicated private key (PK), which contains as shown in table 1 six values, each of
them has a double data type: Table 1: PK structure
Image segments fractions
S1
S2
S3
Message partitions fraction
P1
P2
P3
Example
0.197
0.265
0.298
0.321
0.178
0.275
The PK is used to divide the covering image into segments (4 segments) and to divide the message into partitions (4
partitions), each image segment will hold one message partition, the sizes of the segments are different and so the
partitions sizes. The covering image may be divided row wise or column wise, below is an example of dividing a
covering image and a secret message using the following PK (see figures 8 and 9):
Figure 8: Image "lena.jpg" segments
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 115
Figure 9: Message partitions
2) Patch hiding and extracting
The message binary version is to be reshaped into one column matrix and inserted in the LSBs of the image binary
version using one operation, also the extracted LSBs from the stego image (column matrix) is to be reshaped to 8
column matrix to form the binary version of the message, figure 10 and 11 show how to apply hiding and extracting
operations using patch method.
Patch method will minimize the number of operations required to apply message hiding and message extracting, this
will simplify these operations and will reduce the hiding and extracting times, thus the performance of message
steganography will be improved.
Figure 10: Hiding using patch method
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 116
Figure 11: Extracting using patching
The hiding phase of the proposed method can be implemented applying the following steps:
Step 1:
Data preparation: get the image, retrieve the image size, get the message, retrieve the message length, this step can
be implemented by executing the following mat lab instructions:
Step 2:
Get the private key (PK), this step can be implemented by executing the following mat lab instructions:
(Her position where to start hiding and extracting was added), this step can be implemented by executing the
following mat lab instructions:
Step3:
Image dividing into segments and message dividing into partitions: use the PK to calculate the size of each image
segment, and the length of each partition length, extract each segment and extract each partition, this step can be
implemented by executing the following mat lab instructions:
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 117
Step 4:
Hide each partition in the associated segment, use POS as a starting point of data hiding, this step can be
implemented as shown in figure 10, and it can be implemented by executing the following mat lab instructions:
Step 5:
Combine the stego segment in one image to get the stego image, this step can be implemented by executing the
following mat lab instructions:
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 118
The extracting process can be implemented applying the following steps:
Step 1:
Get the stego image and retrieve the image size, this step can be implemented by executing the following mat lab
instructions:
Step 2:
Get the PK, this step can be implemented by executing the following mat lab instructions:
(Her position where to start hiding and extracting was added), this step can be implemented by executing the
following mat lab instructions:
Step 3:
Image dividing into segments and message dividing into partitions: use the PK to calculate the size of each image
segment, and the length of each partition length, extract each segment and extract each partition, this step can be
implemented by executing the following mat lab instructions:
Step 4:
Message partitions extraction: for each message partition apply extraction as shown in figure 11; this step can be
implemented by executing the following mat lab instructions:
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 119
Step 5:
Combine the extracted partitions in one partition to get the secret message, this step can be implemented by
executing the following mat lab instructions:
Implementation and Results Discussion
The proposed method was implemented using various messages and various covering images, the images were taken
from the http:// sipi.usc.edu/database/ that is also known as the USC-SIPI Image Database to analyze the utility and
the do-ability of our proposed gray and RGB images cryptography scheme. All the related experiments and
simulations have been performed in MATLAB environment.
The proposed method was tested for sensitivity, the hiding function and the extraction function must use the same
PK, any changes in the PK during the extraction phase will be considered as a hacking attempt by extracting a
damages unreadable message. To prove the method sensitivity the message “Securing secret message using
modified LSB method of data steganography” was hidden in the image 'lena.jpg' using PK1, table 2 shows the
extracted messages using other PKs:
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
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Table 2: Extracting using various PKs
Used
PK
Extracted message
PK1
Securing secret message using modified LSB method of data steganography
LSB
PK2
PK3
PK4
From table 2 we can see that using LSB method to extract the message will extract a damaged message, also any
minor changes in the PK (PK1) will produce a damaged previous message was hidden using various covering
images and using PK1, mean square error (MSE) [50-55], peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), correlation coefficient
(CC) and number of pixels change ratio (NPCR) were calculated between the covering images and the stego images
[56-63], table 3 show the obtained results:
Table 3: Quality parameters between covering and stego images
Covering image
MSE
PSNR
CCr, CCg, CCb
NPCR %
House.tiff
0.00034205
190.6308
1, 1, 1
0.0342
2.2.01.tiff
0.000099182
201.4622
1, 1, 1
0.0099
2.2.21.tiff
0.000085831
203.3273
1, 1, 1
0.0086
4.2.07.tiff
0.00038783
187.9107
1, 1, 1
0.0388
Lena,jpg
0.0015
175.7790
1, 1, 1
0.1510
Remarks
Low
High
Excellent
Low
From table 3 we can see that the stego images are very closed to the covering ones, bedding the message keeps the
quality of the stego image high, this can be visually tested by locking to the images and their histogram as shown in
figures 12 and 13, the stego image is much closed to the covering image:
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 121
Figure 12: Covering image and histograms (example)
Figure 13: Stego image and histograms
The speed of the proposed method was tested, several messages were selected, the hiding time and the extracting
times were measured, the throughput (Bytes processed per second=message size divided by the time), table 4 shows
the speed parameters of processing various messages:
Table 4: Speed results
Covering image
Size (byte)
Hiding time
(second)
Extracting
time(second)
Hiding
throughput
(bytes per
second)
Extracting
throughput
(bytes per
second)
Message length= 2845 characters
House.tiff
786432
3.7480
0.0530
759.0715
53679
2.2.01.tiff
3145728
15.3010
0.0640
185.9356
44453
2.2.21.tiff
3145728
15.2510
0.0560
186.5451
50804
Prof. Ziad Alqadi et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.12 Issue.4, April- 2023, pg. 110-124
© 2023, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 122
4.2.07.tiff
786432
3.7240
0.0500
763.9635
56900
Lena,jpg
172800
0.8250
0.0510
3448.5
55784
Message length= 8535 characters
House.tiff
786432
3.7920
0.1080
2250.8
79028
2.2.01.tiff
3145728
15.1180
0.1110
564.5588
76892
2.2.21.tiff
3145728
15.6590
0.1140
545.0540
74868
4.2.07.tiff
786432
3.7920
0.1080
2250.8
79028
Lena,jpg
172800
0.8230
0.1430
10371
59685
And as we can see from the table above, the time for message hiding increases with the increase in the size of the
carrier image, and accordingly, we recommend using carrier images of a small size to hide short secret messages, so
as to reduce the time required to process the image by dividing it into segments, for larger messages we can select
larger images to keep the throughput os steganography acceptable.
Conclusion
A secure method based on LSB method of secret messages cryptography was introduced. The method provided a
high level of security by using a complicated PK, this key contains 6 values, each of them had a double data type,
and thus the key space will be very large and capable to resist hacking attacks. The extracted message was very
sensitive to the selected PK, adding minor changes to the PK in the extraction phase was considered as a hacking
attempt by extracting a damaged unreadable message. The PK was used to divide the covering-stego images into
segments with variable lengths and to divided the secret message into partitions with different lengths, each message
partition was embedded into the associated segment. It was easy to change the PK and the covering image without
the needs to modify the method operations. The qualities of the stego images were tested and it was shown that the
stego image was always closed to the covering image and the obtained quality parameters values were always
excellent and acceptable. The proposed method gave a good performance and it was recommended to use covering
images with small sizes to increase the speed of message steganography.
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Method to Encrypt-Decrypt Color, International Journal on Informatics Visualization, vol. 3, issue 1, pp. 86-93, 2019.
[50]. Musbah J Aqel, Ziad ALQadi, Ammar Ahmed Abdullah, RGB Color Image Encryption-Decryption Using Image
Segmentation and Matrix Multiplication, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7. Issue 3.13, pp.
104-107. 2018.
[51]. Jihad Nadir, Ashraf Abu Ein, Ziad Alqadi, A Technique to Encrypt-decrypt Stereo Wave File, International Journal of
Computer and Information Technology, vol. 5, issue 5, pp. 465-470, 2016.
[52]. Saleh Khawatreh, Belal Ayyoub, Ashraf Abu-Ein, Ziad Alqadi, A Novel Methodology to Extract Voice Signal
Features, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 975, pp. 8887, 2018.
[53]. Majed O. Al-Dwairi, Amjad Y. Hendi, Mohamed S. Soliman, Ziad A.A. Alqadi, A new method for voice signal
features creation, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9. Issue 9, pp. 4092-4098,
2019.
[54]. Aws Al-Qaisi, Saleh A Khawatreh, Ahmad A Sharadqah, Ziad A Alqadi, Wave File Features Extraction Using
Reduced LBP, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 8. Issue 5, pp. 2780-2787, 2018.
[55]. Ayman Al-Rawashdeh, Ziad Al-Qadi, using wave equation to extract digital signal features, Engineering, Technology
& Applied Science Research, vol. 8, issue 4, pp. 1356-1359, 2018.
[56]. Ashraf Abu-Ein, Ziad AA Alqadi, Jihad Nader, A TECHNIQUE OF HIDING SECRETE TEXT IN WAVE FILE,
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2016.
[57]. Ismail Shayeb, Ziad Alqadi, Jihad Nader, Analysis of digital voice features extraction methods, International Journal of
Educational Research and Development, vol. 1, issue 4, pp. 49-55, 2019.
[58]. Jihad Nader Ahmad Sharadqh, Ziad Al-Qadi, Bilal Zahran, Experimental Investigation of Wave File Compression-
Decompression, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol. 14m issue 10, pp. 774-780,
2016.
[59]. Ziad A AlQadi Amjad Y Hindi, O Dwairi Majed, PROCEDURES FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION USING LPC AND
ANN, International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management, vol. 4, issue 2, pp. 48-55, 2020.
[60]. Majed O Al-Dwairi, A Hendi, Z AlQadi, an efficient and highly secure technique to encrypt-decrypt color images,
Engineering, Technology &Applied Science Research, vol. 9, issue 3, pp. 4165-4168, 2019.
[61]. Amjad Y Hendi, Majed O Dwairi, Ziad A Al-Qadi, Mohamed S Soliman, a novel simple and highly secure method for
data encryption-decryption, International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security, vol. 11, issue
1, pp, 232-238, 2019
[62]. Prof. Ziad Alqadi, Dr. Mohammad S. Khrisat, Dr. Amjad Hindi, Dr. Majed Omar Dwairi, USING SPEECH SIGNAL
HISTOGRAM TOCREATE SIGNAL FEATURES, International Journal of Engineering Technology Research &
Management, vol. 4, issue 3, pp. 144-153, 2020.
[63]. M. Abu-Faraj, Z. Alqadi, and K. Aldebei, “Comparative Analysis of Fingerprint Features Ex- Traction Methods,”
Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, vol. 48, iss. 12, pp. 177-182, 2021.
